Brief introduction of Zhu Yuanzhang

Posthumous title of Zhu Yuanzhang: Zhu Chongba, Zhu Xingzong and Zhu Hongwu. Font size: The word Guo Rui. Time: Ming Dynasty. Ethnic group: Han nationality. Birthplace: Haolou Zhongli (now Fengyang, Anhui). Date of birth: September 18th of the first calendar year (1328 65438+ 10/0/). Time of death: May 10th, the 31st year of Hongwu (1June 24th, 398). Main works: Poems of Lushan Mountain, Giving Four Immortals, Entering Buddhist Zen, Untitled, Baoguang Waste Pagoda, etc. Main achievements: overthrowing the Yuan Dynasty, establishing the Ming Dynasty and creating the Hongwu rule.

About the details of Zhu Yuanzhang, we will introduce you from the following aspects:

First, Zhu Yuanzhang's poems

If you enter the Tathagata Zen without a title, you will be given four immortals, Lushan poems, untitled chicken crows, Lushan poems, thousands of years of bamboo shadows in Lushan, shepherd drums, Dongfeng I love Dongfeng Donglai, Zheng County officials, and a trip to the southern suburbs of Wenwenling.

Second, family members.

ancestors

Grandfather: Ming Taizu Zhu Chuyi Grandmother: Ming Taizu Father: Ming Taizu Ren Zuchun (formerly known as Zhu) Mother: Ming Taizu Chen brothers and sisters.

Brothers: the eldest brother Nanchang Xinglong (formerly known as Zhu Chongwu), the second brother Xuyi (Zhu) and the third brother Linhuai Wang (Zhu Chongqi). Sister: Princess Zhu of Taiyuan, the queen of Princess Zhu Buddha.

Queen: Ma Huanghou and unofficial history are both recorded as Ma Xiuying, also known as the spice girls. Concubine: Sun Shi, the imperial concubine of Cheng Mu, is from Chenzhou. Brother Sun Fan, the adopted daughter of Marshal Ma Shixiong. Give birth to Princess Huaiqing. Posthumous title's mother Li, born in Shouzhou, is Li Jie's father. There is no record in the history books that she gave birth to a prince, but some people think that Li Sheng married Prince Zhu Biao, King Zhu of Qin and Princess Zhu of Gong Jin. She was a tribute girl in Korea (present-day Korea), and some historians believe that she was the birth mother of the founding emperor and king Zhu of the Ming Dynasty. The spirit of the tomb is recorded in Records of Nanjing Taichang Temple: "On the left, Li Shufei gave birth to Prince Wen Yi, King Qin Cheng and King Gong Jin, and on the right, a concubine gave birth to Emperor Wen Zu, who enjoyed Yuling Temple for 300 years." Hu Chongfei gave birth to Zhu Zhen, posthumous title Zhao Chu and Zhao Jing. Guo Ningfei is from Haozhou, with his father Guo and his brother Guo Xinghe. Born Zhu Tan Guo Huifei, Wang, Zhu Guiwang, Zhu _, Princess Yongjia, Princess Cui Huifei of Ruyang, posthumous title Zhuang Jinganrong, childless Hu Shunfei, Wang Zhaoguifei, Wang Zhengfei, Shen Jianwang Li Xianfei, Wang Zhu _, Zhu Dongda, Ying Jingwang. There are Liao Wang Zhu Zhi, Hanshan Princess Zhu, Wang, Ning Xian Wang Zhu _, Wang Zhusong and Princess. After Zhu Yuanzhang's death, she was lucky to be the only one who was spared martyrdom because her daughter was young. Life is unknown Gao, son of Zhu, King of Su Zhuang.

The emperor's son

order

(full name)

Seal the king

Mother's eldest son Zhu Biaoyiwen, Prince's second son Zhu _ Qin Yu, Gao's third son Zhu _ Gong Jin, Gao's fourth son Zhu and Gao's fifth son Zhu, and Wang Wu's first letter _ Fei's sixth son Zhu Zhenchu, Zhao Wang Hu Chongfei's seventh son Zhu Qigong, Wang Dingfei's eighth son Zhu Zitan, Wang Dingfei's ninth son Zhu Qi, Zhao Wang Wuming's tenth son Zhu Tanlu, Huang Guoningfei's eleventh son Zhu Chunshu presented to Wang Guo Huifei's twelfth son Zhu. Fourteen sons of Guo Huifei Zhu Su, fifteen sons of Gao Zhu, sixteen sons of Han Zhufei, seventeen sons of Jing Qing Wang Yufei Zhu Quanning, eighteen sons of Wang Yangfei Zhu Minzhuang, nineteen sons of Wang Zhoufei, twenty sons of Gu Wang Guo Huifei Zhu Songxian, twenty sons of Wang Han Zhoufei, twenty sons of Mo Zhu Shenjian, twenty sons of Wang Zhao Guifei Zhu Yun An Hui, and twenty sons of Zhu Tangding, the nameless king.

title

mother

The emperor's son-in-law

Remarks: Li Qi, the eldest daughter of Princess Lin 'an, Cheng Mugui; Mei Yin, the second daughter of Princess Ningguo in Li Shanchang; Mei Sizu, the third daughter of Princess Chongning, the fourth daughter of Princess Anqing; the fifth daughter of Princess Lunouyang; Wang Zhenliang, the sixth daughter of Princess Huaiqing in Lu Zhongheng; An Feilin, the seventh daughter of Princess Wang; Fu Zhong, the ninth daughter of Princess Shouchun; and ten daughters and ten princesses, the son of Fu Youde. Eleven daughters, Princess Nankang, unknown. Twelve daughters of Hu Haizi, Princess Yongjia, Princess Hui, Princess Guo Zhen, thirteen daughters of Princess Guo, Princess Zhang Xuanmiao, Princess Hanshan, Princess Koryo, Princess Han Yinqing, fifteen daughters, Princess Ruyang, Princess Hui, Princess Guo Xieda, sixteen daughters, Princess Zhang Xuanmiao, beauty.

Third, anecdotes and allusions.

Zhu Yuanzhang was sent three thousand miles away and bullied by other monks in Huang Jue Temple. As time went on, Zhu Yuanzhang suppressed his anger. One day, when he was sweeping the floor, he tripped over Galand's seat and hit Galand's broom. On another occasion, the old monk saw that the candle in the hall was bitten by a mouse and reprimanded Zhu Yuanzhang in public. Zhu Yuanzhang thought, Galand can't even control what is in front of him. How can he manage the palace? To make matters worse, I was scolded. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang wrote the words "sent to three thousand Li" behind Garan. All these show that Zhu Yuanzhang is unwilling to be oppressed. The theme clue of Liu Jiasheng Deng: (Taizu) surnamed Zhu is a descendant of Zhu Rong. Zhu is red, the color of fire. Zhu Rong, the son of Emperor Yan, is a god of fire and enjoys great honor on earth. The magic lamp (flame) guided Zhu Yuanzhang to the top of the light: put the stern of the boat aside and found that "ten doors and nine doors are unlocked, and the Tianmen Gate is not closed at night"-Daming Guangtian, bless him to ascend to the throne of the emperor and bless him to return to Carina Lau Mountain after 270 years of the Ming Dynasty. When the Ming Dynasty with four dishes and one soup was established, the people lived a hard life. Heroes will naturally enjoy themselves and have some arrogance. However, Zhu Yuanzhang, who came up from the bottom of society, deeply knew the sufferings of the people and what those things meant. One day, he ordered a banquet for civil and military officials to celebrate the queen's birthday. Courtiers are very happy, thinking that they can relive the happy times of drinking in a big bowl, eating meat in large pieces, guessing boxing and getting drunk in the war years! But what they never dreamed was that this banquet was something special-the first course was fried radish; The second course is fried leeks; The third is two bowls of vegetables; The last course is chopped green onion tofu soup. Zhu Yuanzhang praised the benefits of each dish one by one: "Radish goes to the streets, but pharmacies have no business"; "Amaranth is green and long-lasting"; "Two bowls of vegetables are equally fragrant, and the sleeves are cool and cheerful"; "Onion tofu is green and white, fair and upright as the sun and the moon". Hearing this, the ministers suddenly realized. Zhu Yuanzhang also announced in public: "In the future, all guests can only treat each other with' four dishes and one soup'. This time, the Queen's birthday party is an example. Anyone who violates it will pay a hell of a price. " Zhu Yuanzhang also created an ingenious lesson and supervision method, that is, he arranged someone to blow a big horn on the watchtower at midnight every day, and then sang loudly: "It's hard for you, it's hard for you, it's hard for you." It is difficult to start a business, and it is even harder to keep it. It's hard to protect your family, it's hard to protect yourself, it's hard to protect yourself! "Every day, even if you are a pig brain, you can't remember things again, and everything will be long. This is the only big thing.

Fourth, political initiatives.

politics

See Hu, case and aquamarine's case of deposing the minister of power. In the early Ming Dynasty, the bureaucracy basically followed the Yuan Dynasty, and Zhu Yuanzhang carried out reforms. The first is to abolish the provincial system. 1376, Zhu Yuanzhang announced the cancellation of the bank's book-saving province, and set up a department to undertake propaganda, command, and sentencing, which were respectively responsible for the bank's book-saving province. The three departments are separated and restrained to prevent local power from being too heavy. The key to the reform of central institutions is to abolish the prime minister system. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhongshu Province was responsible for handling world affairs and had the highest status. Its chief executive is a high-ranking prime minister. The prime minister is prone to conflict with the emperor, and Hu is the most important in the Ming Dynasty. Hu's power gradually increased, threatening the imperial power. Hu Dui is increasingly arrogant and politically slack. So, in 1380, Zhu Yuanzhang executed Hu and related officials on charges of bending the law and arrogating hegemony, and announced the abolition of Zhongshu Province, and there would be no more prime ministers in the future. 1393, the Royal Guards asked the viceroy to take part in the Aquamarine Rebellion, and Zhu Yuanzhang immediately had it taken down and handed it over to the official department for trial. When the official Zhan Hui ordered Aquamarine to recruit comrades, Aquamarine shouted, "Zhan Hui is my comrade-in-arms!" The voice did not fall, and the warriors won Zhan Hui. The judges were dumbfounded and stopped retrial. Three days later, Zhu Yuanzhang killed aquamarine, and then, it was another large-scale cleaning and involvement. In the two cases of Hu and Lan, * * * killed 40,000 people. See the crackdown on corrupt officials: Guo Huan case, air-sealed case and Grand View Zhu Yuanzhang was born in poverty and was blackmailed by corrupt officials in the Yuan Dynasty since he was a child. Therefore, after he ascended the throne, he launched an "anti-corrupt official" campaign nationwide, targeting corrupt officials at all levels from the central government to the local government. First, he killed officials who embezzled more than 62 taels of silver. When he found that Yu Wengui had hidden more than ten letters to curry favor with others and ask for help, he immediately sent people to investigate the central ministries and local governments. The results show that corruption is extremely serious from top to bottom. He was furious and immediately ordered the world: "Fengtian cherishes the lives of the people, and all officials who take bribes of more than 62% will be executed and will never lend." He also said: as long as it is corruption, no matter who is involved, it will never be soft, and it will be investigated to the end. Secondly, operate "Gao Qian" from his side. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhongshu Province was subordinate to six departments, which retained a large number of old officials of the Yuan Dynasty and some heroes of the rebel army. They have nothing to hide, taking bribes and bending the law. Zhu Yuanzhang punished these officials. Corruption cases handled by Zhu Yuanzhang during his tenure.

time

The main case is that in the fifteenth year of Hongwu, officials of the Ministry of Housing colluded with local governments, sealed blank statements in advance and filled in false expenditure amounts, embezzled property and sought personal gain. After Zhu Yuanzhang discovered it, he immediately executed all the officials in charge of the local government; The deputy director drove the troops out of the border with a stick of 100. In the sixteenth year of Hongwu, the minister of punishments accepted a bribe of 2,000 yuan from the family of one death row prisoner and used another death row prisoner as a scapegoat. He also extorted money from other prisoners' families, and all 20 people in the family committed suicide. In the eighteenth year of Hongwu, it was found that Guo Huan, assistant minister of the Ministry of Finance, doctors from various ministries and foreign ministers formed a corruption gang with officials who paid taxes in the central government, and adopted the method of overcharge and underpayment, embezzling treasury materials and folding grain to 24 million stones. Zhu Yuanzhang put all these corrupt officials to death, and all the people involved in all provinces, States and counties were spared. In the eighteenth year of Hongwu, many officials of the Ministry of Industry falsely reported the days of craftsmen's labor, overpaid ICBC, and deducted craftsmen's money for private use when distributing it. During a surprise inspection, Zhu Yuanzhang investigated and dealt with the cases of corruption and bribery of assistant ministers Han Duo and Li Zhen, and pulled out the engineering department specially sent by the central government to supervise the Ministry of Industry. In the eighteenth year of Hongwu, Wang Zhi, assistant minister of the Ministry of War, took conscription as the way to make money and accepted a bribe of 232,000 yuan from hereditary military households who evaded military service. Zhu Yuanzhang also sent him to the guillotine. In the 19th year of Hongwu, Langzhong and Yuanwailang of the Ministry of Punishment took bribes and lied about their deaths, and released two death row prisoners privately. All these corrupt officials were beheaded by Zhu Yuanzhang. In the 19th year of Hongwu, Zhang Xiang, assistant minister of does, together with Qin Xin, foreign minister, embezzled the dowry silver given by the emperor to the princess and was caught by Zhu Yuanzhang on the spot. In order to supervise the behavior of officials at all levels, Zhu Yuanzhang set up a post of suggestion and six subjects in Duchayuan. In the 19th year of Hongwu, Liu Zhiren, the censor of Douchayuan, was ordered to go to Huai 'an to handle a case. After he arrived, he deliberately dragged the case without trial, ate the plaintiff and the defendant, extorted a lot of money from two families and seduced a good family. He was executed by Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu Yuanzhang also found out 6 1 cases of corruption and bribery in six departments and dealt with them one by one. In the twenty-five years of Hongwu, Zhao Mian, the household minister, and his wife took bribes both inside and outside, and hundreds of thousands of silver were arrested. As a result, the husband and wife were beheaded. Thirdly, Zhu Yuanzhang used the cruel criminal law of "peeling and mowing grass" to deal with corrupt officials, and adopted torture such as picking tendons, breaking fingers, breaking hands and cutting knees. The criminal law of "peeling grass" is to drag those corrupt officials to the "skin temple" set up in each prefecture and county, then fill the skin with straw and lime and put it next to the court table where corrupt officials are executed, so as to warn subsequent officials not to repeat the same mistakes, otherwise, this "smelly skin system" will be his end. This shocked a group of officials and greatly restrained their behavior. Fourth, Zhu Yuanzhang will never tolerate the cadres he trained. In order to cultivate and promote the new forces, Zhu Yuanzhang specially set up a talent-training imperial academy to provide promotion opportunities for young scholars who have not entered the official position. He has great affection for these new Jinshi and Guo Jian students, and often teaches them to be loyal to the public and not to move for selfish interests. However, in the nineteenth year of Hongwu, he sent a large number of scholars and supervisors to the grassroots to investigate floods. As a result, 1, 4 1 people accepted banquets, paper money and local products. Zhu Yuanzhang sighed sadly when he killed them. Fifthly, Zhu Yuanzhang made a plan to eliminate corruption-Da Gao and Wake Up the Corruption. Da Gao, a book compiled in recent two years, records some corruption cases that he personally tried and judged. The book also expounds his attitude, handling methods and disposal methods towards corrupt officials. Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the book to be widely publicized throughout the country; He also asked people to copy excerpts and stick them in conspicuous places on the roadside and in pavilions, so that officials could be self-disciplined and the people could deal with corrupt officials after learning. Sixth: Allow people to petition. There was also a unique system in the Ming Dynasty, which allowed people to hand over illegal officials. If officials in the Ming Dynasty collected taxes, collected grain and apportioned officials to cheat, the people could report to their superiors or hand them in directly. For the people in the feudal era, the traditional practice of "only state officials are allowed to set fires and the people are not allowed to light lamps" has been completely broken. Empowering the people to directly inspect and dispatch officials is an unprecedented political initiative in the history of rule of law in China for thousands of years. Petition, in the Ming dynasty, was protected by the court. Moreover, the superior officials who should have received the visit but did not should also be punished according to law. In addition, Zhu Yuanzhang also specially set up a "drum to show injustice" outside the meridian gate. If people have grievances and can't get justice in the local area, they can go directly to Beijing to play drums and sue the court. As the founding king, Zhu Yuanzhang severely punished corrupt officials with cruel laws. Its great determination, strong strength and precise measures have received a powerful deterrent effect. From his accession to the throne to his death, Zhu Yuanzhang's campaign of "killing corrupt officials" has never weakened, but the phenomenon of corrupt officials has never been eradicated. In his later years, he can only issue "the political affairs of the court are committed, and the political affairs are the same; The body did not move, and people followed their heels. The more you heal, the more you commit. " Lament. Zhu Yuanzhang was in power for 3 1 year and launched six large-scale anti-corruption campaigns, killing 1.5 million corrupt officials. Centralized rule See Jin Yiwei and Zhu Yuanzhang. The inspection department sent a large number of secret agents named "Inspection Institute" to spy secretly. On one occasion, Song Lian, a bachelor, went to court. Zhu Yuanzhang asked Song Lian if he was drinking at home yesterday and which guests he invited. Song Lian answered them truthfully. Zhu Yuanzhang said with satisfaction: "I didn't lie to you." 1382, due to the needs of monitoring officials, Zhu Yuanzhang changed the pro-military Duwei mansion in charge of the imperial army into a Royal Guards, and granted powers such as reconnaissance, arrest, trial and punishment of criminals. This is a formal military secret service directly controlled by the emperor. It has its own courts and prisons, commonly known as "imperial prisons", in which all kinds of torture such as peeling, pulling out the intestines and stabbing the heart are used. Zhu Yuanzhang also asked the Royal Guards to execute the scepter in the imperial court. Many ministers died under the scepter, and Xiang Xue, Minister of Industry, was killed alive in this way. But in his later years, Zhu Yuanzhang gradually abolished the Royal Guards and their privileges, as well as some cruel criminal laws. At the local level, in important places in various counties, Zhu Yuanzhang also set up a patrol inspection department, which is responsible for interrogating, catching thieves and questioning traitors. 1370, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the establishment of a department to take scholars. Scholars had to pass three exams to take the imperial examination, but their writing was sporadic and irregular. Diligent and honest Zhu Yuanzhang is one of the most diligent emperors in the history of China, and he is never afraid of increasing the workload. From his accession to the throne to his death, he hardly took a day off. The testamentary edict said, "One year after thirty years, I will worry about danger and not be lazy every day." According to historical records, in the 18th year of Hongwu (1385), from September 14th to 21st, within eight days, Zhu Yuanzhang approved the internal and external departments to play * * * 1660 pieces and handled 339/kloc-0 pieces of state affairs, with an average of more than 200 pieces played every day and more than 400 pieces of state affairs. Zhu Yuanzhang's frugality is also the peak of emperors in past dynasties. When I became emperor, I built a palace in Yingtian, just for durability, not for fancy, and drew many historical stories on the wall to remind myself. Zhu Yuanzhang's breakfast every day, "only vegetables, plus a tofu." There is no golden dragon in the bed he uses, which is "no different from the bed of China family". When he ordered the workers to make cars and sedan chairs for him, copper was used instead of gold. The official in charge reported that he didn't need much gold, but Zhu Yuanzhang said that he was not stingy with this gold, but advocated thrift, and he should be a model. Zhu Yuanzhang also ordered people to reclaim land and grow vegetables in the palace. One day in the first month of the third year of Hongwu (1370), Zhu Yuanzhang took out a sheet and gave it to the ministers. When you look at it, it is all made of small pieces of silk. Zhu Yuanzhang said, "It's better to discard this garment." An official appointed during the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang.

Prime Ministers Li Shanchang (from Dingyuan County of Fengyang, now Dingyuan County), Hu (from Dingyuan County of Fengyang), Xu Da, Chang Mao, Deng Yu,,, Li Shanchang, Tang and Aquamarine, Fu Youde, Kang Maocai, Jin Chaoxing, Ding Dexing, Feng, Geng Zaicheng, Hu Dahai, Liao Yongan, Liu Bowen, Geng Bingwen and Lu Zhongheng. The reign years of Yuan Xing, Yuan Yi, Yongzheng, Liu Cheng, Liu Ji, Zhang Yi, Song Lian, Zhu Sheng and Ye Dun were Hongwu: 1368- 1398, and * * * took 3 1 year. hongwu

The first year (a new era of emperor rule or emperor naming)

2 years

3 years

4 years

5 years

6 years

7 years

8 years

9 years

/kloc-0 0 year

A.D.13681369137013721373137413751376.

1 1 year

12 years

13 years

14 years

15 years

16 years

17 years

18

19 years

20 years

A.D.13781379138013821383138413851386.

2 1 year

22 years.

23 years.

24 years.

25 years

26 years.

27 years.

28 years.

29 years.

30 years

A.D.13881389139013921393139413951396.

In AD 3 1 year, 1398, Wuyin was the main branch of military strategists.

In military organizational system, Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the commander-in-chief in charge of the national military, and divided it into the commanders of the central, left, front, rear and right armies, which were restrained by the Ministry of War. The Ministry of War has the right to issue orders, but it does not directly command the army. The governor is responsible for the management and training of the army, but he has no right to dispatch the army. In this way, military power was concentrated in the hands of the emperor. The Northern Expedition of the Remnant Yuan in Ming Taizu was eight military actions against the Northern Yuan after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty. Ming Taizu Northern Expedition

frequency

Northern Expedition in Ming Dynasty +0367—1369 Ming Taizu's first northern expedition 1370 Ming Taizu's second northern expedition 1372 Ming Taizu's third northern expedition 138 1 Ming Taizu's fourth northern expedition 1 Ming Taizu's fifth northern expedition. Ming Taizu's Seventh Northern Expedition 1388+0390 Ming Taizu's Eighth Northern Expedition 1396 Diplomatic Zhu Yuanzhang sent envoys to Japan at the beginning of his reign, expressing two meanings: one was to ask them to pay tribute, and the other was to order them to solve the troubles of the Japanese pirates. As a result, after the credentials were delivered, instead of paying tribute, Japan cut off the head of the messenger. Facing the humiliation of Japan, Zhu Yuanzhang became angry from embarrassment and threatened to send troops to conquer Japan. But in the end, there was no real invasion. Zhu Yuanzhang stipulated Japan as a "land without expropriation" in the iron coupon of Dan Shu left to his heirs. economy

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang implemented the policy of developing production and sharing interest with the people. 1368, officials from other counties came to appear before them, and Zhu Yuanzhang said to them: "At the beginning of the world, people are miserable, just like a bird that just can fly, don't pluck its hair; Just like a newly planted tree, its roots cannot be shaken, but it is important to recuperate. "1370, Zhu Yuanzhang accepted the minister's suggestion, encouraged reclamation, and ordered the wasteland of northern counties and counties to be exempted from three-year tax. He also took compulsory measures to transfer farmers from densely populated areas to sparsely populated areas; For those who reclaim wasteland, the government provides cattle, farm tools and seeds; It also stipulates that tax exemption will be granted for three years, and cultivated land will be owned by the land reclamation workers; It also stipulates that farmers with five to ten acres of land must plant mulberry, cotton and hemp, and those with more than ten acres must double their planting. These measures have greatly stimulated farmers' enthusiasm for reclamation. In addition to civilian villages, there were military villages and commercial villages in the early Ming Dynasty. The military camp is managed by the guard, and the government provides cattle and farm tools. The garrison ratio of Ming sergeant is as follows: border troops defend the city for three points, and wasteland for seven points; The mainland army is divided into two parts to defend the city and eight parts to open fields. Military food is basically self-sufficient. Shangtun means that merchants hire people to cultivate land at the border and pay food on the spot, which saves the cost of trafficking and makes greater profits. The implementation of Shangtun not only solved the problem of rations, but also developed the frontier. Building water conservancy Zhu Yuanzhang attached great importance to building water conservancy and relieving famine. At the beginning of his accession to the throne, he ordered local officials to report any suggestions on water conservancy put forward by the people in time, or they would be punished. By 1395, about 40987 ponds were opened and about 4 162 rivers were dredged, with outstanding achievements. Zhu Yuanzhang, a farmer, knows the pain caused by famine. After he ascended the throne, he often reduced or exempted farmers in disaster-stricken and war-torn areas. Zhu Yuanzhang also cherished the people's strength and advocated frugality. Driven by Zhu Yuanzhang's positive measures, farmers' enthusiasm for production is high. The rapid development of agriculture in the early Ming Dynasty changed the dilapidated scene of rural areas in the late Yuan Dynasty. The recovery and development of agricultural production promoted the development of handicrafts and commerce in Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang's recuperation policy consolidated the rule of the new dynasty, stabilized the lives of farmers and promoted the development of production. Immigration policy At the beginning of the founding of Daming, due to years of wars and epidemics, the Yellow River, Huaihe River and Canal flooded again and again, and the population of the Central Plains and Jiangnan dropped sharply, while Shanxi was densely populated and there was no war. The combined population of Henan, Hebei and Shandong provinces is less than half that of Shanxi. In the eighth year of Hongwu, floods broke out and flooded Shandong. In Jiangsu, Henan, Hebei, Anhui and other provinces, seawalls were destroyed by floods, and the main tax saltworks of the Ming Dynasty court were also destroyed. Thousands of miles away from the land of the Central Plains, outstanding people are outstanding. As the saying goes, white bones are exposed in the wild, and there are no crows in a thousand miles. To this end, Zhu Yuanzhang made up his mind to renovate the river bank, restore the saltworks and develop production from the large-scale migration in Shanxi. Increase the population of the Central Plains and Jiangnan. Hongwu immigrants in Ming Dynasty were the largest and oldest organized immigrants in China, involving millions of people. Its momentum and scope were unparalleled in the past. Since ancient times, there has been a folk proverb: "Ask where my ancestors came from, Sophora japonica in Hongtong, Shanxi". Hongwu immigrants not only rationally allocated the living space of the population, but also through long-term cultural, psychological and customs exchanges between immigrants and local aborigines, regional civilizations will inevitably take care of each other and cultivate new seeds of civilization, which laid the foundation for the Ming Empire to become the most powerful country in the world at that time and contributed to the cultural development of the Han nationality. culture

Pay close attention to education Zhu Yuanzhang realized in the process of establishing the Ming Dynasty that the demise of the Yuan Dynasty was not only the quality of the rulers themselves, but also the failure of the whole social education. Therefore, after he ascended the throne, he took measures to build schools and select academic officials, and insisted on "academic qualifications" as an important indicator to measure the political achievements of local officials. In order to select officials who can obey the emperor, the Ming government stipulated that the imperial examination can only be put forward within the scope of the four books and five classics, and candidates can only answer questions according to the prescribed views and cannot give play to their own opinions. The style of the answer sheet must be divided into eight parts, called "eight-part essay". In June of the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), Ma Liang, the magistrate of Rizhao County, Shandong Province, took office and went to Beijing to see the emperor. The state government rated him as "better at supervising traffic because he didn't have a class". In response to this appraisal, Zhu Yuanzhang's instructions are: farming mulberry is the foundation of food and clothing, schools are the source of corruption, and this county magistrate is good at supervising transportation but not doing his duty. Is this his duty? As a result, Ma County magistrate was not promoted, but was "demoted". Something similar happened a long time ago. On March 27, the twelfth year of Hongwu, after Zhu Yuanzhang retired from the DPRK, he called Confucian scholars to talk about the way of governing the country. Everyone speaks freely, except Li Sidi and Ma Yi, academic officials, who are silent. Zhu Yuanzhang was extremely dissatisfied and demoted them. Later, in the "Bulletin" sent to imperial academy, it was said: As a teacher, we should "set an example, aim high, exhaust all our minds, make great contributions to the world, and train without hiding." Born in the wild, Li Sidi and Ma Yi were able to discuss state affairs with the emperor, who was so humble and asked for advice, but they didn't even want to say a word. How can we expect them to do their best to teach students? Zhu Yuanzhang had higher standards for "senior teachers" (scholars from imperial academy). In addition to paying attention to the national economy and people's livelihood, he should also have the quality of participating in and discussing state affairs. Haha, it is conceivable that those teachers who lived in Hongwu era, especially those Guo Zi scholars who loafed around under Zhu Yuanzhang's nose all day, were really walking on thin ice! Zhu Yuanzhang, a national, once prohibited the Mongolian Semu people from changing their surnames and restricted intermarriage among Hui people. In the Ming Dynasty, the Hui people had no preferential treatment. Zhu Yuanzhang's "Hundred Words Praise the Imperial System" and the imperial edict of Ming Dynasty on building mosques and protecting religious professionals in mosques affirmed the religious life of Hui people to some extent. society

Pension policy Zhu Yuanzhang maintained a simple peasant morality and paid special respect to the elderly in the world. He promulgated the "Imperial Decree for the Aged", which stipulated that "anyone who has a fine judgment of 80-90 years by the people and is called a good person in the neighborhood should be prepared for his age, be practical and tangible." Poverty and unemployment, more than 80, five buckets of rice a month, five pounds of meat, three buckets of wine; More than 90 years old, 90 years old and a silk horse with ten pounds of floc; Those who are only self-sufficient in their field are given wine, meat, wadding and silk. "In the twenty years of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang was afraid that the relevant departments could not effectively implement it, so he called the minister of does to reiterate this policy in the name of the emperor. In order to let the old people in the family be served, in the sixth year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, stipulated: "Anyone over 70 years old may be taken care of by the son of Xu Ling instead of his servants. "In other words, in order to better let the elderly over 70 spend their twilight years, the state allows a son of the elderly to be exempted from military service. For those who honor the elderly, the court not only gives spiritual praise, but also gives material rewards, clothes and bonuses. Moreover, these filial sons and daughters can enjoy special treatment when they are old, and at the age of 60, they can enjoy the welfare benefits that ordinary old people can enjoy only when they are 80 years old. If the filial piety mode unfortunately becomes lonely and old, then they can enjoy the same treatment at home as in the nursing home, and the local nursing home will send money and meals to their homes every month according to the standard; After death, the government will pay three taels of silver as funeral expenses. Under the request and promotion of the imperial court, the atmosphere of respecting the elderly has been formed in various places, and the requirement of supporting the elderly has also penetrated into the family laws and regulations of various places. The Zheng's Grand Ceremony, written by the Zheng family in Pujiang, which Zhu Yuanzhang called "the first family in the south of the Yangtze River", is a masterpiece of China's traditional family laws and regulations. It stipulates that whenever the sun is shining, parents will send someone to beat the drums after visiting the ancestral temple, and at the same time, the children of the clan will say loudly, "Listen! Listen! Listen! All sons should be filial to their loved ones. "As a sermon to the whole country. The clan rules stipulate: "Men and women who have reached the age of 60 should be polite and have a good meal. It is right for the old manager to support him wholeheartedly. Offenders will be investigated. " "The woman is given priority to with food, ten yen, sixty to sixty years old. "The so-called' old manager' is the person in charge of weddings, funerals and dinners in the family. In other words, people over the age of 60 should take care of them wholeheartedly, the catering should be better, and the kitchen work of elderly women should be exempted. In order to belittle businessmen, Zhu Yuanzhang specially stipulated that farmers could wear silk, yarn, silk and cloth. Businessmen can only wear clothes made of silk and cloth. Businessmen will be subject to all kinds of difficulties and restrictions when they take the exam to be an official.