Regarding the geographical phenomena of compulsory one and compulsory two in the new people's education edition (which must be related), please attach the drawings if necessary. At least 10

Mandatory changes in population geography

The first part is the change of population.

The natural growth of population.

1, 10 years old, the historical period of population growth, the reasons for the growth of productive labor population and population change.

In the past, it was mainly engaged in the agricultural revolution of small, slow-growing and capable people getting food and hunting people, which was resistant to diseases and disasters and had a high mortality rate.

From the agricultural revolution to the industrial revolution, industrial production activities and agricultural activities with simple tools increased the development of breeding and irrigation technology, the population growth rate accelerated, the food supply became stable and reliable, and the mortality rate decreased.

The rapid population growth in the industrial revolution will continue to increase. Faster-growing science and technology will arm mankind's ability to transform nature, and people can get enough food and medical services.

The most fundamental factor to reduce mortality is population: natural population growth in developed and developing countries? Productivity level

Determinants: natural population growth rate, fertility rate and mortality rate.

Level, natural population growth rate, population growth difference, future growth trend, characteristics and reasons of fertility concept, developed countries' low quality of life, social and economic development level, the growth in the next few decades will be slow, the population will remain relatively stable, and some countries will gradually decrease.

/& gt； In a higher-level developing country, due to political independence, national economic development, medical and health services progress, and mortality rate decline, population growth will soon take measures to control the population, and the population growth rate will slow down, but it will also increase the population.

China has a low level, slow growth and a large population base.

4. Population development must coordinate economic and social development and adapt to the carrying capacity of the environment.

The transformation of population growth model and

Mode, population growth and corresponding population problems

Population growth population problem

The original low growth stage of the calendar-the "high level" model-the original stage of excessive population growth and accelerated growth.

History-"high-level" mode-tradition-children account for a large proportion.

Railway deceleration stage-slow population growth

Tracking the slow growth stage-"low-low-low" mode-modernization-population aging

Factors influencing the change of population pattern: productivity level, national policy, natural environment, social welfare and cultural belief.

7. Why is the population growth pattern in most developing countries not yet modern? Low level of productivity, low level of urbanization and backward social system.

Second population space

Change, population migration

Immigration is a change of international or domestic residence.

Three elements of population migration: change of residence, long-term time (1 year or more), and spatial position change of cities and cross-administrative regions.

The characteristics of international migration in different periods are mainly due to the migration period before this group19th century.

Because of the old continent, America, Oceania, Asia, Africa and Europe, this means that a large number of immigrants have entered this region, the new continent has expanded European colonialism, the new continent has flowed from developing countries to developed countries, the spread of industrial civilization and the spatial distribution of ethnic populations have also changed.

The new world after World War II; Settlement reduces short-term and short-term mobility. The population growth in Latin America, Asia, Africa, Western Europe, North America, West Asia and North Africa has entered a period of rapid adjustment, and the labor force is unevenly distributed in regional economic development.

Population change, population migration and population increase and decrease in an area.

4. Domestic migration in different periods.

The self-sufficient agricultural economy is fragile, and wars and natural disasters often occur. Intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations "station troops to farm in this area"

Influential factors of the times, characteristics of migration, ancient flow

Constrained rulers and their administrative power; The economic fragility of agricultural self-sufficiency, frequent wars, natural disasters, and military immigrants from intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations have better cultivated a large number of areas with mobile natural conditions.

From the founding of the People's Republic of China to the mid-1980s, contemporary China was deeply influenced by national political policies.

The state planned economic system and strict household registration management system plan, and organize the east, west, north and northeast.

Coastal-inland

Since the mid-1980s, China's reform and opening-up policy has played a leading role, shifting and flowing economic factors from the west to the eastern coastal cities and industrial and mining areas.

Rural-urban

5. China's population migration: adjust the spatial distribution of population and talent shortage, strengthen ethnic integration and cultural exchanges, promote the significance of economic development, and reduce regional differences.

6. Population migration effect

Actively enter the market to provide cheap labor, save education costs, and promote the economic development of resettlement areas.

Negative unstable factors aggravate people's contradictions, make room for a positive one to alleviate the contradiction between man and land, improve the environment, increase income (foreign exchange), and strengthen economic, social and cultural exchanges with economically developed areas.

Others affect the ever-changing population distribution and structure, promote ethnic economic and cultural exchanges, and promote the genetic exchange and integration of population groups.

These two factors affect population migration.

1, the main factors are: First, changes in the natural environment and socio-economic environment, changes in personal life and professional needs.

-the influence of economic factors, ecological environment, political factors, social changes, religion, personal motives and needs.

In a specific time and space, any factor may be the decisive factor to promote population migration.

2. America

1), in order to promote the United States as a country of immigration factors:

The development of the new world needs a lot of labor.

(2)15-16th century, in the enclosure movement in Europe, unemployed workers and bankrupt farmers moved to the United States in pursuit of better economic treatment.

Three new routes have been opened, everyone.

④ The smooth migration of colonization paved the way for expansion and plundered America, which is rich in resources.

2) American population migration

Process migration in the migration process

/kloc-the civil war in the middle of the 0/9th century-the reasons for the massive westward migration of political population br/>/kloc-the 20th century at the turn of the 0/9th century, the development of industrialization and urbanization, rural-urban-economic flows?

The agricultural crisis in the 1920s and the natural disasters from the 20th century to the 1960s-the economic and ecological environment in the south shifted to the north and the west.

60 nights, in the early 1970s, the environment deteriorated, and the economy, ecological environment and personal motivation of the old industrial base in Northeast China, a new resource in the west of the South China Sea and a sunshine zone for emerging industries, shifted from the south and west of Northeast China.

Improvement of urban environment and economic reconstruction of old industrial areas after 70 years (economic and ecological environment) Population Section III: Reasonable population capacity of old industrial areas and urban return

Environmental carrying capacity

Environmental carrying capacity, only environmental sustainability depends on population.

Population is an important index to measure environmental carrying capacity.

2, environmental population capacity: the environmental population capacity of a country or region, in the foreseeable period, the use of local resources and other resources, intellectual and technological material living conditions, population and cultural norms reported by the government and society, can continue to the level of family members' countries or regions.

Development level of environment and population science and technology-

The relationship between living ability factors determines the quantity resources of development-environmental population capacity and cultural consumption level-the most important factor and the quantity consumed.

The level of living and cultural consumption is positively related to the environment and population capacity, while various factors, the level of technological development and China's efforts are positively related to the entire population, resources, environment and population capacity.

4. Uncertainty and relative stability of environmental population capacity.

Reasonable population size

Reasonable population capacity: A country or region is most suitable for the Russian population according to a reasonable lifestyle and a healthy living standard without affecting the quality of life of the future population. -an ideal, it is difficult to determine the exact value, "hypothetical".

2. Significance: the significance of a country's or region's population development strategy and population policy, thus affecting the region's economic and social development strategy.

3. The whole world

(1) The government should vigorously advocate the international community, especially developing countries, to control the population within a reasonable scale to the maximum extent.

(2) Establish a fair order, ensure that most people enjoy equal rights, and constantly pursue a high-quality life.

(3) Respect the objective law of coordinated human development and the strategy of regional sustainable development, while maintaining a good ecological balance, constantly improving people's quality of life and adapting to local conditions.

(1) Chapter II Urban Internal Spatial Structure and Urbanization City

Urban form urban form is changeable, such as belt or radial travel.

Influencing factors, attraction of urban center, urban land use restriction or river barrier and planning control of plain area

Distribution obstacles or topographic restrictions along mountains and rivers

kind

The various components of regional distribution are relatively concentrated, even a few blocks in a city have recently arranged their own production and life. The film continues to extend along the main traffic lines or terrain areas of the city.

The main advantages are: perfect infrastructure, convenient centralized installation of various facilities, convenient life, easy management, high utilization rate, investment saving, convenient expansion of the city scale, and conducive to protecting the urban environment. All parts of the city extend to the suburbs and are close to nature.

The main disadvantage is that it is easy to lead to the spread of urban land pollution, and every big city is convenient. The investment in municipal construction is mainly concentrated in one direction and the transmission distance is long.

Chengdu and Hefei can't be contacted, such as Washington, Chongqing, Yichang, Pudong New Area, Luoyang, Xining, Lanzhou and Yan 'an.

2. Urban land use and functional zoning

Functional zoning: cities with spatial competition in various economic activities are highly concentrated in similar activity spaces.

2. It is divided into: commercial, residential, industrial, municipal and public service areas, industrial areas, transportation, storage areas, landscape and urban green spaces, and special functional areas.

3. Central Business District (Features: 1

① In new york CBD Central Business District-Manhattan) ② In the busiest place, during the day and night of urban economic activities, the three buildings are quite different. ④ The central business district is separated .../> Five or three basics? Urban regional functional zoning

Morphological characteristic position of functional partition

The business district covers a small area and is dotted with economic activities? Is the busiest, many different and constantly changing, people day and night, high-rise buildings are dense, the city center is divided internally, and the corners on both sides of the main roads cross.

The concentrated industrial areas continue to move to the outer edge of the city and tend to the areas along the outer edge.

Residential traffic trunk roads refer to the areas on both sides of urban traffic trunk roads, which are the main functional divisions of the city. After industrial differentiation, the architectural quality of high-rise buildings is differentiated in low-rise residential space; The location is higher than the distance from the outer edge of the high slope where the cultural area is in contact with the development of high-rise cities in low-rise residential areas.

Reduce contact in inner cities, lowlands and industrial areas.

The Formation and Change of the Internal Spatial Structure of Three Cities

1, the spatial structure of the distribution and combination of different functional areas in the city, also known as the urban regional structure.

2, the urban regional structure model:

For example, the characteristics of the structural model lead to.

Concentric pattern, compact urban form, compact urban functional areas, concentric plain terrain in the center of small cities, migration and invasion of cities behind various functional areas, and red concentric circles, expanding from the core to Chengdu.

Fan-shaped mode: the urban functional areas expand outward in a fan shape, and each functional area is transported along Shenyang.

A city with multi-core mode does not rely on a single core to develop, but forms a central business district, a wholesale business district, a residential district, an industrial district and a suburb around its several cores. As well as relatively independent satellite towns, such as the continuous expansion of urban areas and the urban functional areas formed by them, the original urban land price, traffic and congestion are all in the suburbs, far from the new core of the city center, and Zibo is affected by factors such as rivers and topography.

3. Influencing factors:

Main factors: economic factors-according to the ability of each functional area to pay rent, the rent level of the government (the degree of traffic barrier-free facilities, the distance from the city center)

History and culture (Beijing), race, religion (slums), architectural design (urban layout around churches in medieval Europe), natural conditions (high slopes and lowlands in cities) and administrative factors.

function

In the second quarter, cities of different grades serve cities of different grades.

City? Grading standard:

The population of large and small cities and towns is-6,543.8+00,000, and the growing cities are-500,000-6,543.8+00,000 megacities-200,000-500,000 small cities.

2. The scope and types of urban services are different at different levels. Big cities provide many types of services with high levels and relatively large service scales.

3, the scope of urban services:

Influencing factors will affect performance.

Cities with resource conditions can support the further development of cities in resource-rich areas. Resource conditions provide cities with rich material conditions, rich labor force and rich urban land.

Traffic conditions. Cities located in transportation hubs can provide services for railway hub cities, highway hub cities and port cities with far-away residents and convenient transportation.

Conditional urban population provides goods and services in residential service areas, and the service population should reach a certain scale. Urban services in densely populated areas are relatively few. On the contrary, urban services in sparsely populated areas are relatively large. BR/sec, the enlightenment of hierarchical cities in southern Germany.

1, the urban spatial combination of different levels in the same area is enough to establish a regional urban system.

2. Nested layers of urban service scope at different levels.

3, cities with different levels of high, the distance between each other, the scope of services, and the number of urban functions are mostly small and large nested near the low "(city level, city tree burning, the distance between each other, extensive services, improving urban functions, city level? , the number of cities, mutual distance, service scope, urban functions. Urban service areas are nested at different levels, and large ones are nested. )

4, the central theory:

(1) The service scope of the center is a hexagon around the center.

(2) the role of market principles

(3) The service scope of the center is the service scope of three lower-level centers. the third part

Urbanization First of all, what is it?

The process of urbanization is the process of population gathering in cities and towns, and the area of cities and towns is constantly expanding.

2, the symbol of urbanization:

(1) The proportion of urban population in the total population continues to increase.

② The labor force is gradually shifting from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries.

③ Scale of urban land use

3, expand the driving force of urban development and the main driving force of economic and social development

(1) Thrust: What are the factors that affect rural areas, such as rapid population growth, heavy land pressure, low rural income, lack of social services, natural disasters, etc?

(2) Cities that attract people due to pulling factors. Ensure the social welfare level, cultural facilities and convenient urban transportation in the city.

An indicator to measure the level of urbanization in a country: the proportion of urban population to the total population reflects the level of social and economic development. /& gt； 5. The significance of urbanization: the change of population, industrial structure, industrial development and the development of science and technology have narrowed the distance between urban and rural areas, and culture, ideas, concepts and lifestyles have gradually converged.

World urbanization process

The characteristics of world urbanization appear in the process of urbanization development stage.

The new trend, the low level of urbanization and slow development in emerging countries and regions, and the low level of urbanization in developing countries.

In the acceleration stage, the population and industry are rapidly gathering in cities, urbanization and labor surplus are rapid, and traffic congestion, housing shortage and environmental degradation reach the later stage of suburban cities. The level of urbanization is relatively high, and the growth of urban population slows down or even stagnates in the central region, showing signs of decline, which is a phenomenon of anti-urbanization in developed countries.

2, the differences between developed and developing countries in the process of urbanization

The type of country, the starting time, and the proportion of rapid urbanization level in the urban population stage.

As early as in developed countries

(Britain's First Intermediate Period18th Century)

Slow down (stagnate)

(70%)

In the late stage of capitalist development and the early stage of agricultural modernization, a large number of agricultural laborers in developing countries moved to cities.

evening

In the mid-20th century, the national independence movement with a low speed (less than 40%) won rapid economic development in the early and middle stages of acceleration. BR/4 Suburb Urbanization: The scale of the city is constantly expanding, and the urban population and industry are spreading to the suburbs.

Anti-urbanization: due to the high concentration of urban population, cities are overcrowded, the environment is deteriorating and land is in short supply.

3 reduce the quality of life, affecting the geographical environment of urbanization

The impacts are as follows: the decrease of biodiversity and land degradation have an impact on the water cycle; Impact on the climate.

2, the impact of urbanization on the geographical environment:

3. The main measures to solve the urban environmental problems: 1) Strictly control the scale of big cities, decentralize the functions of big cities, build new districts and satellite towns, strive to promote the urbanization of suburbs, and ease the pressure on the urban center; 2) Reasonably plan cities, strengthen urban management, and properly handle the relationship between urban functional zoning.

4. Ways to reduce the impact of urbanization on the geographical environment: on the one hand, low-pollution and energy-saving buildings and green transportation, develop urban construction, and reduce the impact of various pollution activities on the environment; On the other hand, the urban landscape should be as harmonious as possible with natural landscapes such as lake vegetation, mountains and rivers, and form a virtuous circle.