Hanzhong Xinqiao immigrants

The academic circles in China generally count the historical population of each dynasty with five people per household (it may change slightly, depending on the specific calculation of each dynasty, but it is basically five people). For example, the legend of Li Xin, a historian in the Southern Song Dynasty, said that when the household registration reached its peak, the household registration rate was 48, and it was 52 days in the Eastern Han Dynasty ... When the household registration reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, the household registration rate was 58 ... The miscellaneous notes of the ruling and opposition parties since the establishment of inflammation are a collection. Population peak in Han Dynasty: household 122336 12, with a total population of 59,594,978 "History of Han Geography"; The peak population in Tang Dynasty: 9069 1.54 million, with a total population of 528,804,880. New Tang Book-Geography; Therefore, the population of the Song Dynasty is naturally based on 5. According to the number of households in Song Huizong Daguan for four years 1 10: 20882258 (Song Dynasty geography) multiplied by 5, the peak population in Song Dynasty is 1 100 million.

However, the question is, is the population base of Song Dynasty 5? This paper will deny this absolutely wrong cardinal number. Considering the total population and calculation base, we can ignore the statistics of the rich. We only need to analyze the situation of most poor people in the Song Dynasty to find clues:

In the Song Dynasty, the principal households were divided into five classes according to the tax amount, and 1 and 2 were the upper households. Third, it is the middle household; 4, 5, etc. Is the next household; Therefore, we only analyze four or five poor households, and four households occupy 30-50 mu of land; Land occupied by fifth-class households 1-30 mu. ..... The next family has thirty or fifty acres of land, or five or seven acres of land ... ("Long Edition" 168)

In terms of tax payment, the economic strength of the fifth-class households is 1-500 (Zhu: Mr. Huiwen's official documents, volume 24, co-written with Wei Yuan: the fifth-class households are below 500, and they have a good time. ) At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, if the fourth-class households were counted, it was (tax money) dissatisfaction-it was the fourth-and fifth-class households (volume 2O of Continued Ancient and Modern Examination). According to the shortage of metal money in the Song Dynasty, it has been roughly equivalent to 750 yuan. We can see that 4-5 households as inferior households pay less 1 yuan, that is, 1-750 yuan. This purchasing power was 59.2kg in the Song Dynasty, but it is basically less than 150 yuan today. To tell the truth, one household is less than a year. And the amount of tax revenue represents economic strength. People who only pay 150 yuan a year are naturally poor, but we can appreciate their support for their families:

With the growth of Shu people's age, the land will be cleared, and the next household will have 30 to 50 mu of land, that is, 57 mu; And to feed a family of more than a dozen people, strangers turn to the ravine. (Long Edition 168) In this way, we can be surprised to find that under normal circumstances, a family with such economic strength can support more than a dozen people.

An old nursery named Jisheng hoed 30 fields and was seriously ill. He called his descendants to warn him:' Isn't it strange that these ten acres of land are the sea of copper coins (the sea of banknotes) (the Qing Louis of Gu Tao)? A gardener, who only needs 10 mu of land, is definitely a fifth-class household at the bottom of society and can support 30 people! In the Song Dynasty, about 70% of the owner's fields were roughly like the possessions of this old flower farmer.

Jia Tai's "Wu Xingzhi" contains: counties and towns take sericulture as their profession, and rich families raise silkworms with a hundred foils. In the Song Dynasty, a rich family can be called a rich family, and a rich family keeps silkworms. What if the family is poor? Only by borrowing silkworms for a living, a family of ten raises silkworms and ten foils ... At this age, it is very accurate to give food and clothing, and poor households who drop out of school and return to school can still feed 10 people under the age of 4.

Wu Yong in A Passage to Hanzhong: Three people * * * a bowl of lamps, spinning clothes all night, and eight people in the same room, it is often not enough to cook L-shaped rice. This is a poor urban household with no clothes, no food and crowded life. It can be described as extremely poor, but there are still eight people.

(Su Song) When he was in the library, he hired a maid. Ask him what his family is. The cloud lives outside Cao's gate, but * ~ #% @ Shi Lian. Ask a family how many people are doing it. There are ten mouths in the cloud, and nothing else. (Gong Wei Tan Xun, Prime Minister (Volume 10)) The whole family lives on processed fruits, belonging to the lower class of the city, but there can also be as many as 10 people.

The History of Changshan Town (volume 12) provides the situation of the Calm House in Hebei Province, and the inscriptions of Duan Pei and others on stone-making incense burners also list the population of six families: "The Calm House went to Tang County to make incense burners for Nanzhuang, such as Duan Pei, his wife Guo, his male Duan Shou, and his grandson Duan Xihe, with 22 people in his family. , wife Feng Jia, male Zhang Cheng, a total of eleven family members; Zhang Si, his wife Dong Shi, male Zhang Li and Zhang Wen, a total of 16 people; , his wife Feng, male Zhang J and a total of 10 family members Zhang Cong and his wife Liu, (male) and Zhang Siyou 12 members, Zhang Fu and his wife,, Zhang Taiyou10/members. There are 6 families in this small village, with an average of 13.6 people.

Another large-scale migration activity in Song Taizong left household registration information. After the Northern Expedition in Yongxi, the people from Yunying, Huanxian, Shuozhou and other places harvested by the expedition in Liao moved to Henan, Xuzhou, Ruzhou and other places in the west of Beijing, with 8236 households with 78262 people and more than 400,000 cattle, sheep and camels (Volume 27 of Long Bian), indicating that the average number of households in Liao is 9.5, and the average number of households in Han area should be more.

There are thousands of coppersmith in Zhuzhou county, and there are more than a dozen households (to be recorded173)-all these poor blacksmiths have more than a dozen households without exception!

In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were 43,964 victims in Qingquan Township 126 1 person (Huanchuan Collection, Volume 4, Begging for Qingquan to Manage Economy), with an average of 34 people! !

For example, Zhao said: My home is like a ceramic house. I am naive and have an extra room. Your family is ten, too. What can you get if you take it? ("Xi Chun Draft", Volume 3, "Leaving a Father and a Brother as Five Poems with the Rhyme of Poor Parents") Hong Yanyan: Begging for the field to ask the family to turn their heads, ten people are homeless to send chestnuts. (The Journey to the West Volume II "Rhyme and Public Feelings") When Zhou wrote to ask for the dissolution of the party membership, he said that there were nine clans in his body, a marriage party outside and a good friend. There are ten people in one family and one hundred people in ten families. (Floating Collection Volume 1 Imperial Classics)

So, I can't help wondering, how should the population of Song Dynasty be counted? Is it still the same as Han and Tang Statistics *5? However, if the population of 4-5 households in Song Dynasty is usually more than 10- 15, then the first three middle-class wealthy households only have more households.

However, I believe many people will scoff at this and think that those individuals belong to individual cases and are not universal. Moreover, there is sufficient evidence to prove that the average household registration in Song Dynasty must not exceed 5 households. Indeed, the rich historical materials of the Song Dynasty seem to be enough to overthrow my point of view:

For example, Li Xinchuan once said: When Yuanfeng went to Shaoxing, the household registration rate was 10 households 2 1, and it was unreasonable for one household to park in two places. It is also pointed out that the household rate of 10 in central Zhejiang is odd, and that of 10 in central Sichuan is weak, that is to say, the record of 2-3 households or even 1.5 households in Southern Song Dynasty is far lower than that of the general 5 households.

Moreover, the number of households in Song Zhenzong Tianxi five years (102 1 year) is 8677677, while the number of households is only19930320; In the year of Song Renzong Jiawu 8 (1063), the number of households was 124623 17, while the number of households was only 2642 165 1. According to the Song Draft Grain No.26, the General Examination and Household Examination No.2; According to the long version, the average number of households is less than three.

When I was there, I knew Chen Fan's life words in Fuzhou: Fuzhou has poor land, poor people and few autumn seedlings. Last year, I apologized for the drought and copied it to 39,000 households, accounting for185,690 households. (102 Huo 68) The average number of people per household is 4.7.

Tenants account for about one-third of the total number of households, and they are at the bottom of society, the poorest and have fewer family members. According to the records of the late Song Dynasty, a family of five in Xiuzhou, Zhejiang Province, with five people in each family, ate eighteen stones a year during the solar eclipse (The Examination of Ancient and Modern Times 18, annual income of 100 mu of semi-Guji minefield).

In Song Taizong, there were 3 people in Qianzhou, Jiangxi Province who broke the law, and 12 family members were told that there were 3 *** 15 people, with an average of 5 people.

Huizhou, Jiangdong: Residents living in the county, the number of households on the main road 128 1 household, 6858 people (Xin 'an Annals 1, household registration), with an average of 5.3 people. During the Baoqing period, there were 398 households in Fangkuo, with a population of 14 175, with an average of 4.5 people. There are 789 households with a population of 3,527 (Volume II of Hongzhi Huizhou Prefecture Records), with an average of 4.4 people per household.

Zhenjiang, Zhejiang: During Jiading period, there were 1.43 million households in Fucheng with a population of 56,800; Jiangkou Town 1600 households with a population of 6,900. The average household in Fucheng is 3.9, and that in Jiangkou Town is 4.3. During the reign of Xianchun, there were 8,698 households with 38,385 people in Wujiao, with an average of 4.4 people.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, Yangzhou said: (Yangzhou) has more than 48,000 guests and guests ... 5 households have a large rate, and more than 240,000 households are worried about death. (10 Huo 24) There are 5 people in each household.

Another example is the article "A Preliminary Study of Family Population in Song Dynasty", which makes statistics on the family population revealed in the book "Jane Yizhi" by Hong Mai in Southern Song Dynasty. The book records the social life customs of the Song Dynasty, and the family population inadvertently revealed should be true. The author conducted a simple random sampling survey on 23 exact or relatively accurate family population figures of urban and rural ordinary people (ordinary people only) in southern China (all in the southeast). The survey results are as follows: the maximum number of people exceeds 10 (counted as 15), and the minimum number is 2, totaling about 1 16544.

When I was in Song Guangzong, there were 66,632 guests and guests in seven counties of Ezhou, Hubei Province, with a population of 314,894 (Miscellanies of the Ruling and Opposition, Volume A 18, Jing 'e Volunteers), with an average of 4.7 people.

In Song Lizong, there are184,000 households in Zhenjiang, Zhejiang, with a population of 64.4 1 10,000, with an average of 5.9 people. When I was in Song Duzong, there were 72,355 households with a population of 397,344 (Jiang Zhi, Shunzhi Town, Volume III, Hukou), with an average of 5.5 people.

So the above evidence is basically 2-4 people per household, which seems to be enough to overthrow the evidence of more than 5 people per household in Song Dynasty.

Re-synthesis of population records in Northern Song Dynasty;

According to Ceng Gong's Yuan Feng Lei Draft (Volume 9) and Disaster Relief Discussion, the number of middle households in the Northern Song Dynasty was roughly 10, with 6 strong and 4 young.

The following is an excerpt from Cheng Minsheng's article "A Preliminary Study of Family Population in Song Dynasty" about the average number of households in North China:

The household population data of disadvantaged households are also relatively consistent. Shi: JD.COM Xuanhua Army (later changed to Gaowan County, Zizhou) crossed the Qinghe River, and there were fifteen employees, fifteen of whom were fifteen, with a family rate of seven, making it 105. 105 People take their clothes and food from ships (Collected Works of Mr. Zhu Laishi (volume 19). Those who make a living by ferry are inferior households, with an average of 7 people per household. Fu Bi said that there were about 8,900 Hebei refugees with 78,000 people on their way to Jingxi. It is also pointed out that these refugees are all from towns, Zhao, Xing and Chang, and there are no third-class families. (Memories of Celebrities in Past Dynasties, Volume 244) The average number of households in Hebei is about 8.

12, Volume 39, Stone Carving History Series, provides information about Weizhou, JD.COM. In the first year of Xining, Song Shenzong, Wang Ping Temple was rebuilt in Zhou Weichang Lexin Station. All the donors are individuals or families in Xinzhan Village, Changle County, 15 1 person. Because the inscription is old and incomplete, there are 53 households with clear family population or family members. The family population listed in the monument is at least 2 and at most 70. There are 5 households with 2 ~ 4 people, 33 households with 5 ~ 10 people, 8 households with1~15 people, and 7 households with 16 people or more. Among them, about 33 households have 5 ~ 10 people, accounting for 62% of the total, which is the most common, especially 10 people. The total population is about 573, and the average household is about 10.8. Those who are able to donate property should be mostly middle-class families, and many are upper-class families, but in one or several villages, there will definitely not be many upper-class families. There will be individual households.

The fact garden in Song Dynasty (Volume 8) cited Wang Wei for eight years. There was a big flood in Hebei, and Han Qi made every effort to rescue and provide disaster relief. The following year, the court issued a letter of commendation, saying that Hebei was transferred to the company. Last year, there was a grain shortage in Hebei, and the people went into exile. The Qing Dynasty smashed paintings in many ways, and all seven million people were returned to their jobs. The Collection of Han Wei Gong Ji (13) is similar to the Family Biography, but the figures are vague: the total number of lives is still five or seven million. At that time, the number of households in Hebei was 705,700 according to Ouyang Xiuqing's five-year calendar (The Complete Works of Ouyang Xiu, Cutting Grass in Hebei, Volume I, On Hebei Real Estate). If calculated by 7 million people, the average household is about 9.9 people; If we take out 6 million out of 5.7 million, the average household is about 8.5. In fact, the affected population can't be the total population of Hebei, that is to say, the population and average household population of Hebei are likely to be more than the above figures.

Song Zhenzong Tianxi four years, Jingxi Xiangzhou famine. Xia and Song Dynasties, year number, with a total population of more than 460,000 (Huayang Collection, Volume 35, Xia Wenzhuang Tombstone). At that time, the number of households in Xiangzhou was not recorded and needed to be calculated by local chronicles. According to statistics of Taiping Universe, there are 26,892 households in Xiangzhou. According to the statistics of Yuanfeng Jiuyuzhi, the number of households in Xiangzhou is 93,027. "Taiping Universe" records the period from five years of Taiping rejuvenating the country to two years of Duangong (980-989), with the interruption of 984; Yuanfeng Jiutian Lu was written in Yuanfeng for three years, and the data used should be Yuanfeng for two years (1079). According to the distance between the two books for about 95 years, the number of households in195 increased by about 66 135, with an average increase of 696. Based on the number of households in Taiping Universe, the number of households increased by about 25,056 in the 36 years from the fourth year of Tianxi (1020), which is about 5/kloc-0. The average number of people per household is about 8.8.

So traditionally, the average number of households in the north is 8- 10, while the average number of households in the south is 2-4. However, why is there such a big difference in the average number of households between the north and the south in history, but not many people delve into it? Therefore, the calculation of the population base is divided by two, and it is concluded that the average number of households in the Song Dynasty is 5, but in fact this is wrong and not that simple.

First of all, we need to find out why there are so few households in the south. To understand this matter, we have to understand the social changes since the Tang and Song Dynasties. It can be said that in China ancient society until the Tang Dynasty, people were attached to the land, which constituted the foundation of a stable society. The advantage of this is that people can be controlled in the land, so the household registration and household registration statistics are relatively simple and easy to operate, and the population can be counted clearly. (So it is possible to count the population of Han and Tang dynasties with five people per household. On this basis, the corresponding economic system and military system have been formed, forming a breathing political ecology. Therefore, the stable relationship between man and land based on the land equalization system gave birth to the "tenancy system" (tenancy is based on the number of people, regardless of the amount of land and property, and the same amount of silk millet is paid according to the amount) and the officers and men system attached to the land, which ensured the stable and slow prosperity of the Tang Empire for one and a half centuries.

However, with the economic law and the gradual intensification of the polarization between the rich and the poor, land merger began to appear, which would cause population mobility, affect the stable household registration, and then affect the national tax revenue. So this is an act that undermines the social foundation and must be suppressed. Therefore, Tang Tianbao must suppress land annexation to ensure that the social foundation will not be destroyed. But after the Anshi Rebellion, the long-term military disaster destroyed the whole social foundation and completely disrupted it. People fled in large numbers, the relationship between people and land was completely broken, and the household registration system was completely disordered, so it was impossible to collect taxes by virtue of the household registration system. However, after Tang Gaozong, land annexation became more and more serious, farmers lost their land, military service was heavy, and the social basic conditions for the implementation of the officers and men recruitment system were lost, thus ending the history of officers and men in the eighth year of Tianbao (749).

Therefore, after the current social foundation ceased to exist, from the first year of Jianzhong (780), Prime Minister Yang Yan presided over the change of the old tax system, abolished the tenancy adjustment system based on Ding, and implemented the two tax laws based on assets, which were collected in summer and autumn. Its basic principle is: households have no host and guest, and see the house is thin; Since then, the two tax laws have opened up the idea of replacing people with land wealth. This is a great change in the history of China.

However, this opens up another model or political ecology. Since land assets are taxed instead of population, it is out of date to curb land annexation, so the Daimon Masaru of land annexation opens, so social wealth and population begin to flow, and the relationship between people and land is no longer necessary and stable. As a result, such a society began to evolve into an industrial and commercial society, and the nature of the industrial and commercial society in turn led to a series of vicious incidents. It constantly led to the crazy expansion of land annexation, and also led to the crazy desire of businessmen to control serfs. In order to seize farmers' land, landlords fled, owned or attached to manor owners by various illegal means. This is also true when taxes gradually develop into money and the amount of money is limited. People's livelihood and desire to get rich have contributed to the crazy flow of wealth population in the whole society.

So, when a person starts running from a stopped state, can you still catch it and find it? Then, when the whole society is moving, can you still carry out effective household registration system and population statistics? Can you find out where they are? This is the fundamental reason why the population data faced by the Song Dynasty is almost equal to a piece of waste paper, which is the result of a brand-new social model. In this model, it is a dead end to simply calculate the population by numerical value.