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Ku Klux Klan, the symbol of Ku Klan (onomatopoeia, whose name comes from the sound of bullets hitting the iron, abbreviated as KKK), is a non-governmental organization that pursues white supremacy in American history and now, and is also a representative organization of American racism. The Ku Klux Klan is composed of veterans of the Confederate army who were defeated in the Civil War in 1866. In the early stage of development, the Klan's goal was to restore the Democratic Party's power in the southern United States and oppose the policy of improving the treatment of old slaves promoted by the federal army in the south. This organization often achieves its goals through violence. 187 1 year, president hiram grant promulgated the ku klux Klan and its implementing bill, which forcibly banned this political organization, but there have been many such atrocities since then.

The second three-k song

An organization named after this name was founded by William Simmons in 19 15 at the top of the Stone Mountain near Atlanta. This is a profit-making organization, whose purpose is to gain the comparative advantage of white Protestants over blacks, Roman Catholics, Jews, Asians and other immigrants. Although this organization preaches racism, lynching and other violent acts, it operates openly in the United States. At the peak of 1920s, it had 4 million members, including politicians from government agencies at all levels. During the Great Depression, the organization's development fell into a trough, and many members were lost in World War II because of conscription or voluntary participation in the army. The name of the organization "Klan" is also used by many other organizations, including 1960, which opposes the Civil Rights Act and advocates racial discrimination. In the United States and other countries, there are still dozens of organizations that use all or part of words as their names.

[Edit this paragraph] Activity target

The earliest Ku Klux Klan was founded on February 24, shortly after the end of the Civil War, 1865+65438, by six lost veterans of the southern army in Pulaski, Tennessee. The original purpose was to perform satirical programs and some kind of commemorative ceremony. From 1866 to 1867, members of the organization began to disturb black prayer meetings and broke into black houses at night to take guns. Some of these actions have the shadow of Tennessee "yellow jacket", "red hat" and other self-defense police groups. 1867, the ku klux Klan held a general meeting in Nashville, announced the charter drafted by former Confederate army brigadier general George Gordon, and began to develop into a national organization. A few weeks later, Nathan Bedford Frest, a former Confederate general engaged in the slave trade, was elected as the first national leader.

The struggle against constitutional reconstruction

The main goal of the Klan is to oppose constitutional reconstruction. After the civil war, the southern states experienced drastic social and political changes. The local Klan whites thought it was a threat to their sense of racial superiority, so they tried to resist this change. Because Congress passed laws to achieve racial equality, the Democratic Party, the representative of southern whites, could not protect the status of whites through legislation. In addition, the Klan also hoped to control the political and social status of freed slaves. These mainly include restrictions on black people's right to education, economic development and voting rights. As a result, violence became the best means for the Klan to achieve its goal. However, the Klan's violent targets are not limited to African-Americans. South Korea and party member often become innocent victims. As a result, the Klan became a violent tool of the Democratic Party. In addition, with the end of the Confederate government's rule, the local Caucasian whites resumed their social status and began to implement the policy of apartheid.

Member nature

In a newspaper interview, Frest claimed that the Klan had 550,000 male members all over the country. In addition, although he doesn't belong to this organization, he is very supportive of this organization and can convene 40,000 Klan members in five days. He also claimed that the Ku Klan's biggest enemies were not blacks, but "speculators" (referring to northerners who moved to the south after the civil war) and "hooligans" (referring to * * * and party whites in the south). In fact, this statement is not all a lie. The Klan also targeted the above-mentioned white groups, especially the teachers who came to the south with the "Freemen Committee" after the war. Many of these teachers were active abolitionists before the war and took an active part in the underground railway movement. Many southerners believe that the local blacks were incited by these northerners to vote for the party.

Organizational form

In fact, the national organization led by Frest is not too binding on the Ku Klan members who have a high degree of autonomy. A Klan official declared, "The so-called director-general is only an illusion, and I have no authority over those young people who are most active in violent activities beyond the aims of the Klan." 1869, Frest announced that "the activities of this organization have gone beyond the original great patriotic purpose and turned into criminal acts endangering public security" and ordered the dissolution of the Klan. However, due to the lack of credible communication channels of local organizations, this order has little effect. Therefore, in the absence of a central organ, many Klan organizations are still active in various places. Just as Frest publicly denied that he was a member of the Klan, many people thought that this order was only to protect himself from the punishment of the law.

Ku Klux Klan and Implementation Act

187 1 year, president hiram grant promulgated the ku klux Klan act and its implementation act, declared the ku klux Klan illegal and authorized the government to forcibly ban its activities. Hundreds of Klan members were fined or imprisoned, and habeas corpus was restricted in some parts of South Carolina. These actions were very successful, and the Klan almost disappeared in South Carolina. 1882, the Ku Klan was ruled unconstitutional, and the Ku Klan lost its momentum, but they also achieved some goals, such as denying the political rights of black people.

[Edit this paragraph] Historical events

The origin of the ku klux Klan

Klan is a non-governmental organization that pursues white supremacy in the United States and a representative organization of American racism. 1866, the organization was composed of confederate army veterans who were defeated in the civil war. In the early stage of development, the Klan's goal was to restore the Democratic Party's power in the southern United States, oppose the policy of improving the treatment of old slaves promoted by the federal army in the south, and realize its intention by constantly launching violent activities. The Klan wanted to control the political and social status of freed slaves. These mainly include restrictions on black people's right to education, economic development and voting rights. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Black Legion, a faction of the Klan, was very active in the midwest of the United States. The Black Legion is the most violent and bloody organization in the Klan. They wear black pirate clothes and are notorious for attacking and assassinating industrialists or socialists. From its inception, members of the Klan have a strong religious color, but they are not the same as ordinary Christians and Catholics in the United States. The Klan claimed that recent immigrants to the United States may destroy the customs and values of this country. Ku Klux Klan opposes Catholicism and hates Irish and southern Europeans. Therefore, the Klan recruits all extreme racists who oppose the current immigration policy in the United States.

Early ku klux Klan

The earliest Ku Klux Klan was founded on February 24, shortly after the end of the Civil War, 1865+65438, by six lost veterans of the southern army in Pulaski, Tennessee. The original purpose was to perform satirical programs and some kind of commemorative ceremony. From 1866 to 1867, members of the organization began to disturb black prayer meetings and broke into black houses at night to take guns. Some of these actions have the shadow of Tennessee "yellow jacket", "red hat" and other self-defense police groups. 1867, the ku klux Klan held a general meeting in Nashville, announced the charter drafted by former Confederate army brigadier general George Gordon, and began to develop into a national organization. A few weeks later, Nathan Bedford Frest, a former Confederate general engaged in the slave trade, was elected as the first national leader. The main goal of the Klan is to oppose constitutional reconstruction. After the civil war, the southern states experienced drastic social and political changes. Local whites think this is a threat to their sense of racial superiority, so they try to resist this change. Because Congress passed laws to achieve racial equality, the Democratic Party, the representative of southern whites, could not protect the status of whites through legislation. In addition, the Klan also hoped to control the political and social status of freed slaves. These mainly include restrictions on black people's right to education, economic development and voting rights. As a result, violence became the best means for the Klan to achieve its goal. However, the Klan's violent targets are not limited to African-Americans. South Korea and party member often become innocent victims. As a result, the Klan became a violent tool of the Democratic Party. In addition, with the end of the Confederate government's rule, the local Caucasian whites resumed their social status and began to implement the policy of apartheid. In a newspaper interview, Frest claimed that the Klan had 550,000 male members all over the country. In addition, although he doesn't belong to this organization, he is very supportive of this organization and can convene 40,000 Klan members in five days. He also claimed that the Ku Klan's biggest enemies were not blacks, but "speculators" (referring to northerners who moved to the south after the civil war) and "hooligans" (referring to * * * and party whites in the south). In fact, this statement is not all a lie. The Klan also targeted the above-mentioned white groups, especially the teachers who came to the south with the "Freemen Committee" after the war. Many of these teachers were active abolitionists before the war and took an active part in the underground railway movement. Many southerners believe that the local blacks were incited by these northerners to vote for the party. In fact, the national organization led by Frest is not too binding on the Ku Klan members who have a high degree of autonomy. A Klan official declared, "The so-called director-general is only an illusion, and I have no authority over those young people who are most active in violent activities beyond the aims of the Klan." 1869, Frest announced that "the activities of this organization have gone beyond the original great patriotic purpose and turned into criminal acts endangering public security" and ordered the dissolution of the Klan. However, due to the lack of credible communication channels of local organizations, this order has little effect. Therefore, in the absence of a central organ, many Klan organizations are still active in various places. Just as Frest publicly denied that he was a member of the Klan, many people thought that this order was only to protect himself from the punishment of the law. 187 1 year, president hiram grant promulgated the ku klux Klan act and its implementation act, declared the ku klux Klan illegal and authorized the government to forcibly ban its activities. Hundreds of Klan members were fined or imprisoned, and habeas corpus was restricted in some parts of South Carolina. These actions were very successful, and the Klan almost disappeared in South Carolina. 1882, the Ku Klan was ruled unconstitutional, and the Ku Klan lost its momentum, but they also achieved some goals, such as denying the political rights of black people.

The second Klan

The second Klan was founded during World War I, and it is generally believed that its establishment is closely related to the famous film The Birth of a Country (19 15) directed by President Woodrow Wilson and Griffith. After watching the movie, President Wilson commented, "This is like a history written by lightning. My only regret is that he is perfect and true." This film is based on Thomas Dixon's two novels, People and Leopard Spot. The original author hopes to "completely change the concept of northerners by recreating a beautiful history of the Democratic Party". In this film, the area where the Ku Klux Klan is successful is described as the central and western regions, but it should actually be the southern United States. After watching this film, many white people at the bottom of society think that their poverty is caused by black or Jewish bankers, which is similar to Nazi Germany. This film led to the popularity of the Klan in the United States. At the screening in Los Angeles, actors dressed as Ku Klan members were hired to advertise, and then at the official premiere in Atlanta, the regrouped Ku Klan members took to the streets to cheer. In some places, fanatical southern audiences even shot at the stage screen. In this year, another important event that led to the resurrection of the Klan was the lynching of the Jewish factory owner Leo Frank. At that time, the local newspaper reported a sensational news: in a factory run by Jews, the boss Leo? Frank committed a sexual crime against his employee "Mary Pagan" and murdered her. Frank was convicted of murder in a questionable trial in Georgia (because of the violent crowd in the court, neither the defendant nor the defense lawyer were present when the jury announced the result). Frank's appeal was also rejected (Oliver Wendell Holmes, a judge of the High Court, disagreed because he thought the trial was out of legal procedure). The consul reduced Frank's punishment to life imprisonment, but a group of people calling themselves "knights of Mary Pagan" snatched Frank from prison and lynched him. Ironically, the evidence of this murder case shows that the real murderer is a black man with a criminal record. Cohen Ray, the janitor of the factory, was found washing a dress with blood after the murder. For many southerners who think Frank is guilty, this case has an unusual connection with the birth of a country. Because they associate the victim "pagan" with Flora, a female character who jumped off a cliff to avoid being raped by a black man. After this incident, the Klan people who met again added anti-Semitism, anti-Catholicism and anti-immigration to their demands. Thomas watson, a politician and publisher in Georgia, adopted the Frank Experiment. The editor-in-chief of the magazine later became the leader of the Klan and was elected as a senator. 19 15, some elderly K party member and members of the "Knight Mary pagan" organization held an inaugural meeting on a mountaintop to announce the birth of the new Klan. At the same time, the new Klan was a profit-making organization and also participated in the popular brotherly organization at that time. Different from the early Ku Klan, the background of the old Ku Klan was the American Democratic Party and the southern states, while the members of the new Ku Klan came from both the Democratic Party and the * * * and the Party (the latter proportion was slightly lower). Their influence spread all over the United States and even had a great influence on the politics of some states. Since then, the new Klan has fallen into a trough because of its involvement in the rape and murder of David Stephenson. Stephenson is the leader of the Klan in Indiana and other states 14 (the title is Dalong). He was accused of raping and murdering a young female teacher "Madge Oberholtzer", which was a sensational case. The victim was beaten by Stephenson so many times that someone heard her say that she was "bitten by a man-eating beast". 1930s, the second generation of the Klan began to weaken, 1944 dissolved. Since then, the name of the Klan has been used by some independent organizations. In the 1920s and 1930s, a faction of the Klan called the Black Legion was very active in the Midwest of the United States. Unlike Klan members who usually wear white robes, they are dressed in black pirate costumes. The Black Legion is the most violent and bloody organization in the Klan. They are notorious for attacking and assassinating producers or socialists. After World War II, American folklorist and writer Stetson Kennedy made an in-depth investigation into the Ku Klux Klan, and provided information about the organization and even some secret signals to Superman Radio. Finally, the program introduced a special program about the Klan. Kennedy tried to solve the mystery of the Ku Klux Klan, and his explanation of Ku Klan rituals and code words also had a negative impact on the organization's popularity. In some incidents, the Klan's targets began to fight back. 1958, in North Carolina, Klan members burned crosses in the homes of two Lumbee Indians who knew white people, and held a Klan night rally nearby. As a result, they found themselves surrounded by hundreds of armed Indians. Finally, there was a gun battle between the two sides, and the Klan members were forced to retreat.

Late ku klux Klan

After World War II, several organizations using the name of the Ku Klux Klan were identified as1resistance organizations of the American civil rights movement in the 1960s. 1963, two Ku Klan members Samuel Bowles made an explosion in a church where civil rights organizations met in Alabama. This incident caused the death of four young girls and aroused great public anger. Finally, it promoted the passage of the 1964 civil rights bill. From 65438 to 0964, the FBI launched the "counterintelligence plan" in an attempt to infiltrate and destroy the Klan. The significance of this plan in the civil rights movement is multifaceted. This is because in the operation, intelligence personnel used infiltration, false information, violence and other means, not only to deal with extreme left and right organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan and the Meteorologist, but also to deal with non-violent organizations such as the Southern Christian Leaders' Meeting led by Martin Luther King. This duality is most typically reflected in the murder of Viola Liu. Liu is a white woman from the south. At that time, she and four other members set off from their homes in Detroit and went to the south to attend the civil rights movement meeting. Liu was shot and killed by four Klan members in a car on the expressway, one of whom was undercover. After the tragedy, the FBI spread rumors that the victim was a producer who abandoned his children in order to have sex with members of the black civil rights movement. Despite the dual nature of the FBI's actions, Jerry Thompson, a newspaper reporter who broke into the Klan on 1979, publicly stated that the counter-intelligence plan was very successful in destroying the Klan organization. The two opposing factions in the Klan accused each other that the leader of the other was an undercover of the FBI, and finally found that Bill Wilkinson, one of the Klan knights, worked for the FBI. During this period, the resistance to the Klan began to expand. Thompson reported that during his participation in the Klan activities, his car was attacked by a gun, and he himself was scolded by black children in public. A Klan rally was also thrown into chaos by black soldiers at a nearby military base. The actions of the Klan are often met with hostile protests, sometimes including violence. The disadvantage of the Klan in litigation cases has stimulated people to constantly seek judicial means to combat its development. For example, the lynching case of Michael Donald in 198 1 led to a judicial trial, which eventually led to the collapse of the organization "United Klan". Thompson pointed out that in the face of millions of dollars of civil compensation cases filed by Southern Law Center, many Klan leaders who don't care about criminal arrest have to restrain their actions to save the cost of handling such legal cases. However, litigation is also a means used by the Klan. For example, Thomson's book was forced to cancel publication because Ku Ku Klan filed a libel lawsuit. After that, the Klan can also be transformed into organizations targeting other colored groups, such as "Christian identity", "neo-Nazi" and skinheads.

[Edit this paragraph] Political influence

The second Klan was once famous, and its influence expanded from the south to the midwest, as well as the northern States, and even reached Canada. At the peak, most organizations moved to the midwestern States. Through many elected local politicians, the Klan controlled the governments of Tennessee, Indiana, Oklahoma and Oregon. Its publications even claim that * * * and Warren Harding, the former chairman of the party, are also members of the Klan, but so far there is no official evidence to prove this. Representatives of the Ku Klux Klan played an extremely important role in the Democratic National Congress held in new york from 65438 to 0924, so that this congress was called "Klanbake". The congress finally led to a confrontation between William McAdoo, who has a Klan background, and Al Smith, a Catholic mayor of new york. After several days of negotiations and arguments, the two candidates chose to compromise. Ku Klux Klan representatives overturned the platform of a democratic forum that might ban the organization's activities. 1924 On July 4th, thousands of Klan members gathered in New Jersey, burned the cross and Smith's portrait, and celebrated their victory in the forum plan. At the peak of 1920, the Klan had more than 4 million members, including many politicians. 1924, Harry Truman paid 10 to join a Klan rally, but at a meeting, Klan cadres asked Truman not to hire any officials with Catholic background if he was re-elected as a county judge. But Truman refused this request because many of his comrades-in-arms were Catholics. Finally, he was forced to quit the organization and his membership fee was refunded. Truman did a lot of work to protect civil rights after he became president of the United States, which made many Ku Ku Klan people envious. In Saskatchewan, Canada, the Klan played an important role in the provincial election of 1929. They defeated the Liberal government and made the Conservative Party led by james anderson control the provincial government for the next five years. Another former Ku Klux Klan with national influence in the United States was Democratic Senator and later Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black, but he later severed ties with the organization. In his early political career, Blake defended a Klan member in the assassination of James Coyle, a Catholic priest in Alabama, and was finally acquitted by a jury controlled by the Klan. David Duke was the national leader of the Klan Knights Organization until 1978. He also served as a member of the Klan in Louisiana and then left the Klan Organization in 1980. Senator Robert Byrd, a Democrat from West Virginia, joined the Klan in his twenties and won the title of Cligher. 1958, 4 1 year-old Bode also defended the Klan in the Senate election. Later, he said that joining the Klan was the biggest mistake in his life.