Three Gorges ecological migration

Significance and purpose of ecological migration in the three gorges. The main content of ecological migration planning research. Relevant countermeasures: strengthen policy research and ecological migration according to law; Plan and design in time to promote the implementation of the work; Pay attention to resource integration and raise funds through multiple channels; Strengthen publicity and education to create a public opinion environment; Improve the organization and strengthen the management responsibility; Science and technology contribute to development and promote stability and prosperity.

Keywords: Three Gorges Reservoir Area; Ecological migration; Planning; Research;

1 Significance and purpose of ecological migration in Three Gorges

Rio de Janeiro Declaration of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 1992 points out: "In order to achieve sustainable development and enable all people to enjoy a higher quality of life, countries should reduce and eliminate unsustainable production and consumption patterns and implement appropriate population policies". At the same time, the declaration of the United Nations General Assembly 1982 also pointed out: "Areas degraded by human activities should be restored and used for the purpose of matching their natural potential and satisfying the welfare of the damaged residents."

Ecological migration refers to the migration to protect the special ecology or restore the ecology of a certain area, and also refers to the overall migration of the local population due to the harsh natural environment and the lack of local poverty alleviation conditions.

In the reservoir area of the Three Gorges Project, which is more than 5,000 kilometers around the reservoir (the planned green belt around the reservoir is more than 2,000 kilometers), between the water level in front of the reservoir dam 175 meters and the 20-year return line and the first watershed ridge, in addition to the relocated towns, industrial and mining enterprises and rural immigrants in the reservoir area, some poor people live in areas with serious soil erosion or fragile ecological environment. Because there are many poverty-stricken counties in the reservoir area, some rural poor people live in places with poor ecological environment. The main reasons for the deterioration of ecological environment in remote mountainous areas are small population, poor resources, backward economy and serious soil erosion.

Ecological migration in the Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River (hereinafter referred to as ecological migration) is to protect the ecological environment in the Three Gorges area and ensure the safety of water resources and water quality in the Three Gorges reservoir. Ecological migration is a strategic measure to fully implement Scientific Outlook on Development, coordinate the harmonious development between man and nature, accelerate the construction of ecological barrier zone in the Three Gorges reservoir area, protect and improve the ecological environment in the Three Gorges reservoir area, and ensure the water resources environment and water quality safety in the Three Gorges reservoir area. Adhere to the ruling idea of people-oriented and building a harmonious society, adjust the economic and social development strategy in poor mountainous areas, implement the spatial transfer strategy, and relocate residents in the Three Gorges reservoir area who are unsuitable for population living, fragile ecological environment and sensitive areas to areas with better production and living conditions, so as to solve the fundamental way for farmers with poor living conditions and harsh environment to fight poverty, move towards a well-off society in an all-round way and realize the all-round development of people. Ecological migration is of great practical and far-reaching historical significance for solving the problem of population overload and harsh natural environment conditions in the Three Gorges reservoir area, rapidly improving the living standards and quality of residents in the immigrant area, accelerating the pace of urbanization in the Three Gorges reservoir area, promoting the coordinated and sustainable development of immigrants in the Three Gorges reservoir area with economy, society and environment, ensuring the safety of water resources, environment and water quality in the Three Gorges reservoir area, and building a harmonious society in the reservoir area.

In order to do a good job in ecological migration, it is necessary to carry out ecological migration planning research in time according to the overall planning outline of reservoir management in the Three Gorges reservoir area and the relevant plans for building a well-off society in an all-round way in Chongqing and Hubei Three Gorges reservoir area.

2. The main content of ecological migration planning research.

2. 1 Guiding ideology and basic principles of planning research

2. 1. 1 guiding ideology

Adhere to the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents; Adhere to people-oriented, Scientific Outlook on Development, and build a harmonious society in the reservoir area as the starting point; Adhere to the protection of the ecological environment in the Three Gorges reservoir area and ensure the safety of water resources, environment and water quality in the reservoir area; Apply the ideas of eco-environmentology, eco-economics and sustainable development of regional economy, follow the objective laws of nature and society, rely on scientific and technological progress, effectively coordinate the relationship between development, immigration, poverty alleviation, sustainable utilization of resources and ecological environment protection, and attach importance to the quality, benefit and environment of development in the process of social transformation and transformation of economic growth mode; Adhere to the simultaneous development of ecological migration and ecological construction in the reservoir area; Adhere to the principles of market guidance, voluntary participation of the masses, government assistance, participation of all parties, steady progress and practical results, make unified planning, rational layout and step-by-step implementation, effectively improve the ecological environment of the reservoir area, promote the coordinated development of poverty alleviation by immigrants, ecological environment protection, industrial restructuring and harmonious society construction, and strive to promote the pace of building a well-off society in an all-round way in the reservoir area.

2. 1.2 basic principles

(1) Market-oriented principle. Ecological migration is mainly guided by the market, supplemented by government help.

(2) The principle of voluntary participation of the masses. Ecological immigrants must adhere to the voluntary will of the masses from beginning to end, and do not engage in compulsory orders.

(3) the principle of government assistance. To implement ecological migration, governments at all levels and relevant departments should strengthen leadership, actively organize and coordinate, give policies and help, and give full play to the leading and helping role of the government in ecological migration.

(4) The principle of multi-party financing. Ecological resettlement funds are raised in various ways, such as state subsidies, local support, ecological compensation in beneficiary areas, and self-financing by the masses, so as to realize multi-channel and multi-level capital investment.

5] The principle of adjusting measures to local conditions and stressing practical results. Implement ecological migration, do not engage in a unified model, proceed from reality and stress practical results; According to the specific conditions of various localities and the wishes of the masses, various forms such as agriculture, secondary and tertiary industries, self-employment, labor services and education are adopted for resettlement.

[6] The principle of overall arrangement and policy guarantee. Ecological migration should make overall consideration, unified planning, rational layout and overall arrangement, and study and formulate relevant policies to ensure the gradual implementation and steady progress of ecological migration.

Once the principle of combining ecological migration with ecological construction. Ecological migration should be combined with various control measures such as returning farmland to forests and grasslands in the reservoir area, protecting natural forest resources, controlling soil and water in small watersheds, controlling geological disasters, building ecological barrier belts, and key ecological environment control projects to achieve multiple goals such as population reduction and ecological environment control.

Principle of territorial management. Ecological immigrants must be resettled locally and managed in the territory to ensure the normal and orderly production and life of ecological immigrants and stable resettlement.

2.2 the scope and object of ecological migration

2.2. 1 ecological migration scope

According to the basic requirements of Three Gorges reservoir management, in order to ensure the safety of water resources and water quality in the reservoir area, the surrounding areas of the reservoirs in 20 counties and cities in the Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River, from the submerged line to the first watershed ridge, are within the scope of ecological migration.

2.2.2 The object of ecological migration

(1) The water level in front of the dam in the Three Gorges reservoir area planned by the state175m is within the slope of 300m on the backwater line with the ecological barrier construction belt around the reservoir, once every five years. Rural villagers in resettlement areas and concentrated residential areas in this period are not considered, but only villagers whose per capita cultivated land area of scattered farmers is less than 0.7 mu, whose cultivated land quality is poor and water conservancy is not matched.

(2) Some villagers with extremely poor production and living conditions between the ecological barrier belt around the reservoir and the first watershed: First, the housing structure is poor and the per capita area is small; Second, the production conditions are poor, the per capita arable land is insufficient 1 mu, and the water conservancy is not matched; Third, villagers whose children go to primary school for more than 3 kilometers and seek medical treatment for more than 5 kilometers.

(3) The reservoir becomes an isolated island after impoundment, and villagers with poor production and living conditions are not included in the planned islands of the reservoir area.

(4) The resettlement quality of a few rural migrants in the reservoir area is poor. Immigrants whose per capita arable land is less than 0.3 mu, whose land quality is poor and water conservancy is difficult to match, and their living standards have dropped significantly after relocation, need to move for the second time.

2.3 ecological migration planning

2.3. 1 planning year and target

According to the actual situation of the Three Gorges reservoir area, combined with the accumulated experience of immigrants in the reservoir area, based on the principle of seeking truth from facts and acting according to one's abilities, and in coordination with the development plans of Chongqing and Hubei Province in the 11th Five-Year Plan, the planning period of ecological immigration construction is 2007-20 10, and * * 4 years.

After four years' efforts, the planned ecological migrants have been basically relocated, the ecological environment in the reservoir area has been significantly improved, the ecological circular economy has developed greatly, and the quality of life and comprehensive quality of the immigrant population has been significantly improved. The market towns and rural structural systems with reasonable urban layout, moderate scale and economic prosperity have initially formed in the Three Gorges reservoir area, and urban and rural and regional development has entered a benign track of comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development.

2.3.2 Calculation of planned ecological migration population

The calculation method of the number of ecological immigrants in the reservoir area is consistent with that of the flooded immigrants in the Three Gorges reservoir area, which refers to the population that needs to arrange production outlets after rural villagers lose their land, including the employed population and the dependent population. The calculation of production resettlement population only considers the natural population growth, and the annual population growth rate is 12‰. It is estimated that the planned resettlement population of ecological migrants in the Three Gorges reservoir area is 200,000. Among them, there are 80,000 ecological immigrants living in scattered villages in the ecological barrier area of the reservoir area, 30,000 ecological immigrants among isolated farmers who will not move, and 6,543,800 immigrants who need to move after agricultural resettlement in the reservoir area; The ecological barrier belt in the reservoir area needs 75,000 ecological migrants from the first watershed ridge.

2.4 Selection of resettlement sites and resettlement methods

2.4. 1 location selection

2.4. 1. 1 Principles for selecting resettlement sites.

(1) Agricultural land resources are abundant, water circuits and other infrastructure are relatively complete, and ecological immigrants have the material conditions for stable prosperity and sustainable development;

(2) Functional conversion area or professional functional area with placement ability;

(3) Small and medium-sized market towns with employment placement ability or potential.

2.4. 1.2 Selection of resettlement sites

(1) The agricultural resettlement of ecological immigrants in Changshou, Yubei, Banan, Jiangjin, Chongqing and Yiling districts in Hubei Province mainly adopts local resettlement and adjustment resettlement in counties and towns.

The agricultural resettlement of ecological immigrants in Fuling, Wulong, Fengdu, Zhongxian, Shizhu, Wanzhou, Kaixian, Yunyang, Fengjie, Wushan and Wuxi in Chongqing reservoir area mainly adopts the resettlement inside and outside Chongqing; The agricultural resettlement of ecological immigrants in Zigui, Xingshan and Badong counties in Hubei Province is mainly carried out in Hubei Province.

⑵ The agricultural resettlement sites of ecological immigrants in Chongqing are initially designated as Jiangjin, Hechuan, Tongliang, Dianjiang, Liangping and Yongchuan. The agricultural resettlement sites of ecological immigrants in Hubei Province are initially designated as state-owned farms such as Caobu Lake and Jianghan.

⑶ With the coordination of the State Council, it is suggested that the agricultural resettlement sites for ecological migrants outside Chongqing should be placed in state farms or rural areas in seven provinces and cities in the Yangtze River basin that have benefited from the Three Gorges Project.

(4) Resettlement in small and medium-sized towns with employment resettlement ability or potential in Chongqing and Hubei Province.

5. Organize a large number of eco-immigrant labor services to be exported to coastal areas along the Yangtze River in a planned and orderly manner.

Resettlement mode of immigrants

2.4.2. 1 agricultural resettlement

Agricultural resettlement mainly includes centralized resettlement, decentralized resettlement and relocation:

(1) Centralized resettlement

① Construction of rural residential areas. By means of expropriation, lease and land adjustment, the land will be contracted to ecological immigrants for management, and the household contract responsibility system will continue to be implemented, so that immigrants can have long-term and stable management rights.

② Resettlement of state-owned agricultural enterprises. State-owned enterprises in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and agricultural reclamation system occupy a large area, and the land property rights belong to the state, which is convenient for ecological resettlement.

③ The model of "company+base+farmer". After the land is requisitioned or leased by the state, it will be contracted to enterprises, which will develop and establish production bases and resettle ecological immigrants at the bases. The state gives policy and financial support to development enterprises.

It is planned to centrally resettle about 50,000 people.

(2) Decentralized resettlement

Ecological migration is arranged in a decentralized way. The state contracts land to ecological immigrants for long-term operation through expropriation, lease and land transfer.

According to the characteristics and degree of inundation in the Three Gorges reservoir area, ecological migrants who need to be relocated to Yiling District of Hubei Province and Changshou District of Chongqing shall, in principle, be resettled on the basis of the original administrative villages, and choose places with flat terrain, convenient transportation, less population and more cultivated land to build new homes for migrants.

It is planned to disperse and resettle about 30,000 people.

(3) Relocation and resettlement

The surplus farmers who need ecological migration under the ecological barrier belt and the ridge of the first watershed in the reservoir area, as well as those who avoid isolated islands and landslides in the reservoir area, are placed in state-owned farms or rural areas in seven provinces and cities in the Yangtze River basin that have benefited from the Three Gorges Project through the coordination of the State Council.

It is planned to relocate 40,000 people.

Resettlement of Secondary and Tertiary Industries in 2.4.2.2

Ecological immigrants with junior high school education or above and under the age of 30 are placed in secondary and tertiary industries such as industrial and mining enterprises, commerce, tourism and catering after relevant vocational training or skill training.

It is planned to resettle 20,000 people in the secondary and tertiary industries.

In 2.4.2.3, ecological migrants who have a certain awareness of market economy and the conditions or skills to earn a living through labor can be resettled by entering cities and towns for self-employment. Encourage them to do business in cities and towns through the corresponding preferential policies formulated by the municipal government and local governments. Under the guidance of the government, these immigrant households make full use of their own specialties, give full play to the advantages of urban commodity distribution centers, and become rich by working and doing business, thus speeding up the development of small towns, narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas and accelerating the process of urbanization.

It is planned to resettle 30,000 people in cities and towns.

2.4.2.4 labor export resettlement

Organize a large number of qualified eco-migration services to be exported to coastal areas along the Yangtze River in a planned and orderly manner.

It is planned to export labor services and resettle 20,000 people.

2.4.2.5 education training resettlement

The state adopts appropriate subsidies to organize and arrange qualified young ecological immigrants with junior high school education or above to enter secondary and higher vocational and technical schools, and through 2-3 years of academic training or skills training, they will have the skills to work for a living and choose their own jobs by relying on their own knowledge and skills.

After planned education and training, 654.38+00000 people were resettled through self-employment.