Pangu dispute

Folk stories occupy a great position. In many stories,

We not only feel the joy of listening to stories.

Feel more about traditional culture. Here I have compiled a folk story about the dispute between Pangu and you. Please follow my footsteps to see the dispute between Pangu and you.

In China, the story of Pangu's creation has been widely circulated for thousands of years. This folk myth also caused controversy among scholars in Tongbai and Biyang counties, and provoked the first case of copyright dispute over myths and legends in China.

"Since Pangu opened heaven and earth, three emperors and five emperors have come to this day." Pangu is the ancestor of creation in China's historical legends. He worked tirelessly and tirelessly to evolve a vibrant world with his own life, which was admired by future generations. For thousands of years, the story of Pangu has been heard all over the world.

The myth of creation

A long time ago, the universe was dark and silent. The world is like a big egg, floating there; Pangu curled up and was pregnant with it. Eighteen thousand years later, Pangu grew up. He opened his eyes and saw chaos and darkness around him. At the same time, he felt very depressed, so he grabbed an axe from nowhere and tried to cut off darkness and chaos. He hacked and hacked, sweating all over, but some places stuck together. So he dug the place hard with a chisel in his left hand and an axe in his right. Finally, the egg split in half with a click. He stood up and yanked the cut upper body with both hands. At the same time, the light things in the eggs rose to the sky, and the cloudy and heavy things sank to the ground. He kept holding on so that they wouldn't be together again. He magically grows ten feet a day, so does the sky and the ground. In this way, it took another 18,000 years to finally form a clear and lofty blue sky and an extremely thick earth.

But Pangu, a giant with indomitable spirit, suddenly fell to the ground and died because of excessive physical exertion. His limbs and body became mountains and hills, his blood became rivers and lakes, his muscles became mountains and roads, his muscles became fertile fields, his hair became vegetation and forests, his teeth, bones and bone marrow became metals, rocks, pearls and stars, his breath became clouds, his voice became thunder, his sweat became rain and dew, and his eyes became the sun and the moon.

Pangu's soul also ascended to heaven in Ran Ran. ......

Two counties of Tongbai Biyang compete for the "Pangu" brand.

Tongbai County is adjacent to Biyang County, and both places are rich in Pangu culture. On May 30th, 2005, China Folk Writers and Artists Association officially named Tongbai County as "Hometown of Pangu in China", and awarded the license in June+that year 10, 5438. Biyang was very angry after learning the news. He thought, I have Pangu Mountain here, and there are more abundant cultural sites to prove it. However, the Folk Artists Association awarded the title of "Hometown of Pangu in China" to others, which was a shame. As a result, Biyang also began the collection and arrangement of Pangu cultural heritage. Two months after Tongbai County was listed as the "Hometown of Pangu in China", Biyang County also won the title of "China Pangu Holy Land" through China Folk Writers Association. On March 3, 2006, Chen Zhuang Township, where Pangu Mountain is located, was renamed Pangu Township.

In the second half of that year, Zhang Zheng, former deputy director of Biyang County Cultural Bureau, and Wang Yuting, deputy director of Biyang County Shi Zhiban, edited and published "Pangu Myth", which described the scenic spots and historical sites of Pangu Mountain, Pangu Temple Fair, local customs and Pangu story in Biyang.

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In August 2006, an international seminar on mythology was held in Biyang County. At the meeting, Biyang distributed four books to each participant, introducing the folk Pangu culture in the county, including the book Pangu Myth.

After reading the book Pangu Myth, Ma Huixin, a participant of Tongbai County Federation of Literary and Art Circles, found that this book is highly consistent with his own Pangu God.

1In August, 993, Ma Huixin published the book "The God of Pangu", which systematically recorded the Pangu myth and its group, as well as its origin in the Central Plains. After each article, the narrator, time, place and collector are indicated in the book. What puzzled Ma Huixin was that the story in "The God of Pangu" spread in Tongbai County, but in "The Myth of Pangu" it became Biyang, and the name of the story recorder changed from Ma Huixin to others.

In June 2007, Ma Huixin sued the author of Pangu Myth, Wang Yuting, Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House and Nanyang Universal Printing Co., Ltd. to the Nanyang Intermediate People's Court on the grounds of copyright infringement, demanding that the four defendants stop the infringement, eliminate the influence and compensate the economic loss of 350,000 yuan.

On June 6, 2008, 65438, Nanyang Intermediate People's Court made a first-instance judgment, which stated that once the excavation, collation and research results of folk literature and art works were published, they could be regarded as general literary works, and their copyrights were protected as general literary works. The court ruled that Zhang Zheng, Wang Yuting and other four defendants stopped publishing, printing and selling Pangu Myth, and publicly apologized to Ma Huixin in provincial newspapers. Zhang Zheng and Wang Yuting compensated Ma Huixin for economic losses of 50,000 yuan, and Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House and Nanyang Global Printing Co., Ltd. were jointly and severally liable for compensation.

After receiving the verdict, Zhang Zheng and Wang Yuting appealed. On August 6, the Provincial High Court heard the case, but no judgment was made.

When filing this lawsuit, Wang Yuting claimed that Pangu Myth quoted part of Pangu God, but Ma Huixin was not qualified for litigation.

A work protected by copyright law should be original, that is, it should be integrated into the author's creative work and reflect the author's unique artistic style. Pangu myth is a long-standing folk story in Biyang area. Word of mouth for thousands of years, no copyright. Anyone can organize and re-create, even if the content is exactly the same, it is not plagiarism.

Based on this, the Copyright Law does not provide for the protection of folk literature works, but only mentions that the State Council shall formulate a separate protection method, but this method has not been promulgated.

The God of Pangu was told by others, and the conception, characterization and plot arrangement of the story mostly came from the narrator. Organizers only paid ordinary and simple labor, but did not invest their original intellectual labor, so they should not have copyright.

At the same time, Bi Yang said that many narrators tell Pangu stories as fluently as endorsements, and it is precisely because the narrators or stories are the same that the two books have many similar or identical contents. And if they lose the lawsuit, others will not dare to set foot in the Pangu myth in the future, which will hinder the inheritance of myths and stories.

Everyone testified.

Tongbai and Biyang each gave their own support opinions on the ownership of Pangu culture.

Tongbai aspect

Pangu ancestral hall is located in the upper reaches of Pangu River in the southwest of Tongbai County. There is a large-scale dome-shaped hall on the mountain, which faces south and is solemn. There is a tall bronze statue of Pangu in the hall. The center of the front steps of the temple is inlaid with a huge black granite Yunlong pattern. There is a stone confession in the center of your highness, and the Fuxi Hall and Zuo Li Nuwa Hall stand on the right. Your Highness is Pangu Bagua Array. At the southern end of the square, there is a Pangu cultural wall with exquisite inscriptions. There are records of "Tongbai Mountain, Huaishui Mountain, Huaidu Temple and Pangu Temple" in Yuanfeng Jiu Yu Zhi compiled in Song Dynasty, which shows that Pangu Temple and its sacrificial activities existed in Tongbai County in Song Dynasty or earlier. It is reported that the Pangu Ancestral Temple was rebuilt in 2005 and is an antique building. In June 2008, the myth of Tongbai Pangu was approved by the State Council to be included in the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage protection list, tracing its roots.

According to records, there is evidence that Pangu had contact with Tongbai. In the Ming Dynasty, Dong Zhu's Guangbo Tale (Volume 9) quoted Wu's Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and the Fifth Movement: after Pangu's death, "blood is the capital of Huai", which revealed the magical story that Pangu had tracked down Tongbai and turned its blood into the capital of Huai. The Tongbai County Annals compiled in the 18th year of Qing Qianlong (1753) included the article Fu on Dafu Mountain written by Li Mengyang, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, which said: "In the past, Pangu people occupied their own homes. Is it judged by turbidity and revealed by three disciplines? Yan chun? , Ming Zhao Sun and Moon. " (Tongbai Mountain was called Dafu Mountain in ancient times) records the fact that Pangu created Tongbai Mountain in Archean. In the Qing Dynasty, Youchun Gong said in the "Tongbai Mountain Fu": "Pangu opened the sky and began to show." It also describes the legend that Pangu was born in Tongbai, which proves from one side that Tongbai Mountain in the Central Plains is the root of Pangu myth.

There are abundant Pangu myth relics here: Pangu Mountain, Pangu Temple, Pangu Ancestral Hall, Pangu Well, Pangu Cave, Pangu Ye Lying Statue, Pangu Milk Lying Statue and so on. This confirms the Pangu myth. It can be seen that Fiona Fang, with Tongbai as the center, is a living fossil and relic of Pangu myth.

The local folk heritage related to Pangu has far-reaching influence. For example, the statue of Pangu in the temple holds a picture of Yin and Yang, which obviously bears the concept of respecting ancestors in Taoism, and the first god of Taoist belief once regarded as the state religion is Pangu Yuanshi Tianzun. The folk custom of giving local married women bamboo poles with sharp roots originated from the legend that Pangu used bamboo as a broom to collect and clean clay figurines crushed by rain. There is also the custom of playing with lions and swallowing children, which is also a repeat of Pangu's story of avoiding disasters in the stomach of lions in the past, and is regarded as the meaning of Joule to drive away disasters and avoid evil spirits. In the past, two stone lions were placed in front of big houses, temples and government offices as symbols of prestige and good luck. On the third day of March or the ninth day of September in the lunar calendar, people spontaneously enter the mountains for pilgrimage, burn incense to worship their ancestors and pray for good luck.

Since 2006, Tongbai has successfully held seven successive ceremonies to worship Pangu, and Tongbai has become one of the holy places for Chinese at home and abroad to seek roots and worship their ancestors.

Biyang aspect

There is an ancient Pangu Mountain in Biyang. For thousands of years, there has been an ancient temple fair on the third day of the third lunar month, which attracted hundreds of kind men and women from Fiona Fang to worship. People around Pangu Mountain in Biyang have passed down the legend of Pangu myth from generation to generation. But these legends and stories have not been systematically compiled into books in the past.

Pangu Mountain belongs to the remaining vein of Tongbai Mountain and passes through Biyang County. Pangu Temple is a temple dedicated to Lord Pangu, located on Pangu Mountain. There is no exact textual research on the construction date of Pangu Temple. Mountain people near Pangu Mountain said that Pangu Temple existed as early as the Western Han Dynasty. Legend has it that when Wang Mang drove Liu Xiu away, Liu Xiu was chased by the mang army and fled to Pangu Temple in Pangu Mountain. When Liu Xiu entered the ancestral temple of Pangu, he and his entourage bowed down and prayed for Pangu's safety. After that, in several meetings in Biyang, Liu Xiu and his men were very grateful to Pangu for his kindness. After Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor, he sent people to worship him many times. According to Luo Ping's History of the Road. The first record ","The so-called Pangu people are gods. According to the "geography Kun Jian" cloud "leading person". Now there are temples in Chengdu, Huai 'an and Jingzhao. "Biyang was ruled by Huai 'an County in the Sui Dynasty, which means that at least Pangu Temple in the Sui Dynasty had considerable influence. Successive dynasties have been continuously repaired, and the Song, Ming and early Qing dynasties have been quite large. Ming Chenghua's Eight Records of Henan recorded the landscape of Biyang: "Pangu Mountain, 40 miles south of Biyang County, has a Pangu Temple on the mountain. The water flowing out passes through the Shiming River, 20 miles south of the county, and then flows through the three rivers east of the county, all of which flow into the water." It can be seen that the name of Pangu Temple in Pangu Mountain in Ming Dynasty. It is also clear that there is a metal gray in the Ming Dynasty in Pangu Temple.

But there is no Pangu Mountain in Tongbai since ancient times, and there is no record of Pangu Mountain in Tongbai from Nanyang Prefecture Records to Tongbai County Records. Even when Tongbai declared "China's hometown of Pangu", superior experts came to inspect, and Tongbai staff took them to Biyang Pangu Mountain for inspection. This was inappropriate and not allowed at that time. To this end, they told experts that Pangu Mountain in Biyang is bounded by the water at the top of the mountain, which belongs to Biyang in the north and Tongbai in the south, in order to stop his hand from reaching Biyang.

There is no doubt that the Pangu myth in Biyang is a real Pangu myth volume. This should be unparalleled in other areas where the spread and distribution of Pangu myth are relatively concentrated. There are Pangu Mountain, Pangu Temple, Shishi, Pangu God Mill, Horn and Taiji Mirror, Pangu Boat, Heishan Gully, Waitou Mountain, Monkey Mountain and Bazi Mountain, as well as Pangu's stone box, Pangu Well, Pangu's gold (Woniu Mountain) and so on. Every Pangu fairy tale can be found here for questioning. The majestic Pangu Mountain is a fossil witness to the root of Pangu myth. And all this is incomparable to Tongbai.

I think the "Pangu dispute"

As the creation theory of the East, the story of Pangu's creation has been widely circulated for thousands of years. In fact, Tongbai County and Biyang County belong to the same Pangu cultural circle, and Pangu Mountain also belongs to Tongbai Mountain System. Pangu culture has spread in both counties, and both places have certain folk customs.

Xia Wanqun, vice chairman and secretary general of Henan Folk Writers and Artists Association, said that fairy tales are different from history, and it emphasizes the uniqueness of time and place. Fairy tales, as a kind of folklore, spread to various places through word of mouth, immigration and interpersonal communication, and then take root in a certain area. Villagers combine legends with local topography, landforms and people, and realize the localization of fairy tales. For example, stories such as butterfly lovers and The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl are considered to be the birthplaces of these stories in many parts of China. You can't simply say which place is the birthplace. As long as there are legends, stories, relics and beliefs in the local area, they should be recognized instead of emphasizing uniqueness like history.

In fact, the original intention of naming "so-and-so's hometown" and "so-and-so's holy land" is to promote the local people's sense of responsibility, strengthen the protection of traditional culture and provide brand support for local tourism and economic development. Behind the fame and fortune, it is naturally driven by interests. As the saying goes, "all the hustle and bustle in the world is for profit", and the meaning of drunkenness is not wine, but "developing tourism economy".

Look at traditional culture, whether it is * * * or ordinary people, we must have a big picture. In a narrow sense, Pangu myth belongs to Tongbai and Biyang counties, but in a broad sense, it belongs to both Central Plains culture and Chinese mythology. In terms of human cultural heritage, it belongs to the whole world, so all mankind has the responsibility to protect it. As the saying goes, "Pangu opened the world, not just for Tongbai and Biyang counties."

The story of Pangu is not yours or mine, but everyone's. No matter where it originated, it belongs to China and even to the world. We should * * * develop together, and we should not put it in the shadows. The competent department should also give correct guidance and turn negative into positive. In fact, as long as it can promote the development of production and culture, Pangu will be more personalized.

In fact, Li Xiu Dui and Wang Yuting, who have in-depth research on Pangu culture in two counties, agreed when interviewing them that there was really nothing to argue about, and even the lawsuit should not be fought. We should broaden our horizons, enlarge our minds and jointly develop Pangu culture, instead of fighting to the death here.

Teacher Wang Yuting is a witness to the whole process of Pangu dispute. He told us with emotion that he really didn't want to see this phenomenon. Biyang county, like Tongbai county, belongs to Nanyang tube, and it was not placed in Zhumadian until 1965. For a long time, Biyang people have never found a sense of belonging, and they still feel closer to Nanyang psychologically, so it should be said that Biyang people saw this dispute last.

Now, what should have happened and what should not have happened have happened. I hope this dispute can bring thoughts to the two counties, and then the two counties will join hands to turn enemies into friends and jointly develop China's traditional culture.

The battle of Pangu ended here,

Pan Gu