Humanities and History Network

What is humanistic history?

Humanistic history - history of human civilization - population status - race and language - religious sects - humanistic landscape - cities - material civilization - political geography - major festivals in various countries around the world - Diplomatic etiquette of countries around the world - Trade environment of countries around the world

It is well known that humans are cultured animals. But what is the definition of “culture”? There are different opinions, some say: "Culture is a complex phenomenon, including human knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, as well as the ability and habits to create human society." Some people simply say: "Culture is the wisdom gained by human beings from life experience." Human geography studies the phenomena of human culture manifested on the ground. Human cultural activities are numerous and varied, and the phenomena manifested on the ground are also intricate and confusing. To put it simply, human cultural activities can be roughly divided into language, religious beliefs, material civilization, social organization and lifestyle. The above various cultural activities are different in nature and evolve in different ways. The spread and learning of spoken and written languages ??is not very difficult. People in many European countries can speak several languages ??and use two or three scripts. Their religious beliefs can also be changed. The basic necessities of material civilization are changing with each passing day. . Among them, the most difficult to change is social organization and lifestyle. This is also the most significant regional difference on the surface of the earth, and it is also the most important research topic in human geography. The world can be divided into eleven cultural zones. Looking for historical websites, the more detailed the better

There are many historical websites on the Internet, but most of them are historical websites with advertisements, or historical websites for profit or teaching purposes.

I recommend a good new history website to you, Qianlongtang History and Culture Network. It takes Chinese history and Chinese traditional culture as its main content. It does not contain any advertisements, does not contain any historical preaching content, and contains Chinese history. , unofficial history, historical essays, historical figures, historical events, historical knowledge, historical wars, historical wisdom, historical pictures, historical blogs, historical originals, historical dramas, historical jokes, historical entertainment and many other Chinese historical contents, easy to read and accurate in knowledge. If you are interested in Chinese history and traditional Chinese culture, I suggest you go and see it, it’s very good.

Qianlongtang History and Culture Website qianlongtang.

Who can recommend me some good websites about historical and human geography?

Historical and human geography is a branch of historical geography. Study the distribution, evolution and development rules of human geography phenomena in historical periods. According to the research content, it is divided into: ①Historical and political geography. Study the formation, division and changes of territories and administrative regions in historical periods; the location and migration of administrative centers at all levels. The main content of the study of traditional Chinese historical geography falls within this scope; ② Historical economic geography. Study the distribution, changes and laws of productivity in a certain region (or country) in historical periods. Including the regional distribution and development of agriculture, industry, handicrafts, and mining; water conservancy project construction; changes in transportation routes and their ups and downs; utilization of natural resources; regional economic development, etc.; ③ historical population and resident geography. Study the distribution, changes and laws of residents in historical periods. Including population distribution and changes; ethnic origins, distribution areas, migration routes; immigration areas and routes, regional development and impact; the emergence, distribution, dispersion and spatial characteristics of settlements; ④ historical military geography. Study the distribution phenomena and changes of military geography in historical periods. Including the strategic significance and value of certain areas and locations in history; research on war routes; geographical analysis of historical battles; the formation and changes of important defensive buildings, such as passes, barriers, beacons, the Great Wall, and border walls; (5) History cultural geography. Study the origin, distribution, spread and change laws of cultural phenomena in historical periods. Spiritual elements include language, writing, religious beliefs, social customs, art, ideas, etc.; material elements include historical and cultural relics, architecture and settlement forms, etc. The research objects of historical and human geography are social and economic phenomena, and are closely related to history, economic history, archaeology and other disciplines. It is not only a marginal science between history and geography, but also a marginal science between natural science and social science.

In China China National Geographic Network Chinese Human Geographic Pictures - Alliance Picture Library Chinese Geography National Geographic - US National Geographic Chinese Website World Human Geography Network History Humanities What are the humanistic characteristics of ancient Chinese history

< p> Our teacher of General History of China has talked about similar issues.

1. Covering the vast inland civilization, the birthplace of Chinese civilization is the Yellow River Basin. This was originally a common sense, but with the increasing number of new underground archaeological discoveries, this common sense has been increasingly challenged. . Recently, there has been a major breakthrough in the Liaohe River Basin - a very mature dragon shape has been found in the Hongshan Cultural Site, which is believed to be in the sixth millennium BC.

Faced with this evidence that is older than the Xia Dynasty, people have speculated that the Liaohe River Basin is also one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization, or even a more important birthplace. In addition, archaeologists have also discovered a large number of Neolithic relics in Qinghai, Yunnan, Guizhou and other regions.

As if in response to these newly discovered facts, interest in the study of "Chu culture" has also formed a wave of enthusiasm. Because Chu culture seems to be a mixture or intermediary between the Central Plains culture and the southern culture, the growing attention to it implies that the concept that "Chinese civilization originated from the Central Plains" has been strongly shaken.

The latest news is: According to Xinhua News Agency in Shanghai on January 2, 1988, slaves were buried in three "Liangzhu" ancient tombs in Shanghai. Relevant experts concluded that slaves had already appeared in southern my country before the Xia Dynasty. system. The "Liangdu" culture dating back 4,500 years ago preceded the Xia Dynasty, my country's first slave society, by 400 years.

These three ancient tombs were excavated by the Shanghai Archaeological Team in Fuquan Mountain, Qingpu County, the western suburbs. These facts undoubtedly make sense.

But it is questionable whether its significance is sufficient enough to veto the dominance of Central Plains culture. At least, it ignores two key points: 1. It is quite rash to infer the existence of slavery based on the existence of "buried slaves".

Because this forgets: the existence of the grave-bearers is the product of a religious system, while slavery is the result of an economic system. It is an unscientific "for example" to confuse religious phenomena with economic phenomena.

The custom of burying people as human sacrifices continued in our country until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, until before liberation. However, we cannot infer from this that China’s society in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was still under the slave system. What's more, field investigations of some primitive peoples have shown that many of the burial victims were not only not slaves, but also prominent figures.

2. my country has a vast territory and abundant resources, and its regional culture (local culture) is very rich and has a long history. Some of them even have relatively independent origins.

And it can be traced back to thousands of years ago. This diversity in cultural genetics and the inevitable imbalance of cultural development (such as areas that were originally backward and then developed rapidly, etc.), compared with the size of our country and the number of residents, It's very natural.

Perhaps the most important thing for the overall fate of a culture is not the early or late origin, but which cultural way takes the dominant position, thus forcing other ways to assimilate to itself. That is to say, on our examination table, if a cultural pattern originated very early, but was dominated and assimilated by other cultures that came over later, then the culture that came over later will have greater influence than the culture that originated earlier. importance.

Based on this point, we can say that the culture of the Zhou Dynasty had a greater impact on the overall culture of China than the culture of the Yin Dynasty. It is precisely with this point of view that the Central Plains culture is more important than other Diwan cultures that may have earlier origins.

Because the Central Plains culture eventually became China’s ruling culture, other local cultures simply assimilated into the Central Plains culture in different ways and at different times, thus re-forming the overall Chinese civilization. Here, the ruling and the ruled, the dominant and the dominated cultures, although finally assimilated together, have different compositions and contributions to the overall civilization - the former is greater than the latter.

2. The cohesion of civilization development promotes the moral principles and literary and ideological heritage of Chinese civilization. It consists largely of Confucius' teachings as modified and polished by subsequent generations.

3. Cultural inclusiveness 2) Inclusiveness: ①Meaning: Seeking common ground while reserving differences and being inclusive. The so-called "seeking common ground while reserving differences" means being able to live in harmony with the cultures of other ethnic groups; the so-called "eclectic" means being able to absorb and learn from the positive elements of other ethnic cultures in cultural exchanges.

② Significance: The inclusiveness of this culture is conducive to the exchange of cultures of various ethnic groups in a harmonious relationship, enhancing the identification of one's own culture and the understanding of foreign cultures. Culture is the core of a nation's cohesion and the basis for determining the rise and fall of a nation. The demise of many nations in history is actually the demise of their culture. The demise of a nation's culture ultimately leads to the demise of a nation.

The reason why the Chinese nation has experienced many foreign invasions for more than 5,000 years and still stands tall among the nations of the world lies in the strong cohesion of Chinese culture. Chinese culture is broad, profound and extremely inclusive. It is good at By absorbing all excellent foreign cultures, Chinese culture can have a long history and become the only uninterrupted culture in the world for five thousand years. The overall backwardness of modern China is precisely due to the policy of isolation from the country since the mid-Ming Dynasty, refusing to communicate with foreign countries and learn from advanced foreign cultures.

The founding of New China and the rapid economic development after reform and opening up are precisely due to China’s foreign learning and exchanges and the integration of foreign advanced culture into Chinese culture. The core of Chinese culture emphasizes benevolence, justice, morality, etiquette, and filial piety. Chinese culture is broad, profound, and extremely inclusive. Chinese culture emphasizes harmony and the golden mean. It must be steady and careful. It must be in a completely feasible environment. Within the scope of control, we are opposed to eagerness for quick success and rash advancement.

4. Open hierarchical society.

Excerpts about "Humanities and History"

For example: The "Overland Silk Road" is a land commercial trade channel connecting the hinterland of China and Europe. It was formed between the 2nd century BC and the 1st century AD. It was still in use until the 16th century and was a main road for economic, political and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian as an envoy to the Western Regions to form its basic trunk roads. It starts from Chang'an in the Western Han Dynasty (Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty) and ends at Dunhuang via the Hexi Corridor.

Starting from Dunhuang, it is divided into two roads: the south road runs from Dunhuang through Loulan, Yutian, and Yarkand, passes through Congling and modern Pamir to Dayuezhi and An'an, and goes west to Tiaozhi and Daqin; The road goes from Dunhuang to Jiaohe, Qiuci, and Shule, passes through Congling to Dawan, and goes west through Anxi to Daqin. Its original role was to transport silk produced in ancient China.

Therefore, when German geographer Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen first named it the "Silk Road" in the 1870s, it was widely accepted.