Please introduce some books or papers on science and technology diplomacy! Thank you very much

/class/waijiaolunwen.asp

Comparative study of forestry development in China and the United States

In the 17th century, when the United States first immigrated, more than 50% of the land was covered with dense primitive Forest, with large-scale reclamation after immigration, 133 million hm2 of virgin forest has been cut down. The area east of the Mississippi River, which occupies 46% of the land area, has seen its forest coverage drop from 90% to 40% due to deforestation, war, and industrialized logging.

After Roosevelt became president of the United States in 1900, he passed laws allowing private ownership of forests and adopted preferential policies to convert land into private hands. At that time, most of the forests in the western United States were owned by the federal government, with the remainder owned by state and local governments. The first step they took was to convert federally owned land to private ownership; then to control and protect federally owned forests. The federal government has made great efforts to prevent forest fires and pests and diseases, and conduct in-depth research on forest management, protection of natural forests and wildlife, and improvement of wood utilization. Due to the implementation of these laws and policies, 70% of the forests in the United States have become individually owned, and the government encourages individuals to benefit from forest management. With the advancement of science and technology, petroleum has replaced fuelwood; metal and cement have replaced wood for construction; and the extraction of petrochemical raw materials has also reduced the consumption of many forest products. These measures are conducive to the restoration and expansion of forest resources.

After the 1920s, the United States began to pay attention to afforestation and greening, with large-scale nurseries appearing and afforestation on many hilly lands and abandoned farmland. Due to research into extending the service life of wood and comprehensive wood utilization technology, the service life of treated logs has been extended from 5 to 10 years without treatment to 25 to 30 years. In addition, certain medicinal substances are extracted from the wood and then processed into building materials. In 1925, composite wood was born and used in house construction, which also greatly reduced the amount of wood used. Strengthening forest fire patrols and using aircraft to extinguish fires have greatly improved forest fire prevention capabilities. After 1930, the incidence of forest fires in the United States dropped rapidly, and forests were regenerated immediately after fires to reduce losses. In 1960, the United States implemented preferential policies for converting farmland into forests, further stimulating the development of private forests. In 1987, the U.S. government launched a policy to protect forests, encourage tree planting, and provide preferential conditions for planting turf. Due to the formulation of relevant laws, the introduction and implementation of various preferential policies, as well as the advancement of science and technology and the development of productivity, although the population of the United States has continued to grow since 1925, the cultivated land area has not increased. The development of efficient agriculture has increased the current agricultural output value several times compared to 1935. In 1930, the agricultural population in the United States accounted for 40% of the country's total population, but now it is less than 2%. The amount of wood consumed per person fell by almost half from 1900 to 1980. The acceleration of afforestation has led to a large increase in industrial and private forests. However, the increase in federal forests has not been much. Forest planting has exceeded the rate of deforestation. The existing forest area has doubled compared with the 1950s.

In the early 1980s, in response to the global wave of environmental protection, the United States proposed the "new forestry" theory. It emphasizes that forest management should develop multi-functional and intensive forestry while highlighting the value of environmental protection, pay attention to the comprehensive development of forest economic benefits, ecological benefits and social benefits, emphasize the multi-functional balance of forestry, and establish a reasonable forest form and forest structure. Since the 1990s, U.S. state-owned forests have been completely banned from logging and have been transformed into ecological, forest tourism and long-term research forests focusing on environmental protection and entertainment. In the past 100 years of development, the forest area of ??the United States has only decreased by about 13%. From 1992 to the present, its forest coverage rate has remained at about 33%.

1.2 Overview of China’s forestry development

my country has a vast territory, diverse climate and rich forest resources.

According to statistics from the fifth continuous national forest resources inventory, the national forestry land area is 263 million hm2, the forest area is 159 million hm2, and the forest coverage rate is 16.55; the total volume of standing trees is 12.488 billion m3; the forest volume is 11.267 billion m3. The forest area ranks fifth in the world; the forest stock volume ranks seventh; and the artificial forest area ranks first in the world. Generally speaking, during the decades of development of my country's forestry industry, in order to adapt to the different needs of various periods of my country's socialist construction and reform and opening up, the positioning of forestry in the overall layout of the national economy has experienced a shift from "industrial" to "industrial". Correspondingly, the state's policy on forestry has also shifted from "emphasis on taking but not giving" to "emphasis on giving but not taking". The development of my country's forestry has generally gone through the following periods with distinctive characteristics.

(1) Period of large-scale timber production (1949-1978). In the early days of liberation, China had become a forest-poor country. The newly established New China was poor and had nothing to offer, and hundreds of industries were waiting to be prospered. Faced with the imperialist blockade, the country mainly relied on its own production of the timber urgently needed for the rapid development of socialist construction. Since the main mission assigned to forestry during this historical period was to produce more wood to support national construction, comparatively speaking, the efforts to protect and cultivate forest resources at that time were limited. Long-term overexploitation of forest resources has laid hidden dangers for the subsequent development of forestry.

(2) The early stage of reform and opening up (1978-1993). After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, our country has entered a new era of reform and opening up. In 1981, the State Council issued the "Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Protection of Forests and the Development of Forestry" and the Fifth National People's Congress.

(1) Period of large-scale timber production (1949-1978). In the early days of liberation, China had become a forest-poor country. The newly established New China was poor and had nothing to offer, and hundreds of industries were waiting to be prospered. Faced with the imperialist blockade, the country mainly relied on its own production of the timber urgently needed for the rapid development of socialist construction. Since the main mission assigned to forestry during this historical period was to produce more wood to support national construction, comparatively speaking, the efforts to protect and cultivate forest resources at that time were limited. Long-term overexploitation of forest resources has laid hidden dangers for the subsequent development of forestry.

(2) The early stage of reform and opening up (1978-1993). After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, our country has entered a new era of reform and opening up. With the State Council making the “Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Protection of Forests and Developing Forestry” in 1981, and the Fourth Session of the Fifth National People’s Congress passing the “Resolution on Launching a National Voluntary Tree Planting Movement”, the upsurge in afforestation and greening the motherland has begun. It spread rapidly across the country, which played an important role in curbing the sharp decline in forest resources and reversing the crisis of resources. During this period, although people realized the importance of protecting forest resources and continued to increase artificial afforestation, the overall growth of forest resources was slow. According to the statistics of the 3rd and 4th National Forest Resources Inventory, from 1988 to In 1993, the forest area only increased from 125 million hm2 to 133 million hm2, and the forest coverage rate increased from 12.98 to 13.92.