What does anti-globalization mean?

Question 1: What does the reversal of globalization mean? Thank you ~ globalization does the opposite.

Question 2: What is an anti-globalization closed economy?

Question 3: Why is globalization reversed? Obviously, after the long-term economic growth driven by globalization and global trade, countries are increasingly seeking to protect their industries in difficult economic times. According to a WTO statistic, since the global financial crisis in 2008, its member countries have taken more than 265,438+000 measures to restrict trade.

This paper shows that the economic structure is undergoing profound changes, especially under the influence of the global financial crisis in 2008, political demands for social protection have emerged in developed countries. However, influenced by the previous policy paradigm, these countries tried to further release market forces when social protection should have been strengthened. Neo-liberal ideology, as a highly institutionalized belief in globalization, has become a powerful inertia, which hinders policy makers from effectively coping with the rapidly changing new environment in the post-2008 Great Recession era. This is an important reason why globalization has encountered a strong political rebound in the United States and Europe, and the reversal of globalization has become a reality.

20 16 The fierce competition in the US presidential election and Trump's final election show that after 60 years' accumulation, the tension caused by globalization in developed countries has reached a critical point, which is marked by the fact that social protection discussed by Polanyi has become a major issue in public policy. The release of market forces and the promotion of the free flow of capital, goods and people have certainly brought huge economic benefits, but the distribution of these benefits is extremely unfair. The elite have gained higher wages and investment income, richer commodity choices and a more international lifestyle, while the bottom people have to lose employment opportunities and endure poverty because of the offshore production and outsourcing of multinational companies, and at the same time face increasing terrorist threats brought by increasingly fierce competition and immigration.

The result of this American election is crucial to the fate of this round of globalization. When Tepran wins the election, the United States will almost certainly turn to restricting free trade. TPP is almost impossible to be put on the agenda in the near future, and the United States is likely to demand renegotiation of NAFTA. It is also possible for the United States to become introverted in diplomacy and reduce its intervention in various conflict hotspots around the world. The remaining question is to what extent and how quickly the Trump administration will reverse globalization. Of course, although the Republican Party in the United States has become the majority party in the Senate and the House of Representatives, the mainstream of the Republican Party is completely opposite to Trump's views on many policies. It remains to be seen to what extent Trump can implement the policies he announced in the election. However, there is no doubt that the United States will become more conservative on issues related to free trade.

The biggest possibility of the reversal of globalization is the global economic crisis caused by financial expansion pointed out by Arecchi. At present, the international financial situation is grim, and the global debt has surged. A study by McKinsey analyzed the relationship between the total debt of housing and enterprises and their economic scale in 47 countries from 2007 to 20 14. It is found that the debt ratio of every country is rising, and the debt of some countries has changed greatly. In the United States, the ratio of debt to GDP rose slightly from 2 17% in 2007 to 233% in 20 14. In Spain, it jumped from 24 1% to 3 13%, while in Japan, it rose from 336% to 400%. High debt obviously puts the national economy at greater risk.

The next financial crisis is likely to start in Europe. 20 13 After the banking crisis in Cyprus, Europe adopted a series of regulations to form a banking union in the euro zone. Limited by these new regulations, "the whole burden of bank rescue in the euro zone in the future should not be borne by taxpayers." Before rescuing banks, shareholders of any country and their non-priority bondholders should bear most of the bills first. "

Today, banks in Germany and Italy are in big trouble, but these new regulations prohibit them from bailing out.

Deutsche Bank was fined $654.38+046 billion by the U.S. Department of Justice for fraudulent mortgage lending in the U.S. real estate bubble, which may trigger a financial crisis in Germany. The timing of this event makes the problem worse: next year, Germany will hold parliamentary elections, and the Deutsche Bank crisis will weaken Chancellor Angela Merkel's already fragile power in domestic and European leading groups. Deutsche Bank's balance sheet failed to change from 2008? Recovered from the global financial crisis in 2009, but after years of neglect ... >>

Question 4: Explain the reasons for the global anti-globalization wave. The root of the anti-globalization wave: developed countries benefit less from globalization, while emerging and developing economies benefit more.

Tracing back to the history of global economic development, anti-globalization is not normal. The deepening of contemporary economic globalization has deep-seated objective reasons, that is, the modern scientific and technological revolution has shortened the communication cost and transportation distance between different countries and regions, and the world has become a "global village", laying a material foundation for economic globalization. Deepen the development of international finance, promote the free flow of capital and provide financial support for economic globalization. The deepening of market economic system reform in major countries in the world has created the same market system for economic globalization. The end of the cold war has created an environment of peaceful development for economic globalization. Multinational enterprises carry advanced technology, management experience and capital to produce and invest on a global scale, which has become an important carrier to promote the in-depth development of economic globalization, and international institutions such as WTO have become the guarantee for the in-depth development of globalization. Under this background, the global GDP in 20 15 years reached 73 trillion US dollars, which was more than twice that of 1970 after deducting the price factor, while the global economy only increased by about 15% in 0- 1000. Although global economic development is related to many factors, the faster development of contemporary global economy is obviously closely related to the globalization of world openness and cooperation.

Since globalization can promote the faster development of the global economy, bring greater wealth to human society and bring great benefits to the world, why is there a problem of anti-globalization at present? Observing the current phenomenon of anti-globalization, global imbalance is the most important reason. Although globalization has provided mankind with opportunities to create more wealth, it has brought different benefits to all countries in the world. The widening income gap shows that the benefits brought by globalization to people of all countries are also very different. Some countries have released their comparative advantages through globalization, and the sustained market expansion has promoted the rapid economic development. Due to the lack of competitiveness, industries in some countries are constantly shifting outward in the wave of globalization, and national industries are hollowed out, resulting in the problem of weak economic growth.

Data show that with the development of globalization, the imbalance of the world's major economies is indeed increasing. From the 1990s to the present financial crisis, with the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the merger of East and West Germany, countries that previously advocated planned economy promoted the reform of market economy system and joined the global economic governance system led by the United States since World War II, and globalization accelerated. In this context, the current account deficit of developed economies is expanding as a proportion of GDP, which shows that the deficit of developed economies is increasing because exports are difficult to make up for imports, and developed economies must continue to borrow from outside to maintain economic balance. On the contrary, during the same period, the current account surplus of emerging and developing economies accounted for an increasing proportion of GDP. Emerging and developing economies have released their comparative advantages and increased their market share. Export income far exceeds import expenditure. With the vigorous development of the global economy, the current account balance of commodity exporting countries has greatly increased.

Emerging and developing economies have benefited a lot from the process of globalization, so it is not difficult to understand why developed countries have been more keen on promoting the process of anti-globalization since the financial crisis. Since the financial crisis, developed countries have taken more severe anti-dumping and countervailing investigations on goods from China and other countries. Although there are many reasons, it is obviously related to the decline in profits of developed countries in globalization. In the Obama era, the United States expected to reshape the global economic and trade rules, and in the Trump era, it advocated the preferential trade protection policy of the United States, which objectively revealed the dissatisfaction of the developed countries such as the United States with the current globalization. The fermentation of events such as Britain's withdrawal from the European Union highlights the contradiction of power and responsibility distribution among China countries in the process of integration. Although EU integration has promoted the development of EU economy, the competitiveness of countries with weak competitiveness, such as Greece and Italy, has been weakened, and even a debt crisis has emerged. In addition, the influx of refugees has increased the pressure on financial expenditure. Britain believes that power and responsibility are not equal, while countries with strong competitiveness such as Germany and France have developed for a long time. Although the EU is not consistent with globalization, it represents the deeper development of globalization and objectively reveals the problem of open cooperation.

The governance of global imbalances involves not only the adjustment of open policy, but also the changes of deep-seated competitiveness factors such as population structure and innovation, which requires strengthening global economic coordination. By innovating global economic governance, strengthening international exchanges and cooperation, vigorously promoting economic restructuring, and promoting emerging and developing economies to shift from relying on external demand and investment to balanced growth of consumption, investment and exports, developed countries should increase their savings and shift from over-reliance on consumption to balanced growth of consumption, investment and external demand, so as to promote more countries in the world ..... > >

Question 5: What are the advantages and disadvantages of Trump's anti-economic globalization? First of all, it cannot be said that economic globalization has created the United States. Only in the last 30 years, 30 years ago, the United States has already become the global economic hegemon. To say who globalization has created, it should be China. Since 200 1 joined the WTO, China has benefited the most from the wave of globalization and achieved the status of the world's factory.

Secondly, globalization has benefited large multinational enterprises in the United States. They use the low prices of labor and raw materials in China and other third world countries for production, and monopolize American technology and R&D, making the industrial structure of the United States a structure dominated by technology development departments and capital management departments. At the same time, the financial industry, which serves the global capital flow and export, is popular. In fact, one-third of employment in the United States is related to the financial industry.

Third, the main supporters of Trump's coming to power are the middle and lower blue-collar whites in the United States. It is precisely because of the above two things that the interests of these people are damaged in the wave of globalization, because their own conditions prevent them from becoming executives and financial practitioners of multinational companies. Low-end manufacturing jobs are occupied by low-paid hard-working workers in third world countries and illegal immigrants (mostly people of color) in the United States.

In the end, Trang opposed the refugees from the countries that are at war, but it was too late for him to win over the traditional allies of the United States, the oil-rich countries in the Gulf region. But it is precisely because his decision-making is based on religion and country rather than personal good and evil that it is controversial.

In short, Trump's anti-globalization will benefit some people and hurt others in the United States, but the long-term impact and impact on the world are difficult to judge, and the tearing of American society is an indisputable fact.

Question 6: How do you view the current trend of "anti-globalization"? Is it against globalization?

Question 7: How to treat the current "anti-globalization" ideological trend ■ "anti-globalization" ideological trend highlights the profound contradictions contained in the economic globalization led by a few capitalist countries, and exposes the reality of increasing social contradictions in western countries and the drawbacks of western democratic politics.

■ Economic globalization is the historical trend of the development of human society, and the development of social productive forces is the fundamental driving force to promote economic globalization. Some western countries and their scholars simply blame many problems that plague the world today on economic globalization, which is neither in line with the facts nor helpful to solve the problems.

■ Throughout today's world, the accelerated development of social productive forces led by scientific and technological progress is deepening the connection and interaction of human social development, and the trend of economic globalization is irreversible. However, we should also see that economic globalization is a "double-edged sword", which is not only the process of opening up to the outside world, but also the process of unequal competition between a few developed countries and developing countries under the old international rules.

■ China continues to promote reform and opening up, maintain medium and high-speed economic growth, and provide a sustained and powerful driving force for global economic stability and growth; China, together with many countries, promotes poverty reduction and coordinated development, making global economic development more balanced and inclusive. China's plan can not only overcome the problem of anti-globalization, but also guide economic globalization to develop in a healthier direction.

■ China's development path is based on its own national conditions, people's interests, reform and innovation, and common development in opening up. Along this road, China's economic and social development has made remarkable achievements, and nearly 654.38+0.4 billion people in China will soon realize a well-off society in an all-round way, which is of extensive reference significance to developing countries.

In recent years, under the drag of the international financial crisis, the will of major countries in the United States and Europe to promote globalization has weakened, forming an "anti-globalization" trend of thought, which has gradually escalated into the national will and policies of some countries. Where globalization goes is not only related to the development interests of China, but also to the future and destiny of all countries in the world. We should pay close attention to the development of this trend of thought, accurately grasp the objective trend of globalization, and make clear the general plan to deal with "anti-globalization".

China Social Science Network (Editor: Zhong)

Question 8: Why is globalization reversed? Globalization is actually a practice of neoliberalism.

To put it simply, neo-liberalism actually means giving business a green light as much as possible, expecting business development to drive economic growth, and even interfering in other countries' internal affairs, opposing minimum wages and standard working hours, so that businessmen can make as much money as possible. However, one or two sentences can't be completely summarized. If you are interested, you can check other information on Baidu.

To put it bluntly, globalization has its own problems. For example, when factories and enterprises move from developed countries to developing countries, jobs in developed countries are gone. At first, it may not matter if dozens of people move out, but the more they move, the more jobs they lose. In fact, to put it bluntly, with the continuous progress of industrial technology and science and technology, businessmen find that some operations can be completed without too high a degree. For example, automobile manufacturing and other industries can be completely transferred to third world countries, and international organizations such as WTO can move factories unscrupulously by reducing tariffs and giving policy green light, thus reducing human resources expenditure and making more money. In the past, for example, Americans, you can't ask them to live in third world countries. Companies just refuse because they think their wages are high, which has caused the loss of jobs in many developed countries. The loss of jobs means the reduction of taxes, and the reduction of taxes means that there will be problems in national strength. . .

Moreover, as mentioned above, globalization is also a method of neoliberalism, which may interfere in other countries' internal affairs. For example, the countries that businessmen want to move to meet their business conditions may give green light to some environmental protection bills, hoping that the local authorities can give them green light as much as possible, formulate an environmental protection law that is conducive to their business, or put forward certain requirements for other things such as corruption, political system and laws. For example, intellectual property rights need to be protected in TPP. It seems that some countries in the WTO want to join. Within a few years, some markets will be opened to people from other countries, and of course, protection periods will be given. For example, there are also requirements for intellectual property law. . .

There are also some businessmen who make money recklessly, such as the 2008 financial tsunami. To put it bluntly, it is a group of capitalists who sell creditor's rights and engage in real estate. As a result, an accident happened, which affected ordinary American citizens. Finally, Obama had to save them first (because they hold financial institutions such as investment banks, and their failure will be more serious). As a result, ordinary people have to tighten their belts and continue to live a luxurious life, leading to contradictions. Similar things have happened all over the world, so people in some countries are right.

Different national conditions can't satisfy you all, so globalization has advantages and disadvantages. . . . So it is not unusual to say that there is a reversal, but with the progress of productivity and policy thinking, it will definitely be solved. The general trend is globalization, but a small reversal is inevitable. . . .

Question 9: In the anti-globalization trend of thought, does China benefit or suffer? Seize the opportunity of economic globalization and industrial restructuring, and combine the national conditions of China to make foreign capital better serve the economy. What is the basic national condition of China? China is still a developing country with a large population, weak foundation, unbalanced regional development and low overall economic development level. Therefore, we should make full use of the opportunity of industrial restructuring in developed countries in the process of globalization to transfer advanced labor-intensive industries in developed countries to China. We should break the old idea that "labor-intensive industries must be technologically backward industries". Give full play to the advantages of China's large population and relatively low labor cost, and vigorously develop high-tech labor-intensive industries and labor-intensive production links in high-tech industries, which can not only enhance China's national strength, but also solve very important employment problems. According to a research report of OECD, China can provide a low-cost investment market for foreign investors at least in the next 30 years. This advantage is unmatched by countries such as South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore. Second, China is a big country, and we should have a relatively complete industrial structure, especially in the latest industrial fields in the world. We should attract foreign investment, especially cooperate with large multinational companies with strong capital and technology, and establish our own technology and capital-intensive industries while developing labor-intensive industries. To do this, it is impossible to introduce it behind closed doors. In an era when science and technology are changing with each passing day, especially in new technology industries such as electronics, communications, computers, biological products and precision instruments, it will take several years to produce our own products, and the technology has already fallen behind, not to mention the problems of cost and market. Therefore, we must develop these industries in an open environment. The shortcut is foreign capital. We will cooperate with large multinational companies with capital and technology to become a foreign production base of multinational companies, a part of their entire international production line and a part of their international sales network. In this process, we will expand our own professional and technical and management talent team, thus establishing and developing our new technology industry. In short, in order to get rid of the economic difficulties and upgrade their own industries, developed countries have launched the overall strategy of foreign investment with multinational corporations as the main body and seeking a way out, which provided conditions and created opportunities for us to attract foreign investment on a large scale, which Japan and South Korea could not get in the 1960s and 1970s. Starting from the new vision of globalization, optimizing the structure of export commodities, fully participating in the new production mode brought by the information age of international trade and multinational companies deploying production and sales on a global scale have greatly changed the traditional mode of international trade division of labor. For the sake of efficiency and cost, a country no longer pursues the complete occupation of an industry, but tries its best to seize the high-tech and high-value-added production links of an industry according to its comprehensive strength and comparative advantage, leaving the labor-intensive and low-value-added production links to other countries, thus forming a new international trade division system. We should look at the "optimization" of export commodity structure from this brand-new perspective, and don't unilaterally think that the export structure will be "optimized" if the proportion of manufactured goods in export products is high and the proportion of agricultural and sideline products is reduced. At present, the main exporters of agricultural products in the world are mainly developed countries, which illustrates this point from the opposite side. The advantage of export structure lies not in what products are exported, but in the technical content and international competitiveness of export products, and in the number of parts and components contained in export products, especially those with high technical content, which are produced by ourselves, because this truly reflects the benefits of foreign trade and the contribution of foreign trade to national economic growth. Getting out of the traditional misunderstanding of optimizing export structure is of great significance not only to the development of foreign trade, but also to the development of the whole national economy. In order to optimize the export structure, we can't put forward the development of export-oriented manufacturing and high-tech industries in general, which may cause various places to compete for projects to export manufactured goods (such as VCD), thus causing repeated construction. The new trade pattern and mode brought by globalization should also change the traditional concept of "import and export" in China's foreign trade and replace it with a new concept of "international trade". The traditional business of "what to produce, what to export and what to import" should be mainly reserved for industrial and mining enterprises with foreign trade rights, and professional foreign trade import and export companies should be changed into international trading companies, become organizers of international production and sales, and establish their own international market network. In processing trade, professional trading companies should ...

Question 10: What do you think of the growing trend of "anti-globalization"? At present, the study of globalization has shifted from the description stage to the reflection stage, and many empirical studies have been done at the same time of theoretical discussion. In the process of reflecting on globalization, domestic scholars' research is still descriptive, qualitative and based on the overall interests of developing countries; Foreign scholars have analyzed the impact of globalization on economic growth, income distribution, class relations and ecological crisis in more detail. With the deepening of research, scholars from all over the world have gradually gathered strength and set up a number of comprehensive international institutions and organizations, such as IFG, PGA, Friends of the Earth, which specialize in publicizing and discussing anti-globalization theories and supporting the anti-globalization movement. It can be seen that the anti-globalization trend of thought itself has become a global wave. Economists in developing countries, western Marxist scholars, left-wing scholars and some mainstream western economists are mainly concerned about the adverse effects of economic globalization on developing countries. They objectively analyzed the inferior position of developing countries in the international division of labor and exchange system, destroyed national industries, occupied markets and fixed industrial structures, strongly criticized the leading countries of globalization for vigorously promoting Washington's knowledge in developing countries and countries in transition, and put forward certain theoretical basis and economic reality. The newly industrialized countries, in particular, were once thought to have benefited a lot from globalization, but they also suffered a serious financial crisis, which provided them with strong arguments. However, they put too much emphasis on the control role and consequences of developed countries, while ignoring the positive impact of economic globalization on the development of productive forces. ...