The causes of this phenomenon and its influence on China's politics, economy and culture. Thank you for your help. Thank you very much for your urgent need.

Although it was forced by the social and economic situation at that time, this immigration process was of great significance not only to the immigrants themselves, but also to the three northeastern provinces, nationalities and countries.

The migration of poor farmers from Shandong to the three northeastern provinces has greatly promoted the development of agriculture, industry and commerce and transportation in the three northeastern provinces. Before the 20th century, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces were almost paddocks and pastures except some cultivated land in Liaoning Province, with poor land and few people. At the beginning of the 20th century, the soil areas in the three northeastern provinces developed rapidly and agricultural production developed greatly. 19 1 1 year is about 1 20,000 hectares (1hectare = 1 hectare), and 19 13 years is/kloc-0. In the past 20 years, the cultivated land in the three northeastern provinces has increased by 8.6 million, with an average annual increase of 430,000. It should be said that the expansion of cultivated land in the northeast is mainly the result of immigration. The early industry in Northeast China was very backward. After the 20th century, with the deepening of colonization in the three northeastern provinces, imperialism began to develop modern industries in the northeast in order to plunder China's material resources. During the Second World War, the industry in the northeast of China developed quite rapidly. In these modern industries, hard work is mainly carried out by immigrants from customs. The developed commerce and criss-crossing railway buildings in the northeast are soaked with the blood and sweat of the immigrants in the customs. Therefore, Shandong immigrants have made indelible contributions to the development and construction of the three northeastern provinces.

Shandong immigrated to the northeast, which made the population distribution in the three northeastern provinces and even the whole country tend to be reasonable. Since ancient times, the three northeastern provinces are vast and sparsely populated. 19 10, the population density of the three northeastern provinces was only 23 people per square kilometer. Since the late Qing Dynasty, tens of millions of Shandong immigrants moved in, which changed this situation. By 1949, the population density of the three northeastern provinces will reach 54 people/km2, which is almost the same as the national population density of 60.5 people/km2 in 1953.

Shandong immigrated to Northeast China, which greatly promoted the integration of the Han nationality and the ethnic minorities in Northeast China. Since Liao, Jin, Yuan and Qing Dynasties, the intruders in the Central Plains of China mostly came from Manchuria and Mongolia, which hindered the development of the Han nationality to the north and its migration to the south. Since the Qing Dynasty, Manchu and Mongolian were restored, but the Han people still could not develop northward. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, Han talents in Shanhaiguan migrated to the northeast on a large scale. Therefore, the migration from Shandong to the northeast played an important role in the northward migration of the Han nationality and promoted the integration of the Han nationality and the ethnic minorities in the northeast.

Shandong immigrated to the northeast, which strengthened the defense force of the northeast frontier and made important contributions to the struggle against Japanese and Russian imperialist aggression. Since the late Qing Dynasty, the three northeastern provinces have gradually become the battleground of Japanese and Russian imperialism. At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia attempted to move 500,000 invading troops to the south of Heilongjiang. Japanese imperialism called the three northeastern provinces and Jehol "Manchuria" and vigorously pursued its aggressive policy. However, due to the large-scale migration of the people in the customs to the three northeastern provinces, the strength of the three northeastern provinces was enriched, and the invasion momentum of Japanese and Russian imperialism was effectively curbed by constantly resisting the occupation and plunder of colonialists. Especially for Japanese imperialist aggression, Shanhaiguan immigrants rose up and fought hard and for a long time. According to the records of Angel Commune in Hunjiang City, Jilin Province, "193 1 918 Incident, the Japanese army occupied the Northeast, 1932, and Wang Zhenbang and his fellow villagers in Shandong gathered together 100 people to resist Japan. At the end of 1934, it fought with the Japanese army three or four times, of which the second time was the best. The Japanese army suffered heavy casualties and the insurgents were frightened by the Japanese army. " This shows the patriotic spirit of Shandong immigrants to resist foreign aggression and defend the northeast frontier. Why "go to the East"?

"Going to the East" is essentially a spontaneous, overwhelming, tragic and dying survival movement for poor farmers. During the Republic of China, Shandong immigrated to Northeast China, which was a continuation of the people's struggle for survival in the middle and late Qing Dynasty. During the Republic of China, feudal exploitation in Shandong became more and more fierce, and warlords fought for years. After the September 18th Incident, the Japanese army burned, killed and looted in Shandong, so class contradictions and ethnic contradictions were intertwined. Irresistible floods and droughts pushed Shandong farmers into a more painful abyss. In order to survive, they migrate to the three northeastern provinces with slightly better living conditions on the scale of hundreds of thousands of people every year.

Famine and war are the direct causes of large-scale population migration in Shandong. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, Shandong suffered frequent natural disasters and wars in successive years, and the famine was extremely serious. For example, in 1927, there were severe famines in 50 or 60 counties in Shandong, with 20 million victims, accounting for about 60% of the province's population. Residents in the disaster area are not allowed to farm and live in houses, so more than one million people have been displaced and moved to three northeastern provinces. The largest number of immigrants are Yishui and Huangxian in Shandong, followed by Rizhao, Juxian, Jining, Linyi, Heze and Dingtao. From 1925 to 1928, when warlord Zhang Zongchang occupied Shandong, he added donations at will. The migration peak caused by natural and man-made disasters ranges from 1926 to 1930. During the three years from 1940 to 1942 in Linqu County, there was no rain and no food. In addition, the Japanese aggressors, traitors, bandits, and miscellaneous troops burned and looted, making the county town a shocking "no man's land." 1940, with 380,000 people in the county. By 1942, only 80,000 people were left, and the number of people fleeing from the three northeastern provinces reached128,000. From 1942 to 1943 in Penglai County, there were 12 10000 people who crossed the sea to the three northeastern provinces due to war and drought, accounting for 35% of the county's population at that time. According to the Records of Lingxian County, during the period from 1942 to 1943, while suffering from drought and flood, a serious locust plague occurred, and many people were forced to flee to the northeast. In addition to drought, shuddering, and floods. According to historical records, 192 1, 1924, 1925, 1937 the Yellow River burst and many counties were affected. The affected people fled to the northeast with their children.

The three northeastern provinces are vast and sparsely populated, and the soil is fertile, which is very attractive to bankrupt farmers in Shandong. 193 1 year, the three northeastern provinces have 200 million mu of cultivated land with a population of 23.8 million, and the per capita cultivated land is 8.5 mu, which is three times that of Shandong at that time. The soil is fertile, and the grain harvest in Sanjiang Plain is better than that in Shandong: 193 1 The grain yield per mu in three northeastern provinces is 93kg, which is 30.5kg higher than that in normal years before liberation in Shandong. In addition, there are a large number of wasteland in the three northeastern provinces, which is undoubtedly very attractive for bankrupt farmers in Shandong who want to acquire land.

The relatively developed industry and commerce in the three northeastern provinces is also an important factor to attract the migration of bankrupt farmers in Shandong. The three northeastern provinces are rich in agricultural products, forest resources and mineral resources such as coal, iron, oil and non-ferrous metals, which are extremely beneficial to the development of industry and commerce. The invasion of Japanese and Russian imperialism has accelerated the development of resources in the three northeastern provinces. Especially after the September 18th Incident, Japanese imperialism took the three northeastern provinces as its bases for military aggression, and its industry developed very rapidly. The development of industry and commerce has greatly increased the demand for labor, attracting Shandong people from three neighboring northeastern provinces to do business and work. It is in this context that a large number of Shandong Jiaodong people travel to the three northeastern provinces every year.

The recruitment of Japanese imperialism transported a large number of laborers from Shandong to the three northeastern provinces. 1937 After the July 7th Incident, Japanese imperialism had to rely on Shanhaiguan to further expand its war of aggression. According to the survey of the Puppet Manchukuo, from 1939 to 1945, Japanese imperialism forcibly recruited two or three million laborers every year. During the period of 1940, the number of laborers entering the three northeastern provinces reached1220,000, and Shandong was the main supplier of these laborers. A survey of migrants in Huimin County 1948 showed that 17 12 people were cheated to work as laborers, accounting for 88%.

Shandong is adjacent to the three northeastern provinces, with superior geographical conditions and convenient transportation. There are generally two routes for Shandong immigrants to the three northeastern provinces. The first one is the West Road, which enters the customs by the Jingfeng Railway and then disperses along Jingfeng, Nanman and Sitao Road. In addition, many poor farmers dragged their children and carried burdens, and entered the three northeastern provinces from Weiyuanbaomen, Fakumen, Liaodong Sidewall, xifengkou and Gubeikou. The second road is East Road. Most immigrants go to Yantai, Ahava, Qingdao and Shijiu by car or on foot, then go ashore in Dalian by steamer, and then transfer from the South China Sea to Changchun and Binhai. Or take a sailboat and land in Yingkou and Dandong on small coastal ferries, such as Longkou in Huangxian County, Lanjiakou in Penglai, Liujiawang and Penglai City. Because of the short distance, convenient transportation and cheap travel expenses, immigrants can solve their problems by changing their property or helping their relatives and friends.

The extensive and close social contact between Shandong and the three northeastern provinces is the psychological factor for Shandong to immigrate to the three northeastern provinces. Shandong people have a long history of "going east", and by the end of the Qing Dynasty, the number of immigrants had reached several million. These immigrants are scattered in various areas of the three northeastern provinces and engaged in various occupations. They maintain various social contacts with their relatives and neighbors in their hometown in Shandong, from which the vast number of bankrupt farmers in Shandong get all kinds of information and form migration motives. Without these social connections, it is difficult for immigrants to settle down in a new place without friends.

The Significance of Shandong People's "Going East"