Where is the Hakka dialect?

An important factor in the establishment of clan in Hakka dialect is the same language. The common language of Hakka people is Hakka dialect. Hakka dialect, also known as Hakka dialect, Hakka dialect and Hakka dialect, belongs to one of the seven major dialects of Chinese. In terms of distribution, they are mainly distributed in seven provinces, such as Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hunan, Taiwan Province and Sichuan, and overseas are mainly distributed in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. Specifically, it is mainly distributed in China: Changting County, Liancheng County and Shanghang County in Fujian-western Fujian; Guangdong Meizhou, Huizhou, Jiaoling and other counties and cities 16; Ningdu, Ruijin, Xingguo and other counties and cities in southern Jiangxi 14. In addition, non-pure counties, such as Nanjing, Pinghe, Shaoan and Longyan in Fujian; Chaozhou, Haifeng, Shaoguan and Dongguan in Guangdong; Hakka is also spoken in many areas of Tonggu, Guangchang, Yongfeng and other counties and cities in Jiangxi. In addition, Hakka dialect is distributed in Taiwan Province, Hainan, Sichuan and Hunan to varying degrees. According to internal differences, Hakka dialects can be roughly divided into three types: Hakka dialects in western Fujian with Changting dialect as * * * *, Hakka dialects in eastern Guangdong with Meixian dialect as * * * *, and Hakka dialects in southern Jiangxi with Panlong dialect as * * * *. Further, it can be divided into the following eight parts: Tingzhou Film (also known as Minke Film), Yuetai Film, Yue Zhong Film, Huizhou Film, Peyo Film, Ninglong Film, Yugui Film and Tonggu Film.

The main features of Hakka dialect are:

In phonology, many aspirated consonants and ancient voiced initials, regardless of the flat tone, are mostly pronounced as aspirated voiceless. For example, "farewell, step and hug" was pronounced as [p'] in ancient times, "earth and big brother" as [t'-], and "zai, zi and Zuo" as [t'-]. Some initials are pronounced as "Fufeng" today, while Hakka dialect emphasizes lip sounds, such as "axe, fen and Zuo". In Ancient Xiao, the initials [f] or [v-] are often read in Hakka dialect, such as fire, flower [f-] and "changing words into yellow words" [v-]. In ancient times, the initials of Xiao group (such as "base, bully, hope") did not palatinate before soft tone, and still retained the pronunciation of tongue root and throat [k k' h]; In most areas, there are no pinching vowels, and pinching vowels are mixed with neat vowels; Ancient nasal rhymes and rhymes are preserved to varying degrees in various places; Tone, there are six tones in most areas and five or seven tones in a few areas. In Changting dialect in western Fujian, Liancheng and Liu Qing are silent, and the rest of the tones are divided into yin and yang, and the upper tones are divided into yin and yang, with five tones. Guangdong Hakka dialect is divided into yin and yang in entering tone and yin and yang in ascending tone. Yongding dialect and Shanghang dialect of Hakka dialect in western Fujian retain two tones of yin entering yang.

In terms of vocabulary and grammar, the most obvious thing is to retain a large number of ancient Chinese vocabulary. Such as "grain (rice), food (eating), rope (rope), noodles (noodles)". There are also some words with the characteristics of this dialect, such as "eyeball (eye) eye juice (tears)" and so on. Grammatically, some prefixes and suffixes such as "Lao, Gong, Zi, Li and Tou" are commonly used. Use some specific auxiliary words or words (such as "Li, Li", etc.). ) to express the action tense; Distinguish between near finger and far finger by changing demonstrative pronouns and tone changes.

First, the formation of Hakka dialects

Hakka dialect is a branch of Chinese homophones, represented by Meixian dialect in Guangdong. Meixian is a rising star in Ran Ran. According to the Records of Wenzhong and Jiaying County, Meixian County was called Chengxiang County in the Southern Dynasties. At that time, Cheng Min [m n] lived in Yihua Township, Jiaying Prefecture. Later generations thought of his virtue and named his hometown Dispatching Township and his county Chengxiang County. In the late Jin Dynasty, Chengxiang County originally belonged to Yi 'an, changed to Nanhan, and Duke Zhou changed to Meizhou. After several changes in the Song Dynasty, it was renamed Chengxiang County in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, belonging to Chaozhou Prefecture, Guangdong Province. As for the name of "Chengxiang County in Jiaying Zhili", it was during the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty. In Jiaqing, Jiaying House was promoted to a mansion. Until the Republic of China, it belonged to Guangdong Province, and the abandoned Jiaying House was renamed Meizhou and later Meixian. Today, Meizhou includes seven counties and one district, namely Meixian, Xingning, Wuhua, Jiaoling, Average, dapu county, Fengshun and Meijiang, all of which speak pure Hakka dialect. Meixian dialect is the representative of Hakka dialect.

The naming of Meixian County originated in the Republic of China. According to the evolution of the old system recorded in the Records of Cultural Relics of Meixian City, Meixian County should include the old name of 36 Fort, which now belongs to Meicheng and its suburbs, Changsha, Shuiche, Shikeng, Shejiang, Dafu, Nankou, Heshi, Yaoshang, Daping, Shishan, Xiyang, Baijia, Bingcun, Yangyan, Chengdong and Songkou (Song Dong, Songkou). Of course, the languages between these areas belong to Meixian phonology, but they are slightly different. How is Hakka dialect represented by Meixian dialect formed? Mr. Wang Li, a contemporary language master, said: "Hakka means' guest' or' outsider', so Hakka is a foreigner." According to Huan Wen Pavilion 19 12, the Meixian Local Records Reader was published in Meixian. "Hakkas are originally Han Chinese in the Central Plains, and they are all from Guangshan and Gushi in Henan." At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the capital was moved to Guangdong due to war. At the end of the Song Dynasty, Meixian was always a passerby and was completely slaughtered by Yuan soldiers. Yuan chaos has been decided, and she county moved the capital to Mei. Huang Zunxian, a poet in Qing Dynasty, wrote in Preface to Meizhou Poetry: "This guest came from Luoyang, Henan Province, and spread from Fujian to Guangdong for 30 years, but he kept a lot of languages." What language does "keep other languages" belong to? Mr. Zhang Taiyan, a master of Qing language, said in Preface to Hakka Dialect: "The ancestors of those who call themselves Hakka in Guangdong are Jiaying County." "Henan is the birthplace of a large family, and it has a voice similar to that of Lingbei." The "Hakka is the charm of our ancestors" in Hakka Dialect written by Lin Haiyan shows that the Hakka people in Meixian County are Han people, and Hakka dialect has its origin, so it naturally belongs to the spoken language of the original people in China, so Hakka dialect retains a large number of ancient and medieval sounds. Huang Zunxian said: "Mr. Chen wrote Yu Ci, which proves that Zhou Deqing's Rhyme of the Central Plains is consistent" (see Preface to Meizhou Poetry Biography). Due to social unrest, a large number of Han people in the Central Plains moved south. After a long period of migration, this group of Han people in the Central Plains, known as "Hakka", finally settled in Meixian. The language they speak has gradually developed into a dialect-Hakka dialect, which has been stereotyped in the long-term historical development and formed an independent, pure, lively and rich Hakka dialect different from the Han nationality.

Second, look at the formation of Hakka dialects from the perspective of ancient Chinese.

We know that language comes into being with the emergence of society, divides with the differentiation of society, unifies with the unity of society and develops with the development of society. Meixian Hakka dialect is the inevitable result of the long-term development of China society. The language spoken by Hakkas (guests). Hakkas are originally Han Chinese in the Central Plains, and their accents are of course Central Plains phonology. Luo Xianglin's Textual Research on the Origin of Hakkas holds that "Hakkas are a kind of strengthened lineage that has been preserved through selection and elimination", indicating that "Hakkas are the most powerful faction of the Chinese nation" (Meixian Local Records Reader). It shows that Hakka is the Han nationality in China, and Hakka dialect is not an independent language, but a branch of Chinese.

(1) Although Hakka sounds and archaic sounds are not exactly the same, many archaic sounds are preserved in Hakka dialects. From the new rhyme of Hakka dialect, we can find some problems in the ancient phonetic system. I don't intend to make a comprehensive exposition here, because the similarities and differences between ancient sounds and ancient sounds have been mentioned by experts in ancient and modern Chinese. I just want to talk about the new rhyme in their same-sex letters. There is no unified view on tone category in ancient Chinese. I think there are some similarities and corresponding laws between the new rhyme of Hakka dialect and ancient Chinese, such as initials. Hakka dialect has no voiced initials [dz], [dz], [dz], [v] and [η], but only 36-letter affricates [ts], [ts'] and [s]. "Duty" means that "arrived" and so on all belong to ancient sounds, that is, Qian Daxin, a master of phonology in the Qing Dynasty, mentioned "there is no difference between ancient and ancient" and "seeking the same end, consistency and determination of ancient sounds" in his "Ten Driving, Zhai and Yangxin Records". This means that the supralingual sounds of 36 letters with the rhymes of "knowing, penetrating and understanding" are all ancient sounds. Qian also said that "there was no light lip sound in ancient times" and thought that all the light lip sounds in ancient times were heavy lip sounds. "The so-called light lips in modern times were all heavy lips before the Han and Wei Dynasties" (see Qian Yinyun's question and answer). This means that all words with a light initial [f(v)] were pronounced as heavy lips or [p] in ancient times. In On the Balance of National Heritage, Mr. Zhang Taiyan said: "In ancient times, there were clay buttons on the tip of the tongue, followed by other branches, so there were female buttons on the tongue and sun buttons on the tongue teeth. In ancient times, there were clay buttons." This means that when people read the initial "r", they use Hakka to prove it. Hakka says "ru (r)" as "You (n)", reads "Ru (r)" as "Neng" and reads "Ru" as "Slave".

In addition, the vowels of Hakka dialect still retain some ancient rhymes. For example, Luo Yun's Preface to Hakka Dialect says: "Today, the words pronounced in Hakka dialect are clear and clear, and they are no different from the words with real rhymes." The emotion, festival, success, surplus and presentation of clear rhyme are no different from the true rhyme of Qin, Zhen, Chen, Ren and Chen. Lightness, screen, flatness and affinity with true rhyme are consistent; Speaking of rhyme, rhyme and essence are the same, just as Gu said that it is not the pronunciation of 300 articles, but also the ancient sound of Qin and Han Dynasties. This passage shows that there are many similarities between the vowel system of Hakka dialect and the ancient rhyme department. The so-called "not 300 orthotones, but also the ancient sounds of Qin and Han dynasties" is in line with the facts. Hakka vowels have the characteristics of entering vowels [- p], [-t], [-k] and rising vowels [-m], [-n] and [-η], which are consistent with Guang Yun system, but the vowel [-η] becomes [-n] after [Z] and [I].

(B) Hakka dialects and archaic words

Hakka dialect is a branch of Chinese homophones, so Hakka dialect retains a large number of ancient Chinese vocabulary. Mr. Zhang Taiyan, a famous master of phonology, studied the Hakka language system. He wrote "Lingzhou Waisanzhou Dialect" and attached it to "New Dialect", and selected 63 Hakka words for textual research with ancient books such as Shuowen, Erya, Dialect, Book of Rites, Shi Mao, Warring States Policy and Laozi. Here are some examples of "three-state language outside the ridge":

(1) Dialect says that "meat" and "meat" are well-trained. Guo says "male, meat, fat and full", and the legendary "soil" means soil. Therefore, three states today call this boy "Man Zi". According to (the author, the same below): The youngest son (the youngest child) is called "Man Zi" in this Hakka dialect, and the youngest woman is called "Man Zi".

(2) The annotation about "cultivating people" in the Summer Palace: "Cultivating words strengthens goodness". Goodness and beauty are consistent. The three states are called beauty and strength, also called production. Guangya: "Pure, good." Also known as production, Zheng Gongsun Qiao's word is beautiful, and it is also production, beauty and training. Reading [k no] Hakka by the word "Jin" means beautiful and beautiful. In Hakka, reading [cts Bn] means beauty and whiteness. Used to refer to things, such as "lean meat" as "meat" (lean meat).

Production, Hakka pronunciation [csan], refers to people (children) who are beautiful, and can also refer to things.

(3) Shuowen: "White is good." Then cut it. Three States call people white. Press: Zan, pronounced in Hakka dialect [TS' ANC], is a good meaning, indicating approval of things, and is also often called "praise of strange women" and "praise of strange women" (Jiaoling).

(4) Shuowen: "Xun, Chongye" is ancient. "Yue Ji" "The number stands horizontally, while the number stands horizontally" and "Note": "Horizontal, full. It is said that the gas is full. " Interpretation of the text: "Horizontal, ancient and open." The words "Xun" and "Heng" are the same. The three States are said to be large and full, and they are transferred to the Ministry of Geng. Press "Xun" and "Hengtongzi", but today's guests have different pronunciations; From the point of view of backcutting, the ancient sound should be pronounced as [ckuBng], but today's "horizontal" is pronounced as [cvBN], and the medieval tooth sound (tongue root sound) is lost. In today's Hakka dialect, it is "bulging" to say that the bag is full of things.

Quoting Zhang's Lingwai Sanzhou Dialect can prove the long history of Hakka dialect formation. Ancestors' language has existed since the Book of Poetry, but with the development of the times and the changes of ancestors' residence, it is not completely consistent with today's Hakka dialect and conforms to the evolution law of language development. Therefore, the formation of Hakkas should be synchronized with that of China people.

(3) The change and archaic sound of Hakka dialect-the ancestral home of Hakka people, who lived in Lushan in the third century BC, was forced to move to Henan and An Wei in the Qin Dynasty (249-209 BC) (see "References" in Wang Li's Chinese Phonology). Judging from the residence of Hakka ancestors, most of them are Wang Ji's residence, and the crown residence of the Central Plains is an authentic Chinese etymology, while Hakka dialect is an authentic tribe. Therefore, Hakka dialect still retains a lot of ancient Chinese, and there are also many changes. For example, the word "I" in the Book of Songs is the same as the original written language "I" in the first-person spoken Hakka dialect. Because the pronunciation of Hakka dialect "Ya (ya)" belongs to stubborn vowel [N] and chong rhyme [BI], which coincides with the suspected vowel [N] and rhyme [BI] in the phonology of Central Plains. However, the spoken language of "Cliff" is [NB], with a rising tone. The Hakka pronunciation of "I" belongs to the stubborn vowel [N], which belongs to the disyllabic vowel [N] in Guang Yun system. The rhyme is twelve songs [o] and the ancient sound belongs to the back [o]. So the pronunciation of "I" is [No], which is just in line with the pronunciation of Hakka today. But we don't say [no] in daily spoken English, but say [NB], which is used as a subject pronoun, such as "my book" [CNB kekcsu]. In this case, the ancient sound belongs to the Fish Department, and Guang Yun belongs to the rhyme of "home and horse" in The Rhyme of Central Plains. Wang Rongbao's On the Reading of Gege Gu said: "The word" I "with no pronunciation or [] sound after Tang and Song Dynasties can't rhyme in Hakka dialect today, but it is actually another way to write the word" I ". For example, the word "Wu" mentioned above was the fish department in ancient times, and the actual pronunciation was [NB]. I'm in Duan Gusheng 17 voice, "I" is in 16 voice, the latest chorus. It can be seen that the "I" and "I" in Hakka written language today should be [NB] in the ancient sound. Therefore, the three words "Ya", "I" and "Wu" in Hakka dialect have the same pronunciation, which are three different writing forms and pronunciations of spoken language, written language and material pronouns. However, the change of the rhyme ending of the poem "I (Wu) [NBN]" in Hakka dialect, "Li Feng" and "Are People Involved in Printing", means that "I (Wu)" with nasal endings is "Yin" (Yang) and "I (Wu)" without nasal endings, which is the Hakka line. Another example is the word "Duan", which belongs to the vowel [t] in ancient phonology and the original part [an] in ancient times. Hakka dialect "Duan" belongs to the epileptic mother [t], does not breathe, the rhyme part is [an], and the mouth is full of breath. It can be seen that the "end" guest sound is consistent with the sound. " Duan is the word "duo" in The Book of Songs. Poem sentence: "In short:" Parallel "sound [group]," Guangya ":"Parallel, take also. " "Qu" means "Qu", "[tuan]" and [tuan] "mean" Yin and Yang are relative "and" Duo "means" Duan ". Nowadays, Hakka people in Meixian county (including seven counties) often say "Duan" when "taking" means "holding with both hands", such as "Duan Cai", "Duan Fan" and "Qian Duan", which proves that the ancient phonetic semantics have been preserved in today's Hakka dialect.

(4) Grammatical features of Hakka dialects and ancient Chinese-The grammatical features of Hakka dialects mentioned here are just examples, from which we can see that the word-formation features of Hakka dialects are similar to those of ancient Chinese, but they are all inherited and developed from ancient Chinese, indicating that Hakka dialects have long been formed.

(1) Synonymous compounds have appeared in ancient Chinese with many examples. According to Wang Niansun's "Reading Magazine Historical Records" No.4 "Guang Yun", it is said: "Counting, letting the burden, letting it be a sideline, and letting the punishment be linked, the ancients have their own ears." And "conjunctions" and "compounds" are synonyms used together, that is, synonymous compounds, which have existed since ancient times. In Hakka dialect, the inheritance and application of synonymous compounds are also everywhere. For example, "rain is wet" (that is, "rain is wet"), in fact, "wet" is "wet" and "wet" is also "wet", which is an ancient phonetic and word-formation feature retained in Hakka dialect, because "wet" is a light lip, and "wet" Hakka dialect inherits the law of complete use of synonyms in ancient Chinese and still retains it in today's spoken language. For another example, there is the word "Hangjia" in Hakka dialect, but actually "Hangjia" means "Hangjia", and "Hangjia" is also a synonym compound word, which can also be proved in ancient Chinese. "Funeral" Zheng Xuan noted: "Any woman who goes to a doctor is called a marriage, and a sergeant is called a suitable person." "Gao Tangmi" says: "Yao Ji, a woman from Chi Di, will die and not go." The word "line" in this sentence is "marriage". Today, Hakka people say that married people go to the man's house to "get married", which is exactly the word-formation way that inherits the characteristics of synonymous compounds in ancient Chinese.

(2) Verb overlapping word formation, there is no difference between ancient Chinese and Hakka dialect. In the sentence of Nineteen Ancient Poems, "Xing Hang" is an overlapping verb. Indicates the state of things. In Hakka dialect, there are many forms of words, such as Mu Changchang (Hakka sound [mau]), Yan Cheng (Hakka sound [ctaN]), Yan (Hakka sound [cmo]) and Toukuang (Hakka sound [ctBm]).

Three. Concluding remarks

The formation of Hakka dialect in Meixian County, from the comparison between the above-mentioned ancient Chinese and middle Chinese phonetic systems and Hakka dialect, shows that Hakka dialect retains a large number of ancient sounds, so it can be said that its formation should begin with the existence of Chinese-Chinese language pairs. As for Hakka dialect, how many long years have it gone from development to stereotypes? From the migration history of Hakkas in Meixian area, we can see that there is an earlier genealogy "Jiaying Huang Family Tree": they migrated from Henan to Jiangxia 2200 years ago. It can be seen that the ancestral home of Huang Hakka in Meixian County was in Henan today, and it moved to Hubei today during Jian 'an period in the Eastern Han Dynasty. "genealogy of Liao family in xingning county" contains: "the five dynasties sincerely looked to the public and originated from Runan. Due to the worries of the five lakes, Taiyuan moved back to Jiangnan in nine years. " This means that in the ninth year of Taiyuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (about 944 AD), Liao guests from runan county, Henan Province moved to the south of the Yangtze River again because of the worries of the five lakes. None of the genealogies mentioned going south to Guangdong. What time? It's hard to be exact. As for the approximate time for the Hakkas to move south, it should be "when they arrived in the Jin Dynasty (4 19 BC), they were not in Henan and Anhui, so they moved to the mountainous areas of Jiangxi and Fujian. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, they were forced to move southward and resumed chaos ... In the Song Dynasty (960- 1278), they became soldiers, 1279 fought against Mongols in western Macao and killed tens of thousands of people in the late Song Dynasty. Around this time, they also migrated to the coastal areas of Guangdong, but they didn't settle down until the Ming Dynasty (1368) (see Wang Li's "China Phonology" reference materials), and then they went from Shantou to Jiayingfu (now Meixian-Meizhou) along the east. The guests migrated from the north to the south and lived in several provinces. They originally belonged to the ancestral languages of the Central Plains. The Hakka they spoke was influenced by the spoken Chinese dialects along the way and absorbed foreign dialects. After arriving in the mountainous area of Meixian County, Guangdong Province, the accent gradually settled down, forming today's Meixian Hakka dialect.