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Singapore

Politics: The Singapore Parliament is the legislative body of Singapore, adopting a unicameral system. At present, * * * has 94 seats. The National Assembly with a five-year term may have a maximum of 99 members, 84 of whom are directly elected by regions, and a maximum of 6 non-constituency members and 9 official members. The voting of directly elected seats is calculated by the majority system, and the constituencies are divided into single constituencies and centralized constituencies, of which "centralized constituencies" only appear in 199 1. The leader of the largest party in the National Assembly will become the Prime Minister of the Cabinet, and the Prime Minister will select members from the National Assembly to enter the Cabinet. Under the British parliamentary system, the president is elected by the parliament, but since 1993, the president of Singapore has been elected by the people (without real power) and the president has been directly elected as the head of state. Among the members of the National Assembly, women account for 65,438+00%. In the results of the 2006 general election, the People's Action Party (PAP) occupied 82 of the 84 directly elected seats. The other two seats are low thia khiang of Singapore Workers' Party (Hougang single constituency) and Zhan Shizhong of Singapore Democratic Alliance (Dongpo Eight Immortals constituency).

Economy:

economic development

One of the pillars of Singapore's economy (Jurong Industrial Zone)

[1] Traditionally, Singapore's economy has been dominated by commerce, including entrepot trade, processing and export, and shipping. It is the largest seaport, an important commercial city and entrepot trade center in Southeast Asia, as well as an international financial center and an important aviation center. After independence, Singapore's economy has developed remarkably, and it is known as one of the four little dragons in Asia. Tourism is one of the pillar industries of Singapore's economy (three pillar industries: international trade, processing industry and tourism). After independence, the government adhered to a free economic policy, vigorously attracted foreign investment and developed a diversified economy. Since the early 1980s, we have accelerated the development of capital-intensive and high value-added emerging industries and invested heavily in infrastructure construction. Singapore's heavy industry is located in the west of Jurong. Jurong Industrial Zone is the largest industrial zone in Southeast Asia. In the early days, it was a swamp forest area, which became an industrial area after filling and dredging. Finally, it developed into Jurong Satellite City. Jurong Industrial Zone has a wide variety of industries, including shipbuilding, ship repair, oil refining, steel, cement, plywood, tires, chemistry, automobile assembly, textiles, food, cables and other industries. Jurong Town has perfect modern highways and railways leading to deep-water docks and seaports. This deep-water port near the international waterway is convenient for importing raw materials and exporting finished products. In 1990s, it paid special attention to the information industry and invested in the construction of "Singapore Integrated Network" throughout the island. In order to further promote economic growth, we will vigorously promote the "regional economic development strategy", accelerate overseas investment and actively carry out foreign economic activities. The economy is dominated by five sectors: commerce, manufacturing, construction, finance, transportation and communication. Industry mainly includes manufacturing and construction. Manufacturing products mainly include electronic products, chemicals and chemical products, mechanical equipment, transportation equipment, petroleum products, oil refining (Jurong Island) and other departments.

money

The currency is Singapore dollar (SGD), and 1 yuan is equal to 100 point. The face value of paper money is 2 yuan, 5 yuan, 10 yuan, 50 yuan, 100 yuan, 500 yuan, 10000 yuan and10000 yuan; Coins are 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 1 yuan.

General situation of agriculture

The proportion in the national economy is less than 1%. Mainly gardening, poultry raising, aquatic products and vegetable cultivation. Agriculture has 5,900 hectares of cultivated land, accounting for 9.5% of the country's land area. All grain is imported, and 80% vegetables are imported from Malaysia, China, Indonesia and Australia. Agriculture has retained the production of export agricultural products with high output value, such as planting tropical orchids, raising ornamental tropical fish and planting some traditional tropical cash crops.

General situation of industry

Since 1965 left federated malay states, industrialization has promoted the economic transformation of Singapore. Mainly manufacturing, including oil refining, petrochemical, shipbuilding, electronics, textiles, transportation equipment and other departments. Singapore is the third largest oil refining center in the world. The electronics industry is the fastest growing sector, but it faces competition from other Asian countries. The government is committed to improving productivity to maintain its competitive advantage in low-cost and high-tech fields.

Overview of service industry

Singapore has a developed service industry, which will further develop with the economic development in Southeast Asia. The financial industry is the largest service sector and has developed rapidly in the past few years. Tourism is developed and is one of the main sources of foreign exchange. In 2008, there were nearly100000 new tourists. Mainly from Japanese, Indonesian, Malaysian, Korean, China, Taiwan Province and other countries and regions.

Culture:

education

Singapore's education system is similar to that of Britain, with English as the medium language except for various language subjects. Generally, after finishing primary and secondary school 10 to1year, you can choose to study in junior college, high school or science and engineering, and more than half of the first two can be promoted to domestic universities. There are five polytechnics and three tertiary institutions in Singapore, among which the National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University are prestigious universities in Asia. There are three universities in Singapore, namely National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University and Singapore Management University. The first two universities signed the SM3 agreement with the Ministry of Education of China for 20 years (it is said that it was renewed for 15 years), and in 2009 it was 18. SM2 project has been recruited to 14 on 20 10. You have to attend the preparatory course for 20 months first, and then enter the National University of Singapore or Nanyang Technological University for undergraduate study. Some students with excellent grades can enter the university one year ahead of schedule in just seven months. Singapore's education system adopts bilingual teaching method, so that students can learn how to communicate with people of different races and religions in English to increase social harmony, and can also communicate with people of the same race and religion in their mother tongue, so that their history and culture can be continued. Singapore's education system is often criticized for relying too much on standard textbooks, not encouraging individuals to think independently, emphasizing the differences in students' quality through examinations (the supremacy of further studies) and belittling the contributions of other learning methods and occupations. The theme of Singapore's local film "Children Are Not Stupid" is to discuss that this system may stifle the development of other talents in Singapore, and individuals will be unable to meet the challenges of social change because they have no habit of independent thinking. According to the data in the 2009 Human Development Report, the literacy rate of the population over 0/5 in Singapore/KLOC is 94.4%, which is relatively low in developed countries.

Media and communication

Singapore * * currently has 16 newspapers, and there are newspapers in English, Chinese, Malay and Tamil every day. English newspapers include Straits Times, Business Times and Today. Chinese newspapers include Lianhe Zaobao, Lianhe Evening News, Xinmin Daily and My Newspaper. Malay newspapers have daily news; In addition, there is a Tamil newspaper, Tamil Daily. Four broadcasting companies in Singapore broadcast in Malay, English, Chinese and Tamil. The new media radio station operates 14 free broadcast channels, and Unionworks operates 4 free Chinese and English channels respectively, while the private Voice of Lai radio station provides 1 1 paid broadcast channels for digital broadcasting. MediaCorp owns and operates seven channels, of which two broadcast Chinese programs (U channel and 8 channel), three broadcast English programs (Channel 5, Okto and Asian news), two mainly serve Malays and Indians (Suria and Vansantham), and Star Vision (pay TV) provides about 120 cable TV channels. As for the online broadband TV service, MioTV belongs to New Telecom. Based on its geographical and commercial status, Singapore has a developed communication system, and most countries have international direct broadcasting lines. Singapore also has a communication satellite system, which can communicate with other parts of the world by telephone, fax and telegram. The local postal system is also quite fast and reliable, and general domestic mail can be delivered. Since 1984 introduced the electronic processing system, international mail can be transmitted faster. Singapore has a strong and perfect communication network, and telecom companies provide almost all services from ordinary GSM communication to wireless Internet access to 3G mobile phone communication. The three major telecom companies are Singtel, First Phone (M 1) and StarHub.

India

political system

system

India is a capitalist federal Republic, and the president is the head of state, but his responsibility is the Independence Square in Kolkata, India.

It is symbolic, and the real power is in the hands of the Prime Minister. The country's president and vice-president have a five-year term and are indirectly elected by an ad hoc electoral body. When the president is unable to exercise power, the Indian vice president will not automatically take over as president. The executive power is exercised by the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister (namely, the Indian Cabinet). The majority party in Parliament nominates the Prime Minister to the President, who appoints the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister will then nominate the Deputy Prime Minister and other cabinet members to the President. The State Council has a State Secretary and several State Councillors. No deputy secretary of state.

form

The Constitution came into effect on June 26th, 1950. Declaring India a so-called federal country is the peacock of India's national bird.

Sovereignty and secular democracy and the state. Adopt British parliamentary democracy. Citizens are equal before the law regardless of race, sex, origin, religious belief and place of birth. The president is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and is elected by an electoral college composed of the federal parliament and the state parliament for a term of five years. The President exercises his functions and powers on the recommendation of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.

parliament

It consists of the Federal House (upper house) and the People's House (lower house). The Federal Council has 244 seats, and its members are elected by the legislators of the states and central jurisdictions. The term of office is six years, and it is re-elected every two years. 1/3. The Bundestag meets four times a year. The constitution stipulates that the vice president is the legal spokesman of the Bundestag.

government

Federal President Pratibha Pratibha Patil was elected President in July 2007; Bhairon singh shekhawat, Indian Vice President and Speaker of the Federal Council, was elected in August 2002; Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister and Secretary of State, took office in May 2004; Sonia gandhi is the chairman of the ruling Indian National Congress.

Referee

The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ and has the power to interpret the Constitution and try disputes between the central government and the states. States have high courts and counties have county courts. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President. The attorney general is appointed by the president, whose main duties are to provide advice and suggestions to the government on law enforcement matters, complete the procuratorial power stipulated by the Constitution and laws, and supervise the implementation of the Constitution and laws.

political party

(1) Indian National Congress (Indira Gandhi) (Indira Gandhi): National Congress (UK) for short. Congress Party (Britain) is the largest bourgeois party in India. It is said that there are 30 million junior party member and 654.38+500,000 active party member. Founded in February 1885, it led the struggle against British colonial rule and for Indian independence. India has been in power for a long time after independence, and 1969 and 1978 split twice. 1978 British Gandhi formed a new party and changed its name. The party is now the largest ruling party, and the current chairman is sonia gandhi. (2) Bharatiya Janata Party: 1980 was established in April, and its predecessor was 195 1 year. Claiming to own 3.5 million party member. Bharatiya Janata Party is the second largest bourgeois party in India. Representing the forces of northern Hindus and the interests of urban petty bourgeoisie, it has extreme nationalism and sectarianism. The current party chairman is Naidu. (3) communist party, India [Marxism]: India (Malaysia) for short. 1964, after being separated from India's * * * Production Party, factions represented by Sundaraya and South Budhirabad were formed. In recent years, it has developed rapidly, and party member has increased to 700,000 people, making it the largest left-wing party in India. Ruled west Bengal for a long time. The current general secretary is h. s. surjeet④ communist party: founded in 1920. There are 540,000 people in party member. After the split of 1964, the faction headed by party chairman Shi Atangi still used * * *. 1981April, Tang Ji was expelled from the party for supporting Gandhi's discord with the party, and the party split again. The current General Secretary, A.B. Baldan. ⑤ Telugudsam Party: A local political party in Andhra Pradesh. In recent years, it has been an important force in Indian politics, and the 1999 general election has become the largest local political party in the country. In Andhra Pradesh, Narra Chandrababu Naidu, the party chairman and chief minister of the state, is famous for attaching importance to information technology.

culture

The known history of India can be traced back to 2000 BC, beginning with the wave of immigrants who settled in northern India for the first time by Aryans. There is likely to be a fierce conflict between immigrants and local residents. In the next thousand years, Aryans spread all over India, creating most early classical Sanskrit documents, such as Sanskrit, Vedas, Upanishads and two epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata. Taj Mahal, India

India has countless historical sites. Some ancient pagodas, Ashoka pillars engraved with decrees, copper plaques and stone tablets that preserve Buddhist relics are scattered all over the subcontinent. Maharashtra and other places have beautifully carved Ajanta Grottoes, Elora Grottoes and Ailefentan Grottoes. There are well-preserved magnificent temples with different architectural styles, castles and manors in Rajasthan, magnificent red castles in Delhi, historical sites, spectacular Fatpur Sicre Palace and the magnificent Taj Mahal. There are poor people in towns and slums in India. However, with the development of science and industrial technology in India, people's living standards have improved to a certain extent. India's emerging information technology engineers and information enterprises have won the respect of the world. GDP growth rate is second only to China. There are about 2000 languages in India, 55 of which have their own writing and literature. 19 The perfect language with its own literary treasure has been designated as the official language of India. Every religion in India has followers in the subcontinent. Hinduism accounts for the vast majority, accounting for 85%, followed by Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, Jews, Zoroastrianism, Jainism and so on. All different religions live in harmony. There are countless beautiful temples, magnificent churches, magnificent mosques, Buddhist temples, synagogues and Zoroastrian temples on the Indian subcontinent. Mumbai, a commercial metropolis in western India, can be said to be a microcosm of India's religious, ethnic and linguistic diversity. In addition to the above-mentioned religious temples and churches, there are also famous Armenian churches, Shinto temples and Datong temples.

Yin du shui zhi

India is a country with a long history. After 1757, it gradually became a British colony. 1886 The income tax introduced from Britain became the embryonic form of Indian tax system. After independence in 1947, with the gradual liberalization of the economy, India began to supplement and improve the tax system, gradually levying inheritance tax (1953), gift tax and wealth tax (1958) and excess profit tax (1964), and at/kloc-0. 199 1 year, the Indian government carried out a systematic reform of the tax system, and achieved remarkable results, forming a complete set of perfect tax system at present. India's tax system is relatively simple, including corporate income tax, personal income tax, wealth tax, agricultural tax, interest tax, gift tax, consumption tax, sales tax, limited value-added tax, customs duties and other 10 taxes. Below, the reserve tax is divided into income tax, turnover tax and other taxes.