A paper on environmental protection

Strengthen the protection and construction of rural ecological environment

□ Zhuo Jihua

The rural environmental problems in Chongqing are as worrying as the whole country, and they are traditional.

Extensive development mode has become the theme of new rural construction to a certain extent.

Maximum constraint. Especially the unreasonable use of pesticides, fertilizers and agricultural films.

Use, livestock and aquaculture pollution, rural domestic garbage and domestic sewage

The pollution of water and township enterprises not only directly threatens people's survival.

Environment and sanitation also restrict the further development of rural economy.

Exhibition. All these problems must attract the attention of relevant parties.

Solve.

First, the main problems of rural ecological environment in Chongqing

(A) livestock and poultry and aquaculture pollution is more serious. According to the survey,

The scale of livestock and poultry breeding in the city is about 35.7 million pig equivalents, of which

Nearly 20 million pigs and 238 million poultry are slaughtered every year.

The annual output of livestock manure is nearly 75 million tons, and the COD entering the water body

(chemical oxygen demand), NH3~N (ammonia nitrogen) and TP (total phosphorus) are respectively

224,000 tons, 24,800 tons and 1.350 tons, in which livestock manure and urine are produced.

Original COD (chemical oxygen demand) and the pollution load of industry and health in the whole city

The discharge of COD (chemical oxygen demand) in domestic wastewater is equivalent. In 2005

In all 34 monitoring projects in the Yangtze River, Jialing River and Wujiang River, only feces were found.

Coliform bacteria, petroleum and total phosphorus exceeded the standard, among which fecal coliform bacteria exceeded the standard.

The over-standard rate of this group is 90.9%, and oil and total phosphorus only appear in individual sections.

It's over the standard now. At present, livestock and poultry farming has polluted Tanliang River and Huaxi River.

Has greatly exceeded the pollution load of urban domestic sewage in the basin, becoming

The main reasons for the deterioration of water quality in these basins. Cages and nets for fertilizer and water.

Fish lead to the decline of water quality, and some areas exceed the water environmental capacity.

Therefore, the problem of reservoir eutrophication is becoming more and more serious, which has become a rural environmental quality problem.

Another important factor affecting the decline in quantity.

(2) Pesticide and chemical fertilizer pollution is more prominent. Lots of pesticides,

Unreasonable application of chemical fertilizers, crop straws, livestock manure, and waste agricultural films.

Such as agricultural waste pollution, leading to the intensification of rural agricultural non-point source pollution.

In 2004, the consumption of chemical fertilizers in the city was 633,000 tons, with a far increase.

Higher than the yield increase rate of grain; The application amount of pesticides is 2837 tons (including insecticide)

And the dosage of agricultural film is 25,300 tons.

Among them, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied is 220kg/ha, which is higher than the national average.

Level, about 2700 tons of waste agricultural film remains in cultivated land every year. this

In addition, the range of heavy metal pollution in soil is also from the past cities.

The suburbs extend to the countryside.

(C) The rural drinking water safety level is low. Rural areas in cities

The population with safe drinking water is1082.11000, which only accounts for the total rural drinking water population.

44.65% of the mouth. Excessive water quality and water pollution lead to unsafe drinking water.

The total population is as high as 599 1 1 0,000 and 3.37 million, including 320,800.

Drinking high-fluorine water, 27 1000 people drink brackish water and iron-manganese hard water.

There were1683,900 people and 32 12 people whose drinking sulfate exceeded the standard.

Ten thousand people. There are 2,206,300 people whose water source guarantee rate is not up to standard, and they use water.

There are 2,498,300 people whose water quantity is not up to standard, and the population with low water convenience.

27 1.63 million people, and the population without water supply facilities is 8,065,600 people. Drinking Water

Unsafe, making people's health seriously threatened, hepatitis A.

The incidence rate is slightly higher than the national average, and some villages have become liver diseases and nodules.

Areas with high incidence of stones and skin diseases.

Poor sanitation in rural areas, garbage and domestic sewage pollution.

Highlight. There is no separation between people and animals in the living environment, and there is no unified garbage.

Garbage dumps and garbage disposal sites have not been effectively treated. waste

Garbage and sewage treatment facilities can't keep up with the development of rural residents, but the ring

Ensure that infrastructure construction and environmental management lag behind the development of economy and urbanization.

Exhibition. Unit investment in existing sewage treatment and garbage disposal projects in small towns

And it can't maintain normal operation, especially the Three Gorges Reservoir.

Most districts and counties are state-level poverty-stricken counties, and all have sewage treatment plants.

The contradiction of "can't afford it, can't afford it" is very prominent.

(5) Environmental pollution of township enterprises is relatively common. township and village enterprises

Low concentration, backward technology, and most of them lack environmental protection treatment facilities.

The poor scale benefit has brought serious pollution to the rural ecological environment.

Dyeing. Base on that investigation of three Gorges reservoir area and 8 small town in western Chongqing/kloc-0,

Its enterprise types are mainly coal mine, cement, machine brick, casting and leather.

Utilization of resources such as leather and agricultural and sideline products processing, environmental pollution and ecology

The damage is very serious.

(VI) The function of the ecosystem has declined, resulting in serious soil erosion. Trees are everywhere

The total amount of forest resources is insufficient, the distribution of resources is uneven, and the forest species and age structure are unreasonable.

Unreasonable, the proportion of economic forests in the policy of returning farmland to forests is low, and the woodland is raw.

The national system is fragile and unstable. The area of soil erosion in the city is 35,600.

Square kilometers, accounting for 43.3% of the land area, the total annual soil erosion is

1.340 billion tons, and the total amount of sediment entering the river reaches1.000 billion tons. Soil and water flow

Loss accelerates land degradation and "rocky desertification". Stone is only in the southeast of Chongqing

The desert area is 3 125 square kilometers, accounting for the southeast of Chongqing.

8.02%, which aggravated the occurrence of drought.

(7) Biodiversity is greatly threatened. Rural population growth

In addition, the contradiction between man and land is prominent, which has increased the plunder of resources and the destruction of the environment.

Not good; Pesticides and a large number of pollutants are used in the habitats of many species.

Great changes have taken place in the land, threatening species in ecologically fragile areas.

Many resources are gradually endangered or even disappeared. And the environment

This change provides space for the survival and expansion of alien invasive species.

(eight) mineral resources development, rural traffic engineering construction.

Ecological destruction. On the one hand, the surface is unstable and the surface water resources are unbalanced.

Water pollution, soil erosion and debris flow, and management of land resources.

Serious damage caused by structure and productivity. On the other hand, men

Environmental protection measures for road construction are not in place, resulting in vegetation destruction in some areas.

Ecological problems such as soil erosion.

Second, the causes of rural ecological and environmental problems in Chongqing

First, the level of rural economic development is low. Due to poor basic conditions,

Backward infrastructure, low level of industrial development, developing extensive economic.

This model increases the environmental pressure in rural areas; The agricultural population in this city is very large, per capita.

Low income, per capita GDP is only equivalent to the national average.

48%, weak self-development ability; The average reclamation rate in the city is 365,438+0%.

It is more than twice as high as the national average 13.9%, which is unfavorable to the natural environment.

The environmental situation has increased the difficulty of environmental pollution control in rural areas of Chongqing.

Second, rural environmental protection lacks sufficient capital investment and policy support.

Hold on. For a long time, the overall investment in rural environmental protection society has been insufficient.

Most towns and villages have no domestic sewage and garbage treatment facilities. Domestic sewage

Water is directly discharged into the river ditch, and domestic garbage is directly piled up in the open air, especially

There is a lack of investment channels and policies for the prevention and control of non-point source pollution and livestock pollution.

There is no incentive mechanism and preferential policies in the world. Plus rural environmental protection is

Areas with strong public welfare and low return rate are not attractive to social funds.

Force, and the reservoir area is mostly state-level poverty-stricken counties, unable to invest a lot of money.

Used for the construction of rural environmental protection facilities.

Third, it is difficult to protect and manage rural environment. Rural environmental problems

There are many kinds, large quantities and wide distribution of problems, which are difficult to manage. agriculture

Village environmental protection infrastructure construction is generally blank, and many rural areas

Area has become the blind spot and dead corner of pollution control. Such as aquaculture pollution and non-point source pollution

The legislation on pollution and soil pollution is blank, and the existing laws and regulations

The regulations are not targeted and operable, and the solutions to rural environmental problems are given.

Must have caused some difficulties. The existing management system is difficult to adapt to the countryside.

The environment has been effectively managed, and most towns and villages have no environmental management machines.

Build a team.

Fourth, there is not enough attention to rural environmental problems and society.

Because there is no suitable law, corresponding policies and mechanisms to help farmers reduce their income.

Light rural environmental pollution, the current environmental protection laws, regulations and policies.

It is difficult to extend to rural areas, agriculture and rural residents. Agricultural industry development

Exhibition only pays attention to the expansion of quantity, ignoring environmental capacity and industry.

Unreasonable structure and rapid growth will inevitably bring environmental problems. increase

Rural environmental protection publicity and education is not enough, farmers' education level is generally low, and people's awareness of environmental protection and self-protection is not strong.

The ability to prevent pollution is obviously weak.

Three. Countermeasures and suggestions

Rural environmental problems in Chongqing have seriously threatened farmers.

The health of the masses restricts the further development of rural economy.

It also poses a serious threat to the water environment safety in the reservoir area. If these questions

If it cannot be solved in time, it will definitely affect stability and development.

The safe operation of the Three Gorges Project is related to the construction of new countryside and the construction of the western region.

The whole region takes the lead in achieving the goal of a well-off society in an all-round way.

(1) Strengthen the publicity, education and training of rural environmental protection. open

Multi-level and multi-form publicity and education exhibition on rural environmental protection. heavy

Strengthen the education of rural ecological security and environmental protection for leading cadres at all levels.

Education, rural ecological environment protection into all levels of social development planning and

Annual plan, firmly establish the idea that protecting rural ecological environment is to protect agriculture.

Rural productive forces, improving rural ecological environment is to develop rural productive forces.

The idea. It is necessary to closely link the environment with health awareness and help.

Help rural residents understand the existing problems, development trends and

Its harm arouses the ecological consciousness and sustainable development consciousness of the whole society.

Knowledge, enhance the sense of responsibility and mission of national ecological environmental protection.

(B) to strengthen the overall development of urban and rural areas, increase the output of the Three Gorges reservoir area.

Industry development guidance. Help to solve the contradiction between environment and development, and the environment

Protect and optimize economic development and accelerate economic and social development and understanding in the reservoir area.

At the same time, we should actively guide the development of farmers in the reservoir area.

Ecological economy, to ensure the safety of water environment in the reservoir area. Encourage the reservoir area to send

Display traditional Chinese herbal medicines, eco-agriculture and eco-tourism projects to help

Develop a number of sports and leisure products such as cycling around the lake and mountain climbing in the reservoir area.

Industry, promote the development of low consumption, low pollution and high efficiency industries in the reservoir area.

Project. Adjust the existing industrial development policies, such as returning farmland to forests.

Increase the proportion of economic forests.

(3) Increase investment in rural environmental protection and establish rural areas.

Protection mechanism. The state exercises pollution control over livestock and poultry breeding in rural areas,

Rural biogas construction, small town life pollution control facilities and other projects are

The rural environmental pollution control in Chongqing has played a demonstration and promotion role. build

Further increase investment in projects and funds to accelerate the construction of "small rural areas"

Kang environmental protection action plan ",focusing on training a group of rural environmental protection workers.

Engineering construction, do a good job in rural drinking water projects for people and livestock, protect drinking water sources,

Promote comprehensive improvement of rural environment. According to the idea that the city feeds back the countryside

Road, the establishment of rural environmental protection investment mechanism based on government investment and led by the government.

Guiding mechanism to attract social funds to invest in environmental protection. It is suggested that the Three Gorges

The reservoir area is listed as a national pilot area for the prevention and control of non-point source pollution, as well as the state

Key areas for implementing the "Environmental Protection Action Plan for a Well-off Rural Area"

Solve the rural non-point source pollution and livestock and poultry breeding pollution in the Three Gorges reservoir area and small towns

Domestic pollution problem.

(four) to strengthen the supervision ability of rural environmental protection, establish and improve.

Rural environmental management system. Rural ecological environment monitoring and safety construction

Early warning system, establish and improve ecological monitoring network, strengthen soil

Safety monitoring of soil, water environment and agricultural products to reduce non-point source pollution.

Improvement of dyeing scientific research and related technical support. Integrate departmental resources

Source, established by environmental protection, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, land and construction.

Coordination mechanism of division of labor and cooperation among design, municipal and health departments. according to

Chongqing's strategic position in the Three Gorges reservoir area and its farmers' water environment protection

The actual situation of poor environmental protection infrastructure in the village suggests strengthening the rural areas in the reservoir area.

Environmental protection capacity building, improve the rural environmental management system.

(five) to strengthen the overall guidance of pollution control in small towns.

Remediation of domestic pollution in small towns is a part of building a new socialist countryside.

The important content is also an inevitable requirement for protecting the water environment in the Three Gorges reservoir area.

It is suggested that rural areas should be comprehensively treated according to the actual situation of pollution in small towns.

Environmental protection policy and technical guidance, study pollution prevention and control countermeasures; and

As soon as possible, formulate and introduce the pollution control standards for small towns and recommend one.

A batch of domestic sewage and domestic garbage treatment technologies in line with the reality of small towns

Operation to ensure the implementation of the domestic pollution control project in small towns is: completed.

Advanced, low cost, easy management and good treatment effect.

Practical environmental protection engineering.

(six) to speed up the construction of rural environmental protection laws and policies, establish a long

Compensation mechanism of river basin ecological environment. Formulate pollution of livestock and poultry and aquaculture

Pollution control, non-point source pollution prevention, resource development and utilization, etc.

Quasi and management regulations, speed up the prevention and control of livestock and poultry pollution.

The legislative process of the case. Combined with the construction of new socialist countryside, formulate

New environmental protection policies and related requirements, including the formulation of organic fertilizer production,

Incentive policies in utilization and comprehensive utilization of agricultural wastes. mirror

In the Three Gorges reservoir area, the Three Gorges Project and the long-term safe operation of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River

Cross-regional allocation tools for downstream flood control, ecological security and north-south water resources

It has special strategic significance and is facing relocation and maintenance.

The great pressure and difficulties of social stability suggest that the country should follow the principle of "who benefits"

According to the principle of "whoever compensates, whoever benefits pays", the Yangtze River Basin will be established.

The state establishes an environmental compensation mechanism and an ecological environment compensation fund in the Yangtze River basin.