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The official name of Britain is "United Kingdom", and the full name is "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".
The British flag is a horizontal rectangle with an aspect ratio of 2∶ 1.
National flag: The "meter" flag consists of a dark blue background and the red and white "meter". The red cross with a white border in the national flag represents St George, the patron saint of England, St Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland and St Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. This flag was made in 180 1, and it was formed by overlapping the original English white red plus ten flags, the Scottish blue and white cross flag and the Irish white red cross flag.
National emblem: the national emblem of Britain. The central pattern is a coat of arms, and there are three golden lions on the red ground in the upper left corner and lower right corner of the coat of arms, symbolizing England; In the upper right corner is a red lion standing on the golden ground, symbolizing Scotland; In the lower left corner is the golden harp on the blue ground, symbolizing Ireland. On both sides of the coat of arms are a lion wearing a crown representing England and a unicorn representing Scotland. There is a motto written in French around the coat of arms, which means "evil is rewarded with evil, and evil with evil"; There is a guardian medal hanging at the bottom, and the ribbon says "God has God, I have rights". At the top of the coat of arms is a gold and silver helmet inlaid with jewels, an imperial crown and a crowned lion. There is a motto written in French around the coat of arms, which means "evil is rewarded with evil, and evil with evil"; There is a guardian medal hanging at the bottom, and the ribbon says "God has God, I have rights".
Language: English is the official language and lingua franca. Welsh is also spoken in northern Wales, and Gaelic is still spoken in parts of the northwest highlands of Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Location: Britain is an island country in the west of Europe, which consists of Great Britain, northeastern Ireland and some small islands. It faces the European continent across the North Sea, the Dover Strait and the English Channel, and borders Ireland and China. The country covers an area of 244,000 square kilometers, with a total coastline of 1 1450 kilometers. The whole territory is divided into four parts: the plains in southeast England, the mountains in the middle and west, the mountains in Scotland, the highlands in northern Ireland and the mountains; The main rivers are Severn River (354 kilometers) and Thames River (346 kilometers), and the area of New Lake in Northern Ireland (396 square kilometers) ranks first in the country.
National anthem: God bless.
Queen "God bless the queen"
(If the incumbent is a male monarch, the national anthem will be changed to "God Save the King". )
National flower: rose
National bird: red-breasted pigeon
National stone: diamond
Capital: London
National Day: Thursday in the second week of June every year.
Climate: it belongs to the maritime temperate broad-leaved forest climate, which is mild and humid all year round. Generally, the highest temperature does not exceed 32℃, the lowest temperature is not lower than-10℃, and the average temperature 10 is 65438+4 ~ 7℃ in October and 13 ~ 17℃ in July. It is rainy and foggy, especially in autumn and winter. The average annual precipitation is about 1000 mm. The annual precipitation in the northern and western mountainous areas exceeds 2000 mm, and that in the central and eastern areas is less than 800 mm. February to March is the driest, and 10 to 1 month is the wettest.
Mineral resources: Britain's main mineral resources are coal, iron, oil and natural gas. The total reserve of hard coal is170 billion tons. The reserves of iron are about 3.8 billion tons. There are tin mines in Cornwall Peninsula in the southwest. There are many stone salts in Cheshire and Durham. Staffordshire has good clay. White clay is produced in Cornwall Peninsula. Dolomite can be mined in the east slope of pennines. The timely mine is located near Hill Hildry in the southwest of Lancashire. The oil reserves on the continental shelf of Britain's North Sea are about10 ~ 4 billion tons. Natural gas reserves are about 860 ~ 2585 billion cubic meters.
Ethnic Groups and Administrative Regions: The existing population in Britain is mainly composed of four ethnic groups: English (accounting for more than 80% of the total population), Welsh, Scots and Irish. Most residents believe in Protestantism, mainly divided into the Church of England (also known as the Anglican Church, whose members account for about 60% of the British adults) and church of scotland (also known as the Presbyterian Church, with 660,000 adults). In addition, there are Catholic churches and larger religious groups, such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism and Islam. According to the history and geography of Britain, its administrative divisions are divided into England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. After the reform of local administrative system from 65438 to 0974, England was divided into 39 ordinary counties and 7 metropolitan areas. Wales is divided into 8 ordinary counties; Scotland still uses the old system, 12 county, and Northern Ireland is divided into 26 autonomous counties.
History: Britain was connected with the European continent in prehistoric times. After the end of the Ice Age in 6000 BC, the snow melted into the English Channel today. At that time, stone age immigrants planted on limestone hills near Salisbury, leaving behind the mysterious Stonehenge. Celts came to England from Central Europe in the 1 century BC, bringing Gaelic and Breton, which became the dialects of Scotland and Wales today.
When the Romans came to Britain in 43 AD, they not only brought Britain into the territory of the Roman Empire, but also conquered Wales and northern England. In 120, Hadrian's Great Wall, with a length of 1 17 km, was built in northern England as the northern border of the Roman Empire, and at the same time it blocked the invasion of Scotland. Under the rule of the Romans for more than 300 years, it brought Christianity, straight stone roads and many public buildings to Britain. Roman relics can be seen in London, Bath, York and other places. Later, due to the decline of the Roman Empire, the Romans faded out of Britain around 4 10.
Then in the 5th century, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes from Germany invaded Britain. In the 9th century, the Vikings invaded Britain, leaving only the southern Thames in England, which made the English assimilate with the Vikings. The next invader was a Norman from Normandy. In A.D. 1066, William the Conqueror defeated the Anglo-Saxons in the battle and officially entered Britain.
Britain spent the following centuries in turmoil, first the Hundred Years' War between Britain and France, and then the wars of the roses broke out because of the power struggle between the two royal families. In the16th century, the Church of England and the Church of Rome split and formed the Anglican Church. At that time, King Henry VIII was appointed by Congress to lead the Anglican Church, and the Bible was also translated into English. The power struggle between the royal family and parliament reached its peak in the17th century, and finally power returned to the royal family. At the same time, Britain began to rapidly expand its power overseas, conquering and expanding many colonies in various places.
Meanwhile, the industrial revolution was in full swing. The development of steam power, water power and coal mines has changed the driving force of transportation and manufacturing. The world's first industrial city began to develop in Central China, bringing a large number of people to gather. When Queen Victoria came to power in 1837, Britain had become the first powerful country in the world. After two world wars, Britain's national strength was greatly reduced, but its modernization continued. Driven by popular culture and economic strength, Britain still occupies an important position in world history.
Diana, who died in a foreign land, was the most popular member of the British royal family in 10 years. 198 1 After the century royal wedding of Diana and Prince Charles in St. Paul's Cathedral was broadcast live around the world, every move of the British royal family began to become the focus of the global people and spotlight, until Diana, who was full of personal charm, died in a dramatic car accident in Paris, and the world was right.
Although Britain boasts itself as the birthplace of democracy, it is also one of the few countries in the world that retain hereditary monarchy. The current Queen Elizabeth II is one of the richest women in the world. Although the prestige of the country is gone, the status of the Queen of England is still quite symbolic, representing the country in important public relations social occasions, parliamentary opening, charity activities and so on. Although the British royal family has no real power, it is the leader of the Anglican Church in religion. Recently, there has been a lot of talk about abolishing the royal family, but in Britain, where class consciousness has not been completely broken, the existence of the royal family is still necessary and helpful.
There are many celebrities in the British royal family. Today, members of the royal family are descendants of Queen Elizabeth. The most famous are Prince Charles and the late Princess Diana, as well as the heartthrob Prince William. Other current members of the royal family are always chased by the media, especially scandals such as marriage and divorce, which always make the media write a lot of books. Coming to Britain, the British royal family seems to be close at hand. Countless castles and palaces are all over the place, which has become one of the important sightseeing assets. Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey, Tower of London, Kensington Palace, Windsor Castle and other London are the classic focus of experiencing the British royal style.
General situation of America
Flag of the United States of America
1776 On July 4th, the United States of America was born. In order to represent the spirit of unity and independence of this new country,1July 4, 777, Congress passed a resolution and formulated the American flag. Because there were only ten States in the United States at that time; Therefore, the national flag consists of thirteen red and white stripes and thirteen white stars with a blue background. At the same time, the resolution also explained the meaning of white, red and blue on the national flag: white stands for honesty and justice; Red represents courage and fearlessness; Blue represents vigilance, tenacity and justice.
Since the independence of the United States, because states have joined the Union one after another, 18 18 On April 4th, Congress passed another bill: "Every time the United States accepts a state, a new star will be added to the national flag on July 4th of the following year". There are still 13 red and white stripes on the American flag, but the number of stars has increased to 50, representing 50 States in the United States.
USA emblem
The national emblem of the United States was designed by William Barton and Charles Thomson, and the American government began to use this national emblem to identify important documents on June 20, 782.
In the center of the national emblem is a vulture symbolizing the spirit of independence and freedom, and the shield-shaped national flag in front represents the thirteen States that joined the United States in 1777. The vulture's right paw holds an olive branch hoping for peace, and its left paw holds a sharp arrow determined to defend itself. The vulture holds a ribbon with "America" written on it in Latin, and the top of the national emblem passes through the clouds. According to current statistics, the American people have reached a high standard of living in the world. The American economic system has been criticized many times, but it does stimulate people to develop land resources and encourage them to find new and better methods.
A few companies controlled most enterprises in the colonial empire. Most of them are family companies, run by father and son. To this day, small businesses still play an important role in the American economy. However, in recent years, some companies have developed into large enterprises.
The distribution of American industry
Can be divided into three areas:
(1) Northeast China: This is the earliest area where American capitalism developed. Appalachian mountains are rich in coal mines, there are plenty of iron mines in the west of the Great Lakes, there are many excellent seaports along the Atlantic coast, the Great Lakes and Mississippi River have convenient water transportation, and there are fertile plains. Most national industries, such as steel, automobile and chemical industry, are located in this area.
New york is the largest industrial and commercial center and port along the Atlantic coast, with an urban population of over 8 million. Together with the surrounding satellite cities, it has a population of more than 6,543.8+0.6 million, making it the most populous city in the United States. The United Nations headquarters is also located here.
The capital, Washington, and the central industrial and transportation center, Chicago, are all in this area. This area is also a serious environmental pollution area in the United States. (The picture shows Manhattan Island, the commercial center of new york) (2) Southern District: This is an emerging industrial production area such as oil, aircraft, aerospace and electronics in the United States. The northwest of the Gulf of Mexico is the main oil producing area in the United States, and Houston is the research and development center of petrochemical industry and aerospace in the south.
(3) Western region: Residents and industries are mainly concentrated in the Pacific coast. California is the most economically developed region in the western region, with rapid development of aerospace, electronics, aircraft manufacturing and other industries. San Francisco is a big port in the west, and the nearby Silicon Valley is the center of the emerging electronic industry. Los Angeles is the most populous city and seaport in the west, mainly producing airplanes and precision machinery. Hollywood here is the center of American film and television industry. San Francisco and Los Angeles are also cities with the largest number of Chinese in the United States.
In American industry, manufacturing accounts for three-quarters of the country's total output, and it generates about $450 billion for the country every year. This figure reflects the value of American manufacturing, excluding raw material costs, replenishment costs and fuel costs.
The United States is the largest producer in the world, and its factories produce nearly $50 billion more goods every year than the Soviet Union, the second largest producer in the world. As far as industrial basic metal steel is concerned, American production accounts for one-fifth of the world; Automobile production accounts for a quarter of the world, meat production accounts for a fifth of the world, and aluminum production accounts for a third of the world. The United States occupies a leading position in the world in cheese, clothing, chemicals, paper, cardboard, textiles and many other manufactured goods. In the printing and publishing industry, the United States is also the first country to bend over. Its largest production industry is machinery manufacturing, followed by food manufacturing. Other leading manufacturing industries include transportation equipment, chemicals, electrical and electronic equipment, basic metals, printing, publishing, paper making and metal products manufacturing.
The manufacturing of American industrial products is led by California. Followed by manufacturing centers such as new york, Ohio, Illinois, Pennsylvania and Michigan.
The first industrial manufacturing center in America developed along the rivers of New England. Hydraulic power from fast-flowing rivers and waterfalls drives the machines in the factory. As coal has become the main energy source, many factories have moved to coal-producing areas in Pennsylvania or other States. Big industrial cities such as Birmingham, Cleveland and Pittsburgh are all prosperous because of coal production. When oil and electricity become important energy sources, some industries will no longer be located in coal-producing areas. As long as there is enough manpower or raw materials, you can set up a factory.
Traffic function will also affect the location of industrial zone. Part of the reason why Chicago can become the leading industrial center in the United States is that it is located at the top of Lake Michigan and at the intersection of the continental United States. New york's outstanding transportation function and excellent port make it the largest city and manufacturing center in the United States. The Great Lakes region has also made Buffalo, Detroit and Milwaukee important industrial centers.
1800 Two great developments triggered the industrial revolution. One is the invention of machine tools, and the other is the use of individual parts. Until the 20th century, American industry never linked these two developments with the production line. Think about it, a new era of low-cost mass production has begun. Henry Ford was the first adventurer to engage in mass production. Large-scale production has made the United States a world industrial giant and improved the living standards of the United States.
The importance of automation to American industry is increasing. Today, many industries adopt automatic control machines. Automated production can reduce the demand for labor, but it makes the position of well-trained technicians and engineers more important. Automated production has increased output, but there are also many problems. For example, workers who are replaced by machines must receive training in other occupations, or they will be threatened with unemployment.
Industry is always interested in developing new products and better technologies. In order to achieve these goals, the United States has established more than 10000 laboratories. These laboratories employ nearly 380,000 scientists and engineers and spend as much as $25 billion on scientific research every year. Industrial research is a very important part of American research program, supported by government, universities, colleges and private consortia.
American trade
The United States is the country with the largest trade volume in the world, and the domestic trade volume is much higher than the international trade volume. Nearly 654.38+08 million Americans make a living in wholesale or retail trade. Merchants who manipulate these transactions include wholesalers, department stores and local grocery stores. Every region in the United States produces the products it needs most, and the surplus materials are shipped to other regions where they are needed for sale. The annual domestic trade volume of the United States is about $580 billion in wholesale. The retail sector is as high as $645 billion.
In the mid-1970s, the United States imported goods worth10.20 billion US dollars from abroad and exported goods worth1.10.50 billion US dollars every year. There is no doubt that the most important trade target of the United States is Canada. The United States exports one-fifth to Canada and Canada exports one-fifth to the United States. Other trade targets of the United States are Japan, West Germany and Britain in turn. The United States also has trade relations with China, Brazil, France, India, Italy, Mexico, Venezuela and other countries.
The main export products of the United States include machinery, communication equipment, food, wildlife, processed products and raw materials (such as cotton, soybeans, minerals, etc.). ). The main imports are fuel, machinery, communication equipment and processed products.
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