Has the author of Water Margin been identified as Luo Guanzhong now?

Shi Naian, whose real name is Hui, is Zi An and Yan Duan, also known as Nai An. Born in Xinghua in the second year of Yuan Dynasty (1296), died in Huai 'an in the third year of Ming Hongwu (1370) and was buried in Xinghua. He created the first Zhanghui novel in the history of China literature-The Water Margin, which initiated the prosperity of China's novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties and was known as the father of China's Zhanghui novels.

The water town grew up in the Yuan Dynasty.

Shi Naian's father, Shi Yuan De, is a boatman. His hometown Xinghua is located in the north of Taizhou. It is low-lying, with a network of rivers and lakes dotted around it. It is a famous water town in northern Jiangsu, and its human history is related to water. Among them, the Battle of Victory Lake by Zhang Rong in Song Dynasty left the deepest impression on people.

Xinghua city xinduo town shijiaqiao village Shi Naian cemetery

Shi Naian's ancestors moved to Xinghua earlier than Zhang Rong and others. Yuan De's generation is the 14th. Shi Yuan De married Bian Shi's daughter in Wuyou Factory in Yancheng County (25 kilometers away from Xinghua Baiju Factory) and gave birth to three sons: the eldest brother, Yan Duan, is Naian; The second child is strict; Chae Yeon Yuan De, the third child, is engaged in wooden boat transportation, mainly transporting salt, both public salt and private salt. There are many saltworks in the east of Xinghua, such as white colt field and small sea field. The produced salt is distributed to various places, mainly by ships. Therefore, the Naian brothers are called "the sons of boatmen".

Outside the west gate of Xinghua, there is an ancient temple called Zi Shan Temple, which enshrines the statue of Zhaoyang, the general of Chu State during the Warring States Period. Xinghua was originally a bathing beach. Because General Zhaoyang made great contributions to the conquest of Wei, the King of Chu ordered him to eat and drink here, and there was no population since then. Xinghua people not only regarded General Zhao as the ancestor of * * * *, but also called Zhaoyang or Yangshan in ancient Xinghua. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Yang Xingmi established Yangzhou as its capital and upgraded Zhaoyang Town to Xinghua, which means "revitalizing education".

A little longer, Naian often lives with his father in his hometown and in Jiangnan and Huaibei, and his horizons are gradually broadened. His father made a lot of money by sea, and he has spare capacity for his son to study.

Naian/Kloc-entered the private school at the age of 0/3,/Kloc-entered the Jinshi at the age of 0/9, and was promoted at the age of 28. At the age of 29, he went to a meeting and failed. He defected to Liu Benshan in Yuncheng, Shandong Province, and worked as a tutor in Yuncheng until he was 30 years old. During this period, he visited Liangshan. In the second year of Yuan Dynasty (133 1 year), Naian was a 35-year-old Jinshi.

Qiantang is keen on writing plays from business.

Shi Naian lived in Hangzhou after he entered the Jinshi. Under the Mongolian regime, he was a junior official with no real power for two years. His main energy is to sit in Jia's business and engage in opera creation in his spare time.

In Hangzhou, he made many literary friends. According to historical records, dramatists include Zhong Sicheng, Zhao, Chen Yinshi, Yan and Fan Zhongyan. Zhong Sicheng's "Ghost Record" records: "He lived in front of Wu Shan City God Temple and took Jia as his inheritance. The male giant has a beautiful beard and is good at joking. Zhao, Chen Yanshi and Yan Jun and I often visit his house, and every time we accept it, we have endless words. Poetry and wine are leisure, while words and songs are things ... "Wu Mei's" Ancient Qutan "believes that giving benefits" is also a monk in the Water Margin. " He collaborated with these former dramatists in the zaju Goose. Qiu Qiu is 40% off. The first discount is for Fan Zhong, the second discount is for Huang, and the fourth discount is for Huang. Ball teaching has not spread in the world. According to relevant records, the content is a romantic story written by Sima Xiangru and Zhuo Wenjun, gifted scholars in the Western Han Dynasty. Wen Jun sells wine and washes dishes like a bull's nose. They suffered a lot and finally succeeded.

1500 years later, Sima Xiangru opened a shop in Chengdu, and Shi Naian sold wine in Hangzhou. The plot arrangement coincides with Fan Zhongzhu, Shi Naian and others. They expressed their resentment through the story that Sima Xiangru was exiled because he failed to meet a wise monarch, and hoped that one day he would be discovered by a wise monarch like Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and entrusted with an important task. Zhu Quan listed all four of them as "heroes in the forest of truth" in "Taihe Yin Zhengpu". Shi Naian's "Lotus City" takes the nickname of his hometown Xinghua as the title of the play. Judging from the content of the play, it is a story about Wang sleepwalking in Furong City and falling in love with Zhou Taiwei's daughter. The description of the beautiful scenery of the four seasons in Furong City is extremely vivid. Such as writing spring scenery way:

[Lu Xian Golden Smallpox] Spring has come, and the scenery is the strangest, and the famous garden is beautiful. In the afternoon, it is full of red and purple, and the branches are like splendid piles. Bees are beating butterflies and caring for branches. In the oriole, Ziyan is fighting wits and looking at flowers like ants. Seeing talented people meet gorgeous people, there is a laughing game on the pavilion. (Together) How long can you sigh about life? Don't take youth for granted and lose its wonderful time.

Spring is beautiful, flowers are in full bloom, colorful, bees are fighting butterflies, warblers are fighting, and flower lovers are enjoying a beautiful day. This is really a paradise. This is exactly the poem "Ten thousand people compete for rent" sung by Yuan people in Xinghua.

And write the winter scenery:

[Cherish flowers] [Cherish yellow flowers] The three winter scenes are urging again, and I gradually feel that plum blossoms are fragrant. When the clouds gather, six flowers fall, and in an instant, they are covered with silver powder. Seeing the ancient wood pressing the branches, hundreds of birds are lost, and the price of wine is extremely high. I came to see the fisherman go home in the evening. [Jin Tianhua] The snow lion is beautifully carved, and the red stove warms the pavilion for a feast. (before closing)

Silver powder, six flowers fall, plum blossoms are proud of snow, birds get lost, and drinking to keep warm is just the right time. Of course, the author has not forgotten that fishermen still have to make a living in the ice and snow, and hemp fibers are covered with snow and frozen, just like jade carvings.

And summarize the four-time cloud:

At four o'clock, I am always happy. When I meet flowers and wine, and Shu Mei, how can I sigh about life?

Through this picturesque scene, we can see the author's nostalgia for his hometown and longing for a better life.

Shi Naian's re-election of the Southern Opera did not exclude the Northern Opera, and even took the advantages of the Northern Opera to inject new blood into the Southern Opera. The most outstanding achievement in this respect is the Moon Pavilion.

The Moon-worshipping Pavilion, also known as the Story of the Youboudoir, was re-created on the basis of Guan Hanqing's northern zaju Moon-worshipping Pavilion. Although the historical drama is based on Guan Opera, its plot twists and turns, complex characters, diverse songs and scientific humor are incomparable to Guan Opera.

Guan Hanqing was the first of the "Four Masters" in Yuan Dynasty, and he created more than 60 kinds of zaju. Dou Eyuan, Ode to the Wind and Butterfly Dream, which have been handed down to this day, are still very popular. The full name of "Moon Worship Pavilion" is "in my heart forever Beauty Moon Worship Pavilion" or "Wang Ruilan Private Prayer Moon Worship Pavilion". Nowadays, there are only lyrics and simple words. The content is about the love story of Jiang Shilong and Wang Ruilan in Jin Dynasty. Shi Naian adapted the play with the original title, but expanded the scale to 58% (now more than 40%). In the historical background of Jindu's southward migration, there are five clues: First, the family copied it, and the government forced it to go to Hutou Mountain, and was later pardoned as the champion of Zhongwu. Second, Wang Zhenfeng took the letter to the border, and he also got the message. Third, Wang Duanlan separated from his mother and went through hardships. Fourth, Jiang Shilong saved lives bravely and went through hardships, and finally became the top scholar in China. Jiang Ruilian was separated from her brother and adopted by the palace. With the development of the plot, the third and fourth lines and the first and fifth lines merge into a love line, with the former as the main line and the latter as the auxiliary line. Wang Zhenxian became the other side of the conflict. There are 40 plays today, and there are as many as 15 about the outlaw tuo. This image has many similarities with the hero in Water Margin: First, the loyal queen. Second, because the traitors were in power, they were forced to walk into the green forest. Third, finally accept the army and continue to serve the country. Fourth, it is not a green face, but loyalty and trustworthiness. Song Jiang is also mentioned in the lyrics, imitating Liangshan heroes.

If we study the Moon Pavilion in the long river of China literature development, we can find that the drama has the following obvious characteristics: First, it has spread the zaju with a 40% discount to more than 50% discount, making it a rare long drama in the history of literature. Second, the characters and plot clues are complicated and tortuous. Third, the depiction of the inner world of the characters is complex and meticulous. Fourthly, it successfully shaped the positive image of outlaw heroes.

Hiding in Suzhou, creating a biography of Jianghu vendors.

Qiantang has been a gathering place for artists of book clubs since the Southern Song Dynasty. "Tokyo Dream" records that there were many entertainment places called "Wazi" in Qiantang during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. There are large and small "goulan" in Wali, with more than 50 seats. The largest goulan can accommodate thousands of people. In order to attract the audience, the world tells stories in it, striving for popular language, vivid plot and interlocking. The story of Three Kingdoms and Liangshan is an important theme of storytelling. Yang Zhi's selling knives, Chao Gai's going up the mountain and Song Jiang's murder are often talked about by local citizens. During his stay in Qiantang, Shi Naian was influenced by the book club, which greatly enriched the content of Liangshan hero stories he heard in his hometown when he was young.

Shi Naian * * * married two wives, and the first one was Jishi's daughter. Wei Jia died, Shen Xuxian. When Shi Naian left Qiantang, there were droughts, floods and epidemics in northern Jiangsu, and Xinghua was the hardest hit. In addition, farmers, fishermen, salt people and boat people were unable to live and fled. Nai 'an couldn't go back to his hometown, so he settled in Suzhou, bought a house for his mother, and devoted himself to writing down the deeds of Liangshan heroes. At first, the title was "Biography of Jianghu Vendors".

Due to the intensification of social contradictions, a large-scale peasant uprising broke out throughout the country. In the 11th year of Yuan Dynasty (135 1), Liu Futong and Xu Shouhui launched the Red Scarf Army Uprising in Anhui and Hubei respectively. In the 12th year of Zheng Zheng, Zhang Shicheng, a salt vendor, led the uprising of salt farmers and people in Baijuchang, Xinghua. He assembled 18 warriors, killed the white pony "Salt Tiger", built Dazong Lake and Desheng Lake, and quickly captured Xinghua, Taizhou and Gaoyou, claiming to be the king of honesty and the title of Zhou.

Zhang Shicheng will enjoy Bian Yuanxiang and take Shi Naian as his cousin. This man has great arm strength and is generous. He once killed a tiger with his bare hands and was very famous in the village. He recommended Shi Naian to Zhang Shicheng. Zhang Shicheng, suffering from the lack of a good strategist, went to see him. Shi Naian is writing The Biography of Jianghu Vendors, which has been written for 45 times. Zhang Shicheng advised him to abandon his pen and enter the tent of meeting. Naian and Shicheng are fellow villagers, and they admire Shicheng's courage of anti-sense and anti-yuan, and originally wanted to help him. However, considering his lack of foresight and improper employment, he thought that he was incompatible with them, so he refused on the grounds that his mother was old, his wife was weak and his children were young. Zhang Shicheng was unhappy and left. Since then, in order to avoid the dispute between Zhang Shicheng and Zhu Yuanzhang, Shi Naian has set up schools in rural areas such as Changshu and Jiangyin, and continued to write "Biography of Hawkers in Jianghu" after class. In Jiangyin, I also got to know Xu Jie, the father of a famous local family, and left behind stories and legends such as Xu Jian Manor (see Changshu Local Story Jiangyin Xiaozhi 1960).

Go back to my hometown and concentrate on writing a book.

Shi Naian drifted in Changshu, Jiangyin, Huai 'an and other places for many years, and finally returned to his hometown Xinghua. At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang had put down all kinds of beacon smoke and established the Daming regime. In order to punish Suzhou people and Xinghua people for their support to Zhang Shicheng, he made a great migration: all Xinghua people moved to Tianjin Liangxiang (except Gu, Lu, Shi and Chen), that is, Suzhou residents moved to Xinghua, Santai and other poor areas. Shi Naian pretended that he was from Suzhou and didn't move to Tianjin.

After returning to Xinghua, I first lived in Jile Temple at the foot of Yangshan Mountain and then came to Baijuchang in the northeast of the county seat. To the south of 18, there is a field with hundreds of acres of reeds swaying. Hong Kong Branch has a watershed, also called hydrangea pier. Nai 'an said to himself: The lion rolls the hydrangea, and my lion (stone) has a home! So, he settled down on the ridge and devoted himself to writing "The Biography of Jianghu Vendors".

Decades of vicissitudes often emerge in front of us. He incorporated many things he heard and saw into the book. For Zhang Shicheng, Naian hates his lack of foresight and improper employment, but he also admires his persistence and persistence in the later period of moral integrity. Zhang Rong's achievements in Xinghua strengthened his original intention of writing a book. Therefore, the book specially arranged for Liangshan heroes to be at a critical juncture several times. Someone shouted "Brother Zhang" and saved the day. For example, in the 42nd story, Li Kui jy went down the mountain, but he couldn't understand the notice of his arrest, so he had to "tell me what to do". Zhu Gui "stepped forward and hugged him" and called "Zhang Ge" to save him. He took his cousin Bian Da Hu as the prototype and created the image of Da Hu. He hates Pan Yuanming and Pan, two rebels and Pan Shi, a slut. In the book, he created two female images of easy virtue, Pan Jinlian and Pan Qiaoyun, who sold their souls and were mercilessly flogged.

According to the Ming Dynasty's "Xinghua County Records" and other documents, when Zhan Shilong, the magistrate of Xinghua County, built the palace body in the Yuan Dynasty, he dug up the stone carvings left by Fan Zhongyan, and "met Zhan and restored it". Taking advantage of this legend, Shi Naian wrote in "Biography of Jianghu Vendors" that Fan Zhongyan asked the court to send Hong Taiwei to see Zhang Tianshi off to protect the people from disaster. Hong Taiwei dug up a stone tablet that "opens when water meets" and set a hundred monsters free.

Shi Naian passed seventy years of age, and finally wrote "The Biography of Jianghu Vendors" toNo. 108. At this time, the world is at peace, and all rivers run into the sea. If you still use this as a book, then you are guilty. So, I used the Book of Songs to make a sentence, changed it into a nickname "Water Margin", and wrote a preface, which was not signed as "East Capital Shi Naian". This is the ancient name of Yangzhou, because Xinghua once belonged to Yangzhou Prefecture. He also wrote two songs. After the water margin problem, one of them wrote:

Generally speaking, life is a hill, and so is a hundred years.

The tiller is respectful, and negative exposure is better than fur.

Zi Jian is tall, tiger is empty, and Zhuang Sheng thinks he is a cow.

The night is cold, thin and drunk, and the language is not surprising.

He felt that what happened after the hero's ranking had to be written for future generations, but he was exhausted, so he told his master Luo Guanzhong to finish his unfinished business.

In the third year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1370), Shi Naian died in Huai 'an, and his Sun Shuyuan returned to his hometown and was buried on the high ground north of the hydrangea pier where he wrote Water Margin, so that this "lion" could always hold hydrangea. Wang Daosheng, a native of Huai 'an, met the Academy and once met Luo Guanzhong in Fujian. Entrusted by the Academy, he wrote the epitaph of Shi Naian. Naian's descendants settled next to the hydrangea pier, which will be called Shijiaqiao Village in the future. Nai 'an's younger brothers, descendants of Yan Qing and Yan Ming, went to Clear Water Bay, Shijiazhuang and Shiyuanzhuang respectively. They built the Shishi Ancestral Hall in Baiju Town to worship the ancestors of the same family.

Immortal masterpieces remain in the world forever.

Shi Naian's Water Margin has set up a monument in the history of China literature. Although China's ancient novels have a history of more than two thousand years, they didn't appear until Shi Gong wrote a long masterpiece. Shi Naian fully absorbed the artistic achievements of the talents in the book club, and created the rules, which made the structure of millions of masterpieces muddy, interlocking and magnificent. The Water Margin, written by him, is the only classical masterpiece in China's ancient novels, which is rare in the world. It focuses on describing class contradictions, peasant uprisings and peasant wars in feudal society, and reflects the dark reality of feudal rule extensively and profoundly, which is of epoch-making significance.

The theme of Water Margin is to describe the peasant war, profoundly expose the evils of feudal rule, and vividly describe the process of peasant uprising from fragmentary revenge sparks to prairie fire. With popular, accurate, refined and visualized language, the social injustice of "a farmer's heart is like soup, and his son Wang Sun shakes his fan" is exposed. Through the phenomenon of class opposition that "the farmer is in the field at noon, and his son Wang Sun lives in the water temple, which makes people fascinated and shakes the wind", the social roots of the peasant uprising are accurately explored, thus affirming the peasant uprising. In the late feudal society of China, The Water Margin, like a dazzling flash, cut through the long night in the feudal society of China and gave great spiritual strength to the farmers in trouble. The resounding slogan of "breaking through the sky and returning to the water margin and breaking through the underground Liangshan" has inspired the revolutionary fighting spirit of countless farmers from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the new-democratic revolution for hundreds of years. Li Zicheng divided the team into 36 battalions and 72 battalions in the Ming Dynasty, which originated from the saying that "36 people, 72 boys" in Water Margin. He put forward the slogan of "serving heaven and upholding righteousness" and "managing the people on behalf of heaven", which evolved from the slogan of "doing justice for heaven" in Water Margin. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the late Qing Dynasty also read Water Margin as a military book. It can be seen that the Water Margin has a great influence on the peasant uprising and the spiritual life of our people.

Shi Naian successfully created hundreds of positive and negative characters in Water Margin. Their personalities and experiences are different, and they are flesh and blood, which makes people feel immersive. Shi Gong, in particular, boldly erected a monument for a group of people from the bottom of society or squeezed out by the ruling class with meticulous and profound brushwork, so that they could occupy the center of the stage. He enthusiastically eulogized the great achievements of these "heroes", "heroes" and "making a scene in the Central Plains and crisscrossing the seas". His group portraits of Liangshan heroes "have their own thoughts, hearts, shapes and costumes". Such as Jian 'an's bold heart, honesty and truthfulness, Lu's crude and refined, complex and frank, brave and strong, and even Lin Chong's resignation, Song Jiang's humility and Wu Yong's ingenuity. ..........................................................................................................

Shi Naian and his novel "The Water Margin", the Shang sage of Yannan in Qing Dynasty commented like this: "Shi Naian, who has no teacher to rely on, can only make excellent political science in front of sages and heroes, and he is afraid that it will not be easy to be known and written into popular novels. Is it meaningless? If the murder and arson in Water Margin are regarded as teaching thieves and resisting officials and arresting people as having no monarch, I'm afraid Rousseau, Montesquieu, Washington and Huang Lizhou all deserve to die. Therefore, I said, "Water Margin" is the first novel of the motherland. No, see what he remembers. Social novels also describe the greed and ruthlessness of political circles, the evil cross of officers, the ulterior motives of people's hearts and the obstacles in the world. Equality without losing the flood, freedom without keeping the scope, political novels are also. The water war in Shi Jiecun, the land war in Qingfeng Mountain, virtual reality, virtual reality, and military novels are also the same. Huangnigang gold and silver, Jiangzhou city giving alms, wandering in and out, telling Bi Xiao, then detective novels are also. ..... hehe! What is the misfortune of Shi Naian and what is the misfortune of our citizens! " This is true, but fortunately, Shi Jun and his Water Margin have finally been recognized by the world, which is the real pride of the Chinese nation.

Shi Naian wrote Water Margin, based on historical stories and folklore, and finally written in vernacular Chinese, which formed a distinctive, refined, vivid and personalized feature, marking the maturity of vernacular Chinese with a history of hundreds of years. Under its direct influence, novels such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Jin Ping Mei, The Journey to the West, A Dream of Red Mansions and The Scholars came out one after another and merged into the torrent of China's novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Until the May 4th Movement, vernacular Chinese was advocated, and the language of Outlaws of the Marsh and A Dream of Red Mansions was cited as examples. Therefore, The Water Margin is also an important milestone in the development history of China vernacular literature.