What was the population of Mongolia in the Ming Dynasty?

About 400,000 in the early Ming Dynasty. In those days, Yuan Shundi fled to the north in a hurry, taking away only most of the population. Only tens of thousands of people fled back to Mobei with the emperor and Wang Baobao. Most of the Mongolians and Semu people who moved to the Central Plains became Ming people. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, President Zhu banned Hu Yu, Hu's surname, sinicized it, and prohibited Mongolians from marrying Semu people. After three hundred years of rule and assimilation in the Ming Dynasty, by the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there were no Mongolians in the Central Plains, all of them were from China.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, some Mongols who moved to the Central Plains were killed by the Red Scarf Army in the uprising, and all the others became the subjects of the Ming Empire. Only tens of thousands of people fled to Mobei with Yuan Shundi and Wang Baobao.

The rest were forgiven by President Zhu, who banned Hu Yu and Hu surname, prohibited Hu people from marrying each other, and enforced sinicization. After three hundred years of assimilation in the Ming Dynasty, by the Qing Dynasty, there were no Mongols in the Central Plains, and all of them became Han Chinese.

A large number of Mongolian soldiers appeared in the Ming army, and a large part of the Nine Frontier Army guarding the north in the Ming Dynasty was Mongolian cavalry, so it could compete with the Northern Yuan, which was still very powerful at that time.

The Mongolians assimilated by the Central Plains are far more than those who fled to Mobei at the end of Yuan Dynasty. Almost all the vassals and their descendants who were enfeoffed by Mongols in the Central Plains became China people.

There were about 500 thousand people in the late Ming dynasty.