Zoning system for restoration, protection and construction of ecological environment

(1) classification principle (solid)

According to the principle of landscape ecology and the conditions of temperature and moisture, the whole province is divided into two climatic zones and six climatic types. According to the absolute altitude and landform, the whole province is divided into mountains (subalpine, Zhongshan, low Zhongshan and low mountains), hills (high hills and low mountains), terraces (plateaus, low plateaus, slopes and foothills around terraces), plains (slopes and slopes, gentle slopes and flood plains), hills covered with loess and loess tablelands. According to the nature of parent rock, the whole province is divided into 25 geotechnical engineering types. According to the genetic types, it can be divided into zonal and non-zonal landscapes, and according to the intensity of human interference, it can be divided into semi-natural and human landscapes. Based on the above factors, the whole province is divided into 53 landscape ecotypes and 69 landscape ecotypes according to the surface vegetation type, vegetation coverage or land use type (table 12.5.3).

(2) Naming principle

The name of landscape ecological type is named according to climate plus landform, dominant vegetation type or land use type. Such as "warm temperate subtropical deciduous broad-leaved forest landscape type" and "cool subtropical warm wet low mountain warm evergreen coniferous forest landscape type". The names of specific landscapes can be named after the main building tree species according to the geotechnical types and landform types with image characteristics, such as "Lingbao loess tableland mixed agricultural and apple forest landscape" (belonging to warm sub-humid loess tableland mixed agricultural and fruit forest landscape type) and "Pinus massoniana forest landscape in metamorphic volcanic hills in northern Tongbai" (belonging to warm evergreen coniferous forest landscape type). In the Landscape Ecological Type Map of Henan Province, each map spot actually gives five kinds of information, such as landform type, slope, geotechnical type, vegetation type and vegetation coverage, so as to facilitate the professional planning and application of ecological protection zoning.

2. Landscape Ecological Zoning in Henan Province

The purpose of landscape ecological zoning (table 12.5.2, table 12.5.4) is to carry out targeted ecological protection and construction in the divided areas, so as to make the ecological environment in this area enter a virtuous circle. Therefore, in addition to the construction of landscape sequence, we must also consider the interference, transformation and reconstruction of human technology-economy-culture system on the ecosystem, and consider the evolution and decline mode of landscape under the influence of natural-human factors. Table 12.5.3 lists the landscape zoning planning of our province. The whole province is divided into two natural regions, three natural sub-regions, 15 landscape regions and 67 landscape groups. Each landscape group indicates the type of landscape it contains. Various landscape types can find out the corresponding ecological protection and management schemes from the table. Thus, a complete landscape ecological investigation, evaluation, zoning and management system was formed.

From the analysis of the evolution types of landscape domains and landscape groups, it can be seen that the ecological environment quality of our province is mainly distributed in the hinterland of Funiu Mountain-Dabie Mountain, that is, the distribution areas of major national and provincial nature reserves in the province. The natural forests in the area are well preserved, with high coverage rate, rich species, less soil erosion, less water, gas and soil pollution, and the ecological fragility coefficient g < 0.4. The moderate areas where the ecological environment has not deteriorated significantly (g = 0.4 ~ 0.5) include Xiong 'er Mountain, Waifangshan, the hinterland of Wuwangshan and the northern hilly area of Tongbai Mountain. Here, natural forests, artificial forests and sparse forests alternate, and the forest cover is slightly poor or dense irrigation grows. Its soil is slightly to moderately eroded and hardly disturbed by mining development. The plain area includes the inclined plain area in front of Taihang Mountain and Funiu Mountain, the lower part of the alluvial fan of the Yellow River in Taikang-Shangqiu, and the rice-growing area in Huainan. The soil erosion is slight, the soil is fertile, the water and heat conditions are good or the farmland forest network is well developed and maintained. The areas with poor ecological environment (g = 0.5 ~ 0.6) are barren hills or loess distribution areas with strong soil erosion in northwest Henan. Among them, the developed areas of mining and small enterprises with high pollution or the areas with high incidence of collapse, landslide and debris flow belong to the ecological quality deterioration areas (g > 0.6). The plain area is a sand dune area where the old channel of the Yellow River and crevasse fans fluctuate, and the polluted area with medium or above surface and underground water quality (exceeding Class III) is a low-lying flood threat area. Among them, the sandy areas where farmland forest network was destroyed and the areas where surface water quality was seriously polluted (exceeding Class IV) belonged to the ecological quality deterioration areas (G > 0.6).

Table 12.5. 1 landform types of Henan province

Table 12.5.2 Table of Landscape Evolution Classification Meaning in Henan Province

Table 12.5.3 Table of Landscape Ecological Types in Henan Province

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Table 12.5.4 Landscape Division Table of Henan Province

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There is an important problem to be explained in the ecological landscape zoning of our province, that is, the dividing line between warm temperate zone and north subtropical zone. This line is generally considered to be on the Qinling-Huaihe line in China, but the specific direction is different. Some people think that the ridge in the middle part of Qinling Mountain should be taken, while others think that the northern or southern foothills should be taken. In Nature, Development and Transformation of China (1992), Mr. Ren Meihua took this line at the northern foot of Qinling Mountains, taking the annual accumulated temperature 10℃ as the standard, taking into account the integrity of Qinling Mountains. According to the meteorological observation data of Henan Meteorological Station for 30 years (196 1 ~ 1990), it is found that the boundary of annual accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃ in our province has moved northward to the north of the Yellow River, which is obviously not suitable as the boundary of natural areas. However, the annual accumulated temperature from the southern slope of Qinling Mountain to Huaihe River is about 4800℃ ≥ 10℃, and heat-loving trees such as tung tree, Chinese fir and masson pine grow well below 500 m on the southern slope of Qinling Mountain, so this book sets the boundary between warm temperate zone and north subtropical zone at the southern slope of Qinling Mountain-Huaihe River.

3. Zoning system of ecological environment restoration and protection

Ecological environment restoration and protection zoning is based on landscape ecology theory, with remote sensing technology as the basic means, integrating various natural, social, economic and other factors related to ecological environment, taking natural landscape as the basic zoning unit, aiming at the present situation of ecological environment and the government's medium-and long-term ecological environment construction goal, ecological zoning aims to put forward a suitable ecological environment management scheme that follows natural laws and natural boundaries. It is not only suitable for macro governance decision-making, but also suitable for local human settlements governance operation.

Figure 12.5. 1 relationship diagram of landscape ecological zoning system

(1) partition method

Adopting the landscape ecological zoning system and landscape ecological types determined above, using the guiding ideology, principles, objectives and countermeasures of ecological environment restoration and protection zoning, aiming at the main ecological environment problems existing in * * * * landscape ecological types, this paper puts forward framework governance countermeasures and measures to guide the ecological environment restoration, protection and construction of various landscape ecological types, specific landscapes, landscape groups and landscape domains. See figure 12.5. 1

Using this zoning system, the landscape ecological type map, landscape ecological zoning map and ecological environment restoration and protection zoning map are integrated. In other words, the boundaries of ecological environment restoration and protection zoning are basically based on landscape ecological types and ecological landscape zoning boundaries, and each landscape ecological type and ecological landscape zoning can get corresponding control measures from the ecological environment restoration and protection zoning map.

(2) Classification system and control measures of ecological environment restoration and protection map.

The whole province is divided into four categories: nature reserve construction and biodiversity protection, soil erosion and desertification control, geological disaster and flood disaster control, environmental pollution and endemic disease control. Then put forward the combination of control measures, as shown in table 12.5.5.

4. Fuzzy transitive closure classification system

According to the principle of fuzzy mathematics, the eco-environmental vulnerability evaluation and classification index values of 1 13 counties (cities) are correlated to obtain a similarity matrix. Through fuzzy matrix synthesis, transitive closure is calculated, and then a series of thresholds are set for classification. This method can be used to classify the ecological environment quality according to the administrative division boundaries. This classification can make the government agencies of each administrative region know the quality and types of ecological environment as a whole, which is convenient for making macro-governance decisions. The disadvantage of this method is that when administrative divisions cross landscape units with great differences in nature, the average situation is obtained, which has a certain gap with the actual situation of local blocks, and the county (city) at the junction of plain and mountainous areas has a greater degree of distortion. Therefore, the zoning result of this method is only used as a reference for ecological environment zoning according to the principle of landscape ecology, which is used to guide the restoration, protection and construction of ecological environment in our province.

Table 12.5.5 Classification System of Ecological Restoration and Protection Zoning Map in Henan Province

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See table 12.5.6 for the results of fuzzy mathematics classification and zoning of county-level ecological environment quality.

5. Discussion on some policy issues

(1) About the leadership responsibility system

Jiang Zemin pointed out, "Party committees and governments at all levels should enhance their sense of urgency and responsibility in doing a good job in population, resources and environment, and make preparations for a tough and protracted war. ..... continue to implement the principle that the top leaders of the party and government personally take charge and take overall responsibility. Further improve relevant systems and reward and punishment measures, so that responsibilities are in place, measures are in place, and investment is in place. " We should overcome the idea of quick success and instant benefit and test our achievements with an objective social supervision system.

Table 12.5.6 Zoning Table of Landscape Ecological Restoration and Protection in Henan Province

(2) About the management system

Despite many institutional reforms and functional adjustments, the protection and construction of the ecological environment is still multi-management. Taking mountain ecology as an example, there are many types of protection, including nature reserves, forest parks, scenic spots, geological parks, etc., involving many competent departments such as environmental protection, forestry, water conservancy, construction, land, economy and trade, agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry. Because of the interest relationship, various contradictions and disputes continue, and the result is that the benign construction of the ecological environment is restricted. It is suggested that the government take the lead in convening a joint meeting on major ecological and environmental issues and resolve them through consultation. Important decisions on ecological environment construction must be demonstrated by many authoritative scientific and technological consulting institutions before implementation.

(3) Correctly handling the relationship between ecology, society and economy.

There are several basic principles to realize the coordinated development of nature, society and economy and the unification of ecological benefits, social benefits and economic benefits. First of all, it is imperative that we should put ecological benefits above social benefits, and social benefits above economic benefits. You should also set some thresholds. That is, resource development should not only ensure social demand and economic development, but also irreversibly destroy the ecological environment; Resource protection should not only ensure the strategic security and sustainable development of national resources, but also meet the necessary speed of economic development; Environmental protection and ecological environment construction should not only ensure the continuous improvement of the ecological environment, but also do what we can, without hindering economic development and social progress.

(4) About correctly handling local interests and farmers' interests.

Poverty and backwardness are the driving force for destroying the ecological environment. While curbing environmental pollution and ecological deterioration, we should leave room for local economic development, support local alternative industries and products, and ensure local income to rise. The interests of rural areas and farmers are mainly the implementation of policies. The right to execute the individual contract responsibility system should at least be collected by the township government, and strong scientific, technological and credit support measures should be taken to increase farmers' income rapidly after returning farmland to forests. In view of the huge ecological pressure in the plain area, we should return farmland to the people in mountainous areas (except reservoir immigrants), and the population who have returned farmland should adopt preferential policies to settle down on the spot, opening up a variety of business opportunities, so that farmers can live in harmony with nature.

(5) Calculation of environmental cost and ecological value

Environmental cost should be included in the accounting system of economic construction. It is necessary to calculate the economic value of ecological environment and biodiversity for reference when making national economic and social development plans. Only when the economic value of the ecological environment is clearly defined and included in the cost can we fundamentally put an end to developing the economy at the expense of the environment.

(6) About quality education

We should carry out the concept of "there is only one earth home, and we should cherish and protect the ecological environment" for a long time, so that everyone can know that the ecological environment is a major event closely related to their own health and the survival of future generations. We should avoid misleading the concept of consumption and promote consumption on the basis of improving the scientific and technological content and service quality, instead of consuming more resources and throwing away more waste.

Comprehensive investigation and evaluation of land resources in Henan Province by remote sensing

Comprehensive investigation and evaluation of land resources in Henan Province by remote sensing