Seek all the unequal treaties signed by China in modern history.

1, time:

1July 3, 844

2. Contents:

1), agreed tariff. The treaty stipulates: "If China wants to change the tax rate in the future, it must consult with the American consul and other officials." . This is a further expansion of the scope of "agreed tariffs" in treaty of nanking, which has seriously damaged China's economy.

2) Expand the scope of consular jurisdiction. The treaty stipulates that when a lawsuit occurs between China nationals and American nationals, American nationals should be arrested and tried by American consuls and other officials and handled in accordance with American laws and practices; If there is a dispute between American citizens and citizens of other countries in China, China officials have no right to ask. In this way, the judicial power of the Qing Dynasty to arrest, try, convict and punish American nationals was completely lost.

3) Infringement of China's territorial rights. American warships can "inspect trade" at China port at will, and port officials in Qing Dynasty must "friendly" receive them. American merchant ships anchored in China could not be ruled by the Qing Dynasty.

4)/kloc-the stipulation that the contract can be "modified" after 0/2 years. In addition, the treaty also provides for unilateral MFN treatment. If China gives some concessions to other countries in the future, the United States should share them all.

3. Importance:

1), so that the United States can enjoy all the privileges obtained by Britain in the treaty of nanking and its annexes except land cession and compensation, and at the same time expand the rights and interests of aggression. For example, US warships can freely inspect the trade of various trading ports in China; Americans have the right to open hospitals and build churches in trading ports.

2) It is a more detailed and complete unequal treaty than the Sino-British treaty of nanking and the Sino-British Humen Treaty and its annexes. It is another heavier yoke on China, which has become a model for the Huangpu Treaty between China and France and the unequal treaties signed by other imperialist powers with China.

Second, the Sino-French Huangpu Treaty.

1, time:

1844101October 24th

2. Contents:

(1), French people can live permanently in five trading ports, trade freely, set up consuls, berth warships and so on. The China government has the responsibility to protect French property and goods, and no one in China can bully or infringe upon them.

(2) If China changes its tariffs in the future, it should "reach an agreement with France before making any changes".

(3) France enjoys consular jurisdiction, and China officials are not allowed to intervene in any litigation between France or other foreigners.

(4) Unilateral MFN treatment.

(5) The French can build churches and cemeteries in Wukou, and the Qing government has the obligation to protect the churches.

3. Importance:

(1) The Huangpu Treaty gave France all the privileges that the United States obtained in the Wang Xia Treaty. At the same time, it also stipulates that French Catholicism is allowed to preach freely at trading ports and build cemeteries, and the local government of the Qing Dynasty is responsible for protecting churches and cemeteries.

(2) Through the Sino-French Huangpu Treaty, France obtained all the privileges stipulated in the Sino-British treaty of nanking and Humen Treaties except land cession and compensation, and all the privileges stipulated in the Sino-American Wang Xia Treaty, which had a disastrous impact on China.

(3) This treaty also laid the first cornerstone for foreign invaders to openly invade China by using their missionary rights. Like the Wang Xia Treaty, the Huangpu Treaty further weakened China's judicial, customs and territorial autonomy.

Third, the Tianjin Treaty:

1, time:

1858 June 18

2. Contents:

(1), if the Qing government allowed envoys from other countries to stay in Beijing, it should allow the United States to do so;

(2) Opening Chaozhou and Taiwan Province Province (Tainan) as trading ports (Chaozhou Port was located in Shantou when it was later opened);

(3) Jesuit priests are free to preach;

(4) expanding the one-sided MFN treatment, that is, the privileges granted by the Qing government to other countries, "whether it is related to ships and oceans, trade, political exchanges, etc." The United States has to "share everything";

(5), determine the consular jurisdiction. ?

3. Importance:

(1), the signing of the Sino-US Tianjin Treaty is a further violation of China's sovereignty by the United States. In the process of signing the treaty, the United States took advantage of the difficulties caused by the armed aggression of Britain and France to the Qing government, and did not move a single soldier to maximize its own aggression requirements.

(2) Through this treaty, the United States gained much broader rights and interests of aggression than the Wang Xia Treaty, and at the same time enjoyed all the privileges seized by countries such as Britain and France in the Second Opium War with comprehensive and strict one-sided MFN clauses.

(3) The Sino-US Tianjin Treaty is not only the historical evidence of the gross violation of China's sovereignty by the United States, but also a typical product of the cooperative invasion of China by the United States.

Four. the treaty of beijing

1, time:

1October 24th 10

2. Contents:

(1), opening Tianjin commercial port;

(2) Allow Britain to recruit Chinese workers to go abroad;

(3) cede part of Kowloon Division to Britain;

(4) The compensation stipulated in the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty has been raised to eight million and two thousand. After signing the contract, Britain indicated that it helped the Qing government suppress the Taiping Revolution and supported the Westernization Movement. Take power.

3. Importance:

The Beijing Treaty was an extension of the Tianjin Treaty, which recognized the effectiveness of the Tianjin Treaty and also seized some aggressive rights and interests:

(1), after the opening of Tianjin, the western capitalist aggression forces had an invasion stronghold.

(2) The occupation of Kowloon Peninsula and a large area east of Wusuli River further damaged China's territorial sovereignty. The British and French aggressors can openly plunder and sell China's population, go abroad as slaves, and be cattle and horses.

(3) Military reparations are another cruel plunder of the people of China.

(4) The aggressive forces of foreign churches are deeper and more rampant.

(5) Open ports extend from coastal areas to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

(6) The violation of China's judicial sovereignty further deepened China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal status. All these make the disaster of China people more and more serious. But also violated the sovereignty of China's inland navigation.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) treaty of shimonoseki

1, time:

1895 April

2. Contents:

(1), China recognized North Korea's independence and renounced China-North Korea relations.

(2) China ceded Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands to Japan.

(3), compensation for the Japanese army silver two hundred and twenty million.

(4) Opening Chongqing, Shashi, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports.

(5) The Japanese can set up factories in China trading ports.

3. Importance:

(1). From China's point of view, the paid cession of land and the loss of sovereignty facilitated foreign powers to export capital to China on a large scale, which set off a wave of partition, marked a new stage of foreign powers' invasion of China and greatly deepened the semi-colonization of China. China's international status has fallen sharply. The China people's movement to save the nation and survive is on the rise, the bourgeoisie has launched the Reform Movement and the Democratic Revolution Movement, and the China people's spontaneous anti-aggression struggle is on the rise, such as the Boxer Movement.

(2) For Japan, obtaining huge reparations and strategic places such as Taiwan Province Province not only promoted the further development of domestic capitalism, but also facilitated Japan's further invasion of the Far East.

(3) As far as the situation in the Far East is concerned, it has intensified the competition among imperialist powers in the Far East. The triple interference incident clearly reflects the collusion and struggle between the great powers on the issue of aggression against China.

Six, hate and ugly treaty

1, time:1901July 25th.

2. Contents:

(1), compensation. The Qing government compensated 450 million taels of silver and paid it off in 39 years, with an annual interest of 4% and principal and interest of 980 million taels, which were guaranteed by customs duties, regular taxes and salt taxes.

(2), delimit the embassy district. Dongjiaomin Lane in Beijing has been designated as an embassy district and has become a "country within a country". China people are not allowed to live in the local area, and the state can send troops to station.

(3) Dismantle the battery and station in the army. Dismantle Dagu and all the batteries that hinder Beijing's access to the sea. Imperialist powers can station troops in 12 places along the railway from Shanhaiguan to Beijing.

(4) Threatening the Qing government to promise to suppress the anti-imperialist struggle. People in China are forbidden to form or join any organization that is "hostile to other countries" forever, and offenders will be put to death. Provincial officials must ensure the safety of foreigners, otherwise they will be fired and never employed. Where the anti-imperialist struggle took place, the civil and military examinations were suspended for five years. This article marks that the Qing government has completely become a tool of imperialism.

(5) Apologize to Germany and Japan. The Qing government sent princes and ministers to Germany and Japan to express "regret" and set up a memorial archway at the place where German minister Cleander was killed.

(6) Punish officials attached to the Boxer Rebellion. From the central government to local governments, more than 100 officials were imprisoned, exiled and executed.

(7) Establish a foreign affairs department. The Prime Minister's yamen was changed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was the first of the six ministries and became a specialized agency for the Qing government to negotiate with the great powers.

3. Importance:

(1), the huge indemnity is an unprecedented large-scale extortion of China by the powers; In order to pay this indemnity, the Qing government stepped up the search for the people's fat and paste, which made the people of China poorer and the social economy more depressed.

(2) The "embassy circle" set up in Beijing is actually a "country within a country" and is the base camp for imperialist planning to invade China. The foreign invaders controlled the Beijing-Tianjin area, making the Qing government completely under the control of the army, which was convenient for the invaders to send troops directly to suppress the anti-imperialist struggle of the people of China.

(3) According to the provisions of the treaty, officials of the Qing Dynasty severely suppressed the anti-imperialist struggle of the people of China and further became accomplices of imperialism.

(4) The establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs made it easier for the Qing government to implement a traitorous foreign policy according to the wishes of foreign invaders.

(5) The Xin Chou Treaty is an unequal treaty with the largest amount of compensation, the most serious loss of sovereignty and the deepest spiritual humiliation in China's modern history, which has brought unprecedented disasters to the people of China. The Qing government was established as a loyal running dog of the imperialist powers, and since then, the Qing government has become a tool for the capitalist powers to rule China. Its signing indicates that China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Wang Xia Treaty

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Huangpu Treaty

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Tianjin Treaty

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Beijing Treaty

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-treaty of shimonoseki

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-The Treaty of Love and Ugliness