The origin and development of English?

In the early days, four Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians) immigrated to England, and English was passed down from their language changes. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, around 449 AD, Vilti, the king of the British Isles, invited his "Anglo relatives" to help him fight against the Picts, so he returned the territory of Southeast Angles.

Later, he sought further support, and Saxons, Angles and Jutes came one after another. Chronicles record that these "immigrants" eventually established seven kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Kent, Essex, Sussex and Wessex. (abbreviation: "Seven Kingdoms Era")

After the Germanic invasion, they ruled the local Celts. Native languages mainly exist in Scotland, Wales, Kangwa and Ireland. The language of these invaders gradually formed "Old English" (Anglo-Saxon), which is very similar to ancient Frisian. English, England and East Anglia are three words developed from the vocabulary describing the Angles: English, Angelcynn and English Alan.

The Celts lived on an island called "Britannia" by their ancestors. After the Germanic invasion, the Germans occupied and ruled the kingdom of England in the southeast of the British Isles. Some Celts were wiped out and assimilated, while others were forced to move westward, thus forming the famous Celtic Kingdom period in British history.

King Arthur, who led the Celts to bravely resist the Saxon attack, is one of their representatives, so Celtic mainly lives in Ireland, Wales, Cornwall, Scotland and Brittany, France.

It was not until the 3rd century/kloc that Wang Guocai finally formed a United Kingdom-style alliance with other Celtic-speaking kingdoms, and the United Kingdom-style alliance formed by these Celts and Germans was the embryonic form of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

1-In the 5th century, the southeast of Great Britain was ruled by the Roman Empire. After the Romans retreated, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in Northern Europe invaded and settled in succession, and the feudal system began to form in the 7th century. At the end of the 9th century, the invaders occupied almost the whole southeast of Britain.

In the eighth century, Normans immigrated to the West Frankish Kingdom (France). In 9 1 1 year, Charlie, an idiot of the French kingdom, signed the Treaty of St. Clare -Upt with Laurent, the leader of Normandy, which sealed the northern coastal area of France to Laurent, and married French residents here to form an Anglo-Norman, thus establishing the Principality of Normandy. Since then, the Principality of Normandy has become a subordinate country of the Kingdom of France, loyal to the French king, and changed to French as its mother tongue.

1066, William I, Duke of Normandy, conquered England and was crowned in Westminster Abbey. He was called William the Conqueror in history, and all the English nobles were replaced by the French. Within 300 years after Norman conquest, English monarchs and nobles used French, priests used ancient Latin, and old English became the language of civilians and serfs.

Due to the use of important occasions and nobles, French strongly influenced Old English, and because of its relatively low status at that time, Old English quickly lost many early complicated and tortuous things, and then developed into Middle English. The vowel movement around 1500 transforms Middle English into modern English. The most famous literary work in Old English is Beowulf, while the most famous literary work in Middle English is Canterbury Tales.

Modern English began to flourish in Shakespeare's time. With the British occupation and colonization of most parts of the world, the local language has greatly influenced the development of English.

Modern English began to flourish in the era of william shakespeare. Some scholars divide it into early modern English and late modern English, and the dividing line is about 1800. With the occupation and colonization of most parts of the world by the British Empire, the local language has greatly influenced the development of English.

Including john wycliffe (one of the compilers of the English Jewish Bible), samuel johnson (one of the compilers of the first English dictionary) and Willian Shakespeare (a famous playwright and poet). Are important figures in the popularization of English.

Extended data:

Through the global influence of the British Empire, modern English spread all over the world from17th century to the middle of 20th century. With the United States becoming a global superpower, English has become the main world language in international dialogue through various print and electronic media. It is also the lingua franca of many regions and industries (such as science, navigation, law, etc.). ).

Compared with many other languages, modern English has less inflections, and relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order to express complex tense, aspect and mood, as well as passive voice, interrogative sentences and some negative sentences. There are significant differences between English accents and dialects in pronunciation and phonemes, and sometimes vocabulary, grammar and spelling are different, but English speakers all over the world can basically communicate without barriers.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia English