Which country does the scientist known as the father of nuclear science come from?

Ernest rutherford (187 1 ~ 1937) is a British New Zealand physicist. 1871August 3 1 A farmer (Scottish immigrant) was born in Mingshui Village, south of Nelson, South Island, New Zealand. When I was a child, I was smart, studious and diligent. /kloc-when he was 0/2 years old, he wrote a comment on Introduction to Physics written by B. Stewart, a university professor: there is not much information ...... try to temper people's minds ". He likes mathematics and is good at experiments. He has designed an instrument to measure the rapid alternating electromagnetic effect. Excellent results in all subjects, won many scholarships. /kloc-at the age of 0/8, he entered Canterbury College of the University of New Zealand and obtained a master's degree. In college, the experimental study of radio signal transceiver was carried out in the cellar. 1895 won the first batch of postgraduate scholarships from Cambridge University. In the same year, he entered Cavendish laboratory and became a graduate student of J. Tang Musun. 1898 McGill University in Montreal, Canada hired 27-year-old Rutherford as a professor of physics. From 65438 to 0907, he returned to England and became a professor of experimental physics at Manchester University. 19 19 was invited to Cambridge to replace J.J. Tang Musun as the director of Cavendish laboratory. 1925 was elected president of the royal society. 193 1 year, he was named Baron Nelson. 193710 June19 died in Cambridge.

Rutherford's important contribution to science mainly includes three aspects. The first aspect is the study of radioactivity. 1898 Shortly after Bekkerel discovered radioactivity, Rutherford discovered different components of uranium radioactive radiation, namely α radiation and β radiation. The theory of spontaneous decay of heavy elements was put forward in 1900. 1904 summarized the chain decay theory of radioactive products and laid the basic principle of element movement in heavy element radiation system. His discovery broke the traditional concept that elements will not change, and made people's research on material structure go deep into the atomic level, which made a pioneering work for opening up a new subject field-jujube pit physics. He was awarded the 1900 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "Research on Element Transformation and Radiochemistry". The second aspect is that 19 1 1 put forward the nuclear structure model of atoms within one year. 1908, Rutherford proved that particle c is helium ion through experiments. Since then, he has irrefutably demonstrated the nuclear structure model of atoms by studying the scattering of C particles by matter, thus bringing the study of atomic structure into the right track. Therefore, he is known as "the father of atomic physics". For details of the above two items, please refer to "Discovery of Radioactivity and Study of Radioactivity Phenomenon" and "Understanding Process of Atomic Structure". The realization of 19 19 artificial nuclear reaction is Rutherford's third great discovery. This discovery process can be regarded as one of the typical examples of Rutherford's scientific method and style. 19 15 years, his student marsden (Marsden, 1889- 1970) found that some particles appeared when C particles bombarded the air, and they had an unusually long range. Rutherford was determined to find out whether these particles were N, he, H or li atoms in his spare time for a long time and patiently. He designed the device as shown in figure 2-2- 12. In order to make his results absolutely reliable, he spent three years on 19 19 to prove that alpha particles decay and release hydrogen nuclei, which means that the cost of this device is extremely low, but it is extremely difficult to observe the flicker on the screen with a microscope! The success of this experiment caused a heated debate, and finally ended with the cloud room photo proving Rutherford's correctness. This marks the first time that human beings have realized an artificial nuclear reaction to change chemical elements. The dream of the ancient alchemist to transform elements has finally come true!

In addition, he also predicted the existence of heavy hydrogen and neutrons, which was later confirmed. In cooperation with chadwick and Ellis, the representative work Radiation of Radioactive Materials was published in 1930, which is a summary of early nuclear physics and has contemporary level.

During the rapid development of the physics revolution in the early 20th century, why did Rutherford achieve a series of great successes that others could not, and became the first successful explorer to go deep into the atomic universe? Generally, it can be investigated from the following aspects:

(1) Grasp the key issues and carry out a series of accurate and simple experiments in a down-to-earth manner. Many great achievements of Rutherford's life run through a red line: deeply studying the essence of alpha particles, using their great energy and momentum as "shells" to bombard atoms and nuclei, and uncovering the mystery of atomic composition and change. He loves experiments very much and allows assistants and students to put forward ideas boldly, but he must be meticulous in doing experiments, advocate self-control and use the simplest instruments, and the experimental results must be absolutely reliable. In the 19qs Nobel Prize in Chemistry, he described that he and Geiger used a low-power microscope for a long time to "slowly" count the scintillation times of A particles hitting the zinc sulfide screen in a dark room, and compared them with other methods. Therefore, the most stubborn skeptics must be persuaded. This working spirit also led to large-angle scattering, that is, the discovery of the nuclear structure of atoms. It is in these clear-cut and tedious routine work that the experimenter's patience and perseverance have made brilliant achievements.

(2) The close combination of theory and experiment. 1929, the Royal Society once said in Theory and Experiment: "Every new experimental observation is immediately seized to test whether it can be explained by existing theories. If not, we must seek corrections in the theoretical schema ... The obvious rapid development of physics in the past decade is mainly due to the close combination of theory and experiment. " Rutherford's derivation of the scattering formula of C particles and the proposed nucleated model are a brilliant example.

(3) Special diligence, keen insight and rich pseudoscience intuition. When a new phenomenon that is most easily overlooked appears, he can distinguish the right and wrong of some assumptions. For example, when the appearance of the large-angle scattering rose image did not attract enough attention from his student Geiger, he realized that there might be nuclei in the atom that caused this phenomenon. Marsden accidentally discovered that zero particles bombard hydrogen atoms to produce positively charged hydrogen-like spectral particles. He realized that this might be a hydrogen nucleus rushed out of the hydrogen atom ... and so on. Rutherford's amazing perseverance and extreme diligence can be seen from his more than 200 papers and three monographs over the past decades. His former Soviet student Kapicha recalled: "Rutherford worked endlessly and was always studying new topics-he only published a few percent of his works, and the rest didn't even know his students."

Genius comes from diligence, and Rutherford also proved this.

(4) Rutherford is good at identifying, selecting and cultivating talents, and can unite a large number of outstanding talents in physics, chemistry and technology to work together. He is approachable, knowledgeable, caring and carefully cultivated. Under the leadership of J. Tang Musun and his two generations, Cavendish laboratories have sprung up in large numbers and become one of the important centers of world physics research. This is another contribution of his scientific career. His students carved a crocodile (which is Rutherford's nickname) on the right wall in front of the Montessori laboratory of the Royal Society of Cambridge to praise his indomitable character and encourage others.

Rutherford once shouted loudly and organized international solidarity to protest against the persecution of Einstein and others by fascist Germany, and stood at the forefront of scientists' anti-fascist struggle.