The expansion of new France

The development of new France is first manifested in the increase of population. For a long time after the establishment of Quebec, Sanhe and Montreal, there were few settlers. 164 1 year, there were 240 residents in new France, but by 1663, there were only 2500 residents. The French government and colonial authorities took various measures to increase the population of Canada. At that time, what the colony lacked most was labor, such as craftsmen and farmers who cleaned up the land. In addition, young and strong women are needed to establish families with immigrants and have children, so as to promote the natural population growth. 166 1 year, the French king promised to send 300 people to New France every year for the next ten years. In order to attract immigrants, the authorities exempted the transportation expenses of immigrants and relaxed the conditions when granting land. Between 1659 and 1673, about 4000 immigrants entered Canada. A large number of unmarried women also arrived, and most of them married immigrants as soon as they landed. 167 1 year, 165 women arrived in Canada within one year, and more than 150 women arrived one year later. Most of them are rural girls, strong and hardworking. The colony also formulated a policy to encourage early marriage and have many children, stipulating that women must get married at the age of 65,438+06 and men must get married at the age of 20. Each man and woman who abide by this rule will receive a reward of 20 livres, and those who postpone marriage will be punished. The woman from France was given to her husband as soon as she got off the boat, and the governor gave her 50 livres to start a new life. Unmarried men can't get fur trading licenses, and bachelors will be fined. Parents who have more children are rewarded. A couple with 10 surviving children can get an annuity of 300 livres every year. If there are 12 children, the annuity is 400 livres. Men with many children can also be honored and given priority in appointment. These policies laid the foundation for Canada's high birth rate. After 1675, few immigrants entered Canada, and the population growth was basically caused by the increase of local birth rate. The population of New France was 32 15 in 1666, 6705 in 1673, 15255 in 1698 and 60000 in 1763. Compared with the population of 654.38+0.50 million (654.38+0.763) in British North American colonies, it is even more insignificant.

Economically, new France is also trying to get rid of the situation that fur trade is the only pillar and pay attention to developing diversified economies. During his tenure as governor, Talon vigorously developed shipbuilding, milling, tanning, pickled fish, oil refining and other industries, helped establish a family wool textile industry, and tried to make the colony self-sufficient; Expanding timber exports and trading timber and fishery products with the West Indies; The colonial authorities also encouraged land development. /kloc-In the first half of the 8th century, New France made great progress. First of all, the traffic that has long restricted the development of Canada has been improved. In the past, transportation depended entirely on water, but during the freezing period of six months a year, the whole business activity was at a standstill. 1In the 1930s, the first land transportation system was built in New France. The area of cultivated land has expanded from 17 19 to 63,000 Apente and from 1734 to163,000 Apente; The output of wheat has greatly increased, and some people even predict that wheat will replace beaver skin and become Canada's main export product. Wood production tends to be prosperous, with 65,438+09 sawmills in 2009 and 52 sawmills in 65,438+0734. However, the main content of new France's foreign trade is still exporting raw materials and importing finished products. Therefore, the oneness and dependence of economic life have not been fundamentally reversed.

After Louis XIV came to power, he was bent on establishing the French colonial empire system. In America, it is planned to expand westward and southward based on New France. Talon proposed to bring Florida, New Holland, New Sweden and New England into the arms of France. His dream reflects the strong expansion tendency of France in North America. After Frant Nak became governor, he continued to implement the expansion plan. Therefore, New France has been expanding geographically.

Acadia was originally the first place in France to conduct immigration experiments, but when the colonial focus shifted to the St. Lawrence River basin, this place was almost forgotten by the French. /kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, immigrant settlements were established here several times, but they were not very successful. Local immigrants fought a civil war for control. In 1950s, 17 once fell into the hands of New Englanders. It was reacquired by France in 1667, and 60 people moved from new France in 167 1 year, making its population reach 500. Since then, the population of Acadia has gradually increased, reaching 17 1773 in 2004. When Talon was governor, he planned to build a road connecting Quebec and Acadia. However, this area has never been under the effective control of new France.

The expansion of new France to Hudson Bay area met with strong challenges from the British. 1670, the Hudson's Bay Company obtained the exclusive trade right of northwest Canada from the British king, and soon gained a place in the fur trade in Canada, and also established Rupert's land along the Hudson's Bay. The new French authorities are very alert to this trend of the British people. 167 1 year, they launched an investigation, opened a route from Sagne to James Bay, and declared that France had sovereignty over this area. For more than 40 years, France has been trying to offset Britain's influence in the Hudson Bay area. The Treaty of Utrecht (17 13) gave Hudson's Bay Company complete control over this area.

The most successful expansion of New France was the promotion to the Mississippi River basin and the western Great Lakes region. The original motivation of the French to explore the Mississippi River is still to find a waterway to the Pacific Ocean. 17 After the 1970s, New France sent people to the source of this river several times and found that it flowed southward to the Gulf of Mexico. Louisiana was founded in 17 12, and New Orleans was founded in 17 18. In the Great Lakes region, in the 1970s and 1980s of 17, the Frenchman La Salle, with the support of the French king, built forts and installed armed forces in an attempt to control the region. And try to ship goods to reduce the transportation cost of western fur trade. From then on, to the west and north, the power of France gradually extended forward. Between 173 1 and 1734, Saint Pierrebourg was established in Yuhu Lake. Establish Fort St. Charles in Lake Woods; Establish Moripas fortress at the mouth of the Red River; At the same time, the area around Lake Winnipeg was explored, reaching out to Saskatchewan, finding an important waterway leading to the west and coming to a major intersection of Indian fur trade. In order to facilitate control, the French also built several fortresses in this area. 1738, Fort Larrain was built in Portage La Prairie, trying to reach the Pacific Ocean through the Missouri River.

In more than a century, after continuous exploration and expansion, the geographical scope of New France has become very broad, from St. Lawrence Bay to the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River. For example, geographically, New France is not inferior to British North American colonies; However, due to its vast territory and low degree of development, there is still a big gap in comprehensive strength compared with the latter, which has had a very obvious impact on the colonial struggle between Britain and France in North America.