The Historical Evolution of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic

Nakhichevan has a long history. According to the Bible, it was the first city built by Noah after the flood. Armenian script was created in this region in the 7th century. Historically, because of its important geographical position, it was once an important commercial center, and because of the struggle of the great powers, it changed hands several times. It was originally a part of Mannae, Ararat and Media city-states, and in 52 1 BC, it became a part of Armenian province under the rule of Achaemenid Persian Empire. In history, there was a famous Greek-Persian war between it and the Greek Federation, but it was finally destroyed by Alexander, and Nashchev became a part of the Alexander Empire. After the fall of Alexander the Great, the empire fell apart, and Nakhichevan finally had the opportunity to become a part of the first independent dynasty of the Armenians, the Orontid Kingdom, which was later destroyed by the rising Seleucean Empire Antioch III. In BC 189, Nakhichevan was once again incorporated into the Great Armenian Kingdom by Artaxiaz. In the 3rd century, the Persian Sassanian dynasty rose and invaded the Armenian kingdom many times. Finally, Nakhichevan was annexed in 428 AD and handed over to the rising Byzantine Empire in 623 AD. Not long after, Arabs in the southern desert rose and occupied this area in 640 AD, killing Armenian nobles loyal to Byzantium many times. Arab atrocities caused all Armenian nobles to flee to the neighboring Georgian kingdom or Byzantine Empire, leaving Nakhichevan as a part of the Armenian autonomous province of the Arab Empire. Starting from the 8th century, it became one of the centers of the revolutionary movement against Arabs led by Persians, and finally became a part of the Kingdom of Bagratuni established by Armenians for the second time in the10th century. The Seljuk Empire in northern Persia began to rise in the 1 1 century. Just a few decades ago, the east, west, north and south were attacked by four roads, and several neighboring countries lost their power in succession. 1055 was merged into Nakshwan. /kloc-in the 20th century, Nakhichevan reached the highest position and became the capital of Azerbaijan province of Seljuk Empire, which covered the South Caucasus and Azerbaijan where Iran belongs today. /kloc-In the 3rd century, Mongolia defeated the dynasties of Seljuk Empire, and Nakhichevan was incorporated into the State of ilhan. Due to the religious tolerance of the Mongolian emperor You Ke Gui You, Nakhichevan, who was severely islamized, finally reappeared in the Christian church. However, Gazanhan, the seventh great Khan of ilhan, converted to Islam after he ascended the throne in order to gain the support of Persian Islam. The entire khanate, including Nakhichevan, once again became an Islamic country, and the Armenian Orthodox Church did not rise again here until the14th century.

/kloc-in the 6th century, the Persian safi dynasty occupied Nakhichevan, which coincided with the rise of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Wars often broke out between the two countries until/kloc-in the 8th century. During the period of 1604, Shah Abbas I of Safi Dynasty considered implementing the scorched earth in Nakhichevan, and all the local residents were relocated and settled in nearby Isfahan. It was not until Abbas II (1642–1666) that they were allowed to return to their hometown again. 1747, the safi dynasty established the Nakhichevan khanate and ruled the whole south Caucasus. After the Russo-Polish War, Nakhichevan was ceded to Russia together with the South Caucasus in 1828, and a large number of Armenian immigrants began to appear in this area under Russian rule. The ratio of Armenians to local Muslims in this area has changed from 65,438+07: 83 before immigration to 45: 55. After the abolition of the Khanate, Nakhichevan was incorporated into Russian Armenian territory, and later into yerevan province in 65,438+0849. According to Russian data, by the 20th century, the proportion of Azerbaijanis and Armenians in the total population of yerevan province had dropped to 57% and 42% respectively. Therefore, the ethnic and religious contradictions in this area are becoming more and more serious. 1905 during the Russian revolution, large-scale conflicts broke out between Armenians and Azerbaijanis. In the Armenian-Tatar Massacre in May of that year (1905- 1907), Azerbaijanis were Tatars. According to Armenian data, there were 128 Armenian villages and towns and 65,438 Armenian villages.

In the last year of World War I (19 18), both Armenians and Azerbaijanis claimed Nakhichevan, and bloody riots broke out again. After the February Revolution, Nakhichevan was placed under the jurisdiction of the Special Committee on Transcaucasia of the Russian Provisional Government, and later under the jurisdiction of the Provisional Federal Democratic Republic of Transcaucasia, which disintegrated in May 19 18. The newly established provisional Armenian Democratic Republic and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic were divided into Nakhichevan, Nagorny Karabakh and Zangezur. In June, the Ottoman Empire occupied a large area, including Nakhichevan, slaughtered at least 10000 Armenians and destroyed 45 Armenian villages. After that, Osman reached an agreement with Britain to withdraw from the region and be taken over by Britain, and worked hard to maintain peace and resolve disputes between the two countries. However, serious differences escalated into war in June of the same year, and Armenians refused to recognize the Azerbaijanis in Nasic. The war lasted for more than a year and remained deadlocked until July 1920. The Soviet army invaded and occupied this area, established the Nakhichevan Soviet Socialist Autonomous Republic, and announced its particularly close ties with the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic. Subsequently, in June 5438 +065438+ 10, the Bolsheviks captured Armenia and promised to incorporate Nakhichevan and Naka into Armenia to gain popular support. To celebrate the victory of the Armenian war, nariman nariman, the leader of the Azerbaijani Production Party, signed a document announcing the incorporation of Nakhichevan and Shunik into Armenia as a gift from the Azerbaijani people to Armenia before the Armenian people overthrew Armenia's democracy and country. Lenin, the leader of Russia * * *, strongly agreed with this practice of diluting the national boundaries of the socialist family, but suggested that Nakhichevan's status should be decided by the people themselves through a referendum. According to the statistics of the referendum at that time, 90% of Nakhichevan people wanted to merge with Azerbaijan. However, the real decision that Nakhichevan is a part of Azerbaijan's territory stems from the Moscow Treaty signed by Russia and Turkey in March 192 16, which even allows the Sharur-Daralagez region with a majority of Azerbaijanis to be merged into Azerbaijan, so that Turkey can border Azerbaijan. During the Soviet period, Nakhichevan has undergone great changes in all aspects of development. On the one hand, under the unified system of the Soviet Union, ethnic conflicts and disputes have decreased; On the other hand, infrastructure, medical care and education have made great progress. Nakhichevan once became an important hub of Moscow-Tehran railway and Baku-Yerevan railway. This area is rich in mineral resources, especially salt mines. The Cold War was also a strategic place, because it was bordered by Turkey in the west (now a member of NATO) and Iran in the south (1979 Iran was a close ally of the West before the revolution). During the Soviet period, the ethnic composition of Nakhichevan region also changed greatly. In 1926, there were 15% Armenians, but in 1979, the proportion dropped to 1.4%. The corresponding population of Azerbaijan increased from 85% to 96%. The ethnic composition of Naka has also undergone similar but slow changes, and Azerbaijanis have tried to "disarm" Naka in the same way. The conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis intensified in the late 1980s, and a war broke out in Naka. Azerbaijan blocked the railway and air transport to Armenia through Nakhichevan as a railway hub, which caused great losses to its economy. In turn, Nakhichevan was blocked by Armenia and the only railway leading to other parts of the Soviet Union was cut off. 19891February, a large number of Azerbaijanis from Nakhichevan fled to Azerbaijani populated areas in northern Iran because of the war, and took refuge in their relatives there, causing great anger in the Soviet Central Committee, sternly accusing them of "embracing Islamic fundamentalism" and suppressing them in "Black January". 1990 65438+ 10, the Nakhichevan government issued a statement to leave the Soviet Union to protest against the atrocities of the Soviet government. This was the first Soviet country to declare independence, and a week later, Lithuania also declared independence one after another.

In the post-Soviet period, Nakhichevan's development was stagnant, the economy was depressed and the government was corrupt because of the war and blockade. During the Nagorno-Karabakh war,1May 4, 1992, Armenian troops also shelled Sadarak in Nakhichevan, because Azerbaijani troops there often shelled the Armenian side in response. On May 18, Armenian troops occupied Calchi, an enclave north of Nakhichevan, which was surrounded by Armenia and crossed by the Armenian North-South Expressway. So far this place has been occupied by Armenia and has not been returned. On May 23rd, the Nakhichevan government unilaterally reached a ceasefire agreement with Armenia. The exchange of fire between the two sides caused a strong reaction from neighboring countries. The Turkish government stationed troops on the border, warning that any Armenian invasion of Nakhichevan would be regarded as a declaration of war against Turkey. On this basis, Russia has stationed troops on the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan, and it is precisely because of Russia's existence that Turkey cannot intervene in the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Nakhichevan still exists as an autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan, with its own constitution and government, but its leaders are related to the President of Azerbaijan, with deep corruption and boiling public grievances. Local residents prefer to watch Turkish TV programs rather than their own local programs, which are just propaganda tools for Talibov (President Nakhichevan) and Aliyev (President Aliyev). Many Nakhichevan people go to neighboring Turkey to work, and even the Baesler district of Istanbul is basically inhabited by Nakhichevan people.

Modern Times

Geidar aliyev, leader of the autonomous region, presided over the parliamentary meeting at 1990 1 17. 10, the official name of "Soviet socialism" was changed from the name of the legislature to the name of the Supreme Council. First time, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1965438).

Nakhichevan Autonomous Banner of Armenia * * * Republic (with a border of 246km), Turkey (1 1 km) and Iran (204km).

Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic signed by Moscow (1921March 16) and Kars (1921June 13) was sponsored by Armenia in Moscow. Land and lots with illegally contracted areas exceeding 60,000 square meters were merged (1924 1928, 1929 in February, 1969 in May), with a decrease of 5,300 square kilometers.

Through the unjust war against Armenia since 199 1, the complete economic autonomy of Nakhichevan in Kalqi village was blocked, and Armenia occupied the village on 1990 19. During the war, the residents of the town and three villages were driven out of their homes.