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Where was the first night after death?
As a result of disease, death is an inevitable law of life, but only a few people "die of old age" because of the natural termination of life (according to comparative biology research, the natural life span of human beings is about 140- 160 years old), and the vast majority of human beings die of disease. The causes of death due to illness can be roughly divided into three categories: ① Serious and irreversible damage to important organs (such as brain, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs and adrenal glands). ② Due to long-term diseases, such as body failure, cachexia, etc., the metabolic material base is extremely insufficient, and the normal functions of various systems cannot be maintained. (3) There is no obvious organic damage to vital organs, such as blood loss, suffocation, shock, freezing to death, etc.
In the past, people used to regard the permanent cessation of breathing and heart function as a sign of death. However, due to the progress of medical technology and the popularization of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, some new problems have emerged, which have impacted people's understanding of death. After the whole brain function stops and spontaneous breathing stops, the whole body blood circulation and the functional activities of organs except the brain can still be maintained for a certain period of time through artificial respiration and other measures. This is the abnormal phenomenon of "living body, dead brain" As we all know, the brain is the commander-in-chief of the body and an indispensable organ for human survival. Once the function of the brain stops permanently, the individual's life is over. This raises the question of updating the concept of "death". The concept of "brain death" is gradually accepted by people.
The medical profession judged that the brain stem death of 12 hours was death, because the complete central nervous system could not be transplanted at present.
brain death
The irreversible permanent cessation of global brain function is called brain death. Including:
(1) Stop of brain function: In addition to movement and feeling, mental activity functions such as thinking and feeling, that is, consciousness, are also permanently lost. Brain waves disappear. If the brain stem function still exists and there is spontaneous breathing, it can not be called brain death, but can only be said to be in a "vegetative state."
(2) Brain stem dysfunction: the brain stem has reticular structure, brain nucleus, medullary vascular movement center, respiratory center and other important structures. Therefore, the loss of brain stem function means that the function of the above structure stops. The loss of reticular function leads to coma, and the loss of cranial nerve function leads to the disappearance of light reflex, corneal reflex, eyeball reflex, vestibular reflex, pharyngeal reflex and cough reflex. When the function of medulla oblongata stops, spontaneous breathing stops and blood pressure drops sharply until brain dies.
Second, the judgment of brain death
At present, the criteria for judging brain death have not been unified, and most of them are judged according to consciousness, breathing, reflection and EEG. The diagnostic criteria for brain death formulated by some countries or regions are summarized as follows for reference (Table 16- 1).
Table 16- 1 Comparison of Diagnostic Criteria for Brain Death
Standard Swedish, Italian, Mexican, British and American joint investigation of China, Taibei, Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare, seminar on brain death.
Year197219751976197719841985.
Deep coma 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Not breathing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pupil mydriasis 00000000
Absence of brainstem reflex 00000000
Loss of spinal cord reflex × 0 0 0 0 0 0
The plantar reflex disappeared by 0 000××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××
The brain wave is flat 0 0 0 0 × 0 × 0.
The cerebral circulation disappeared by 0 ×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××
low blood pressure
Time (minutes) 25 12 24 24 6 4 6
Condition (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
( 1)~(7):
(1) The reason is clear. Except for drug poisoning.
(2) Record brain waves three times within 4 hours, each time for 30 minutes.
(3) Hypothermia and taking bromide, barbiturate, alcohol, etc.
(4) The reason is clear. Inhibitors, muscle relaxants, hypothermia, except endocrine and metabolic diseases.
(5) The corresponding treatment was carried out.
(6) The etiological diagnosis is clear. Irreversible brain organ damage. Besides metabolic disorders, drug poisoning and hypothermia.
(7) To deal with the organic brain injury. Children under 6 years old, except acute drug poisoning, hypothermia and metabolic and endocrine disorders.
The type of death and the origin of nicknames
Due to the taboo of the word "death", Chinese has a very rich vocabulary to describe human death. According to research, there are more than 200 different versions.
* The death of the son of heaven: collapse, also known as "driving death" or "landslide"; The death of a vassal or queen: death (or death, death); The doctor died: a chess piece; Death; Not Lu; Shu Ren's death is death. (According to the Book of Rites? Also, in the Tang system, anyone with more than three products is called "Qi", those with more than five products are called "pawn", and those with six products are called "pawn".
* Folk saying: dead, dead, dead, gone, went home, went back, went away, went to sleep, left first, got old, became an old man, died, and went to the west forever, selling duck eggs in Suzhou, getting old.
* Elegant names: passing away, passing away, dying a hundred years later (male), dying (female), becoming a thing of the past, alas, dying, dying, sleeping peacefully, resting in peace, dying (in Buddhist, referring to the life of another world), and driving a crane westward.
* Death of minors: death, premature death, short rest, premature death, mourning, mourning, premature death (premature death), death, abandonment, mourning, mourning and premature death.
* The beloved person died (commendatory term): death, death, long death, sudden death.
* People who hate death (derogatory term): hang up the phone, take a lunch, die (dialect), die, go home, die in the west, die, die, blow out candles, die of cold, die, stand up.
* Death of monks and nuns: death, nirvana and meditation.
* Taoist death: emergence, immortality and liberation
* Catholicism or Christianity: release your labor to the Lord, return your soul to the kingdom of heaven, ascend to the kingdom of heaven, rest in peace with the Lord, and be called by the Lord.
:: Muslims in China call for death: return to reality.
* Beauty dies: fragrance dies, beauty envies, and beauty is unlucky.
* Suicide: abandoning the world, committing suicide, committing suicide, being tired of the world, touching the locust tree (in the Spring and Autumn Period, I couldn't bear to be ordered by Jin Linggong to kill Zhao Dun and hit the locust tree to commit suicide), committing suicide by the people, hanging myself, committing suicide, etc.
* Natural death: the end of life, immortality, centenarians, old age, death, long death, long death, back to the room, rejuvenation, go, go, die, die, die.
Abnormal Death: Death, Death, Pain, Death, Sudden Death, Martyrdom, Sudden Death, Sudden Death, Sudden Death, Sudden Death, Sudden Death, Sudden Death, Sudden Death, Sudden Death, Sudden Death, Sudden Death, Sudden Death, Sudden Death, Sudden Death.
:: Death in abiotic or non-growth places: death of tourists.
Glorious death: sacrifice, dying, dying, martyrdom, martyrdom, sacrifice, glory, death, etc.
* Image statement: Meet Marx, meet ancestors and emigrate.
* More tactfully, it is said: the wind is gone, the genius is jealous, because Vivo is sinking, driving back to Yaochi, the sound is full, the teacher will live forever, and the righteous will be righteous and die.
* others: Mi, Mi, Mi, Mi, etc.
* Sleep: "Taiping Guangji" (Volume 9) Zheng Jiao: "There is a saying in the tomb:' Why don't there be centenarians under the cloud and sleep forever?' "
The definition of human death is brain necrosis, but all parts of human organs do not die with the death of brain cells. After death, brain cells can still survive for a period of time, and the survival period varies significantly according to different preservation methods.
Cornea: It can be preserved for 3 to 4 months in tissue culture solution and 6 to 12 months in frozen state. Liver: Generally, it can be preserved for 2 to 8 hours after injection of electrolytic solution, during which it can be transplanted. Recently, there is also a successful example of saving 16 hour transplantation.
Blood: The American Red Cross can keep it frozen for 3 weeks. Blood over 3 weeks is generally used for research.
Bone marrow: It can be stored at-50℃ for 6 to 12 months.
Heart: Injecting electrolytic solution into living heart blood vessels can survive for 4 hours. It is said that the actual preservation time can be extended, because the animal heart has been successfully transplanted after 24 hours.
Kidney: There are two ways to preserve it. One is to separate the kidney from the human body, immediately put it into the cold salt composite electrolyte solution and cool it, so that it can be stored for 18 hours; The second is "pulsating local perfusion method", that is, the cold liquid containing oxygen is injected into the kidney to rapidly cool down and can be stored for 72 hours.
Semen: At present, artificial insemination with frozen semen for 13 years has been successful. It is said that the actual storage time of semen can be extended because it is effective to conceive offspring with animal semen frozen for 25 years.
Cells: Different parts of the human body have different cell components and different life spans. Platelets and white blood cells can survive for 4 days and 9 days respectively, skin cells can survive for 20 days, and red blood cells can survive for 120 days. Muscle and nerve cells live as long as people.
The legal effect of death:
As a natural person, rights and obligations disappear and property inheritance occurs. But there are exceptions In terms of intellectual property protection, the deceased still enjoys protection for a certain period of time. Such as copyright protection.
Three stages of death:
Dying period: the main feature is the loss or deep inhibition of nerve center function above brain stem, which is characterized by slow response, blurred consciousness or disappearance. All kinds of reflexes are dull or weakened, and the respiratory and circulatory functions are gradually weakened.
Clinical death period: The main characteristics are that the medulla oblongata is in a state of deep depression and loss of function, various reflexes disappear, cardiac arrest and respiratory arrest. The latter two are considered as signs of clinical death.
Biological death: it is the last stage of death. During this period, the metabolism of all important organs stopped one after another and irreversible metabolism occurred. The whole organism cannot be resurrected.
abstract
Soul is a variety of life phenomena produced by organisms composed of protein, DNA, RNA and other life macromolecules. It exists according to the metabolism of life macromolecules, cells, tissues, organs and organisms themselves. Therefore, the soul here is no longer a ghost in the traditional sense. It can be attached to the human body or leave the human body after death. The basic laws of soul medicine-the three laws of biological soul (namely, the law of soul appearance, the law of soul rank and the law of soul effect) can be interpreted perfectly and scientifically.
The following is the explanation of the soul in the past ... (for reference only)
It is generally regarded as a basic factor in human life, which can dominate human perception and activities. According to the research of modern archaeologists and anthropologists, it is speculated that human beings had the concept of soul from 25 thousand to 50 thousand years ago, or the concept of living after death. However, generally speaking, primitive people's simple and simple concept of soul often contains strong material character. It was not until religion and philosophy gradually developed that the concept of human soul began to tend to the immaterial' spiritual unity'. For example, some religions and philosophies believe that the soul can exist alone after the death of the body, and then regard it as an immortal spiritual entity.
Although Gai admits the existence of soul, many religions, philosophies and sociology all advocate the existence of soul, but there are great differences in the theory of evil nature and its characteristics, origin and research. Some people claim that it is synonymous with spirit or soul, such as the word soul-life, which is almost the same as spiritual life and spiritual life. Those who advocate the theory of soul, if they talk about the relationship between body and mind, are based on dualism. From the perspective of the relationship between spirit and pragmatics, it is based on ontology. Phenomenology, realism, materialism and other theories have appeared in modern philosophy, which generally oppose the existence of the soul and deny that the soul is real.
Buddhism does not talk about the dual view of soul and body, the theory of immortality of soul and so on. Because Shi Zun did not answer the similarities and differences between soul and body (that is, there was no record), which denied the view that soul and body could be completely divided into two. Buddhism attaches importance to the existence of mind from the subject of practice; This ontology is completely based on the relationship between mind and matter, and does not regard one as an immortal entity and one as an illusion of birth and death, but thinks that mind and matter are empty and have no self. However, when the theory of samsara was adopted by Buddhism, the subject of samsara caused a great debate in the history of Buddhism, such as the "debate on immortality of immortals" in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. As a result, the subject of reincarnation presents a color similar to the soul.
In Christian doctrine, spirit and soul are two independent parts:
In the Old Testament, the spirit of Hebrew is R? Wach has a wide meaning and can mean breath, air, wind or strength. Also refers to the direction or aspect (side, translated as "square" or "face"). Simply put, spiritual domination mainly refers to the immaterial essence of life, including:
(a) There are no flesh and blood things in the spiritual world, such as gods, angels, demons or evil spirits.
(b) The immaterial element of flesh and blood is the spirit or spiritual life.
(c) the psychological and emotional expression of a person's inner spiritual character or character, so spirit is also translated as "anger"; Courage (that is, courage).
In the New Testament, the Greek word spirit is pneuma, which also means wind or breathing. It means exhaling or blowing], and it also refers to an intangible, immaterial and capable "spirit" like the wind. Spirit is human life energy or life principle, so "it is spirit that keeps people alive". Just as the wind is invisible to the eyes, its existence can be known by its performance (wind and grass); Similarly, although the spirit is invisible to the naked eye, its existence can also be proved by various external manifestations of human inner spiritual life. The biggest evidence that people are spiritual is that people can enter the spiritual world and communicate with the spirit. Therefore, the Bible says that God is a spirit, and only in the spirit can people truly worship and pray to God. The communication between believers and God must also be through the communication between human spirit and God spirit.
Because souls are often misunderstood, there is a lot of confusion. In the old testament, the soul of Hebrew is nephesh, from n? Phash (breathing) The meaning of the soul is very wide, generally refers to:
(1) "Inner self": (1+0) For people, on this immaterial level, does the soul (translated as "heart" in this edition) have feelings? For example, there will be hunger for food, sadness, sadness and love; But souls also have thoughts or wills? For example, I will know, I will miss, and I will say. (2) For God, "my soul" is another expression of "I". So when it comes to God's "soul", it generally includes God's love, holiness, anger and faithfulness (Colin Brown).
(b) Living life, including animals;
Living "people"
In the New Testament, the Greek word for soul is psuchê, which also means breathing. Broadly speaking, the usage of this word is the same as that in the Old Testament, which can refer to:
(a) Inner immaterial and intangible self; (1) For people, this immaterial level is emotion (translated as "heart" in Japanese), thought and will (translated as "meaning" in Japanese). Simply put, the soul can refer to the whole personality. (2) For God, when God mentions "my soul" (NIV "heart"), it is another way to express "I".
(b) physical life or life, including animals;
Living "people"
Some biblical scholars believe that man has only two parts, body and soul, because spirit and soul are the same, but this view is incorrect. Although generally speaking, spirit and soul belong to the inner immaterial level, they can be distinguished and not exactly the same. A person's "spirit", "soul" and "body", a complete person is composed of these three parts, so spirit and soul are different parts. In addition, although the meanings of spirit and soul are very close and closely related, they should be separated.
Simply put, we can explain the difference between the spirit and the body like this:
(1) Body is the world-the "material world" of consciousness.
The body perceives the material world around it through five senses (sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch).
(2) Soul-self-awareness of "self or self".
Soul refers to the level of mind or emotion, which plays a rational or emotional role. Through the soul, people can feel, think and understand, and have the will to make decisions.
(c) Spirit-is the perception of "God or spiritual world" (God-consciousness).
Spirit is the level of communication with God or the spiritual world. People are spiritual, so they can communicate with the spiritual world, pray and worship God, and think about the soul after death.
William e. Vine) pointed out: "generally speaking, the spirit is a higher-level element, while the soul is a lower level. The spirit can be said to be the principle of life given by God, while the soul is the resulting life in the individual, while the body is the material organism or organism in which the spirit and soul are active. "
Soul exists in many religious thoughts and refers to the supernatural and immaterial components of human beings. Many religions believe that the soul lives in and dominates people or other bodies, and can also exist independently of these bodies. For different religions and nationalities, they have different interpretations of the soul. Modern science has found no evidence of the existence of souls.
[Edit this paragraph] Religious view of soul
The religious significance of the soul;
The soul has important religious significance, and different religions have different explanations for the whereabouts of the soul after death:
After death, the soul will disappear;
Immortality after death can be resurrected at some time in the future, such as ancient Egypt.
Life after death is believed to be reincarnated again and enter new people or creatures, such as Hinduism and Buddhism.
Face the judgment of heaven.
The soul comes from Almighty God. In the primitive religion of mankind, the essence of the soul is power. Power, soul and life are interchangeable concepts. These forces are believed to exist in the lives of human beings and other creatures (including plants).
Take the aborigines in Australia as an example. They divide souls into inner souls and outer souls. The inner soul is the whole body (that is, the material part); The external soul is a part that can leave the body. The external soul will leave the body and stay on the totem (that is, the biological body body double).
China people think that the soul can be divided into two parts: soul and spirit. The soul god, the god-shaped, has the saying of "three souls and seven spirits". Traditionally, when a person is frightened, the soul may leave the body, and if it is not handled properly, the person will die. Therefore, when someone is scared into a coma, people will hold a special "evocation" ceremony with the intention of reviving the comatose person.
Buddhist view of soul
Buddhism basically denies the soul. Sakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism, denied the existence of the soul, and the causal relationship was related to memory, not to the soul. Buddhist factions have different views on the soul.
When Buddhism was introduced into China, people in China attached great importance to immortals, which made Buddhism in China develop the concept of soul. At the funeral of popular Buddhism, people usually recite scriptures to lead the deceased to the blissful west as soon as possible, which is obviously a way to affirm the concept of soul.
Taoist Shen Yuan said
In addition to the theory of soul, many schools of Taoism in China believe that the human soul is a special material with consciousness, which is called "Shen Yuan" and "Inner Dan". This yuan god can be divided into yin and yang, which makes people become pure yang through cultivation, thus controlling the soul to enter and leave the body. They call it "Shen Yuan OBE".
Christian soul theory
Primitive Christianity divided the soul into "spirit" (Greek pneuma) and "soul" (Greek psyche): "soul" is a flesh-and-blood thing, which exists in all living things; Spirit (that is, vitality) comes from heaven and only human beings have it. Therefore, westerners have the saying that "man is the spirit of all things". The word "soul" in the original Bible (that is, Hebrew nephesh and Greek psyche) shows that there is no difference between body and "soul", and describing "soul" will die.
Tradition holds that the soul is immortal and will eventually go to heaven or hell. Influenced by the neo-Platonism of ancient Greek philosophy, in today's universal Christian belief, man is divided into two parts-soul and body, which are inseparable from birth. According to the Bible, a dead believer's body will change, just like the glorified Jesus.
The most popular view in the Middle Ages was that the soul was created by God, and God created a soul for every new body. This idea was supported by the Reformed Tradition and Calvinism. Another view is that an individual's soul is inherited from his parents, which is accepted by some Christian godfathers and Catholic factions.
Soul theory of ancient Greek philosophy
In ancient Greece, the ancient Greek philosopher Plato believed that the soul was pure, indecomposable, vital and spontaneous, spiritual, rational and pure. Because of his desire to pursue the world, he fell to the ground and was enclosed in his body, which was destined to go through a stage of purification and his soul would be reincarnated. After that, Neo-Platonism described the soul. His student Aristotle once discussed soul and psychology together in his works. Aristotle classified "On the Soul" as a category of "second philosophy". Regarding the definition of the soul, Aristotle thinks that the soul is a form, the body is only a matter, and the soul is an entity. The soul is divided into three parts, which have the functions of reason, feeling and nutrition respectively.
The soul view of Islam
The soul view of Islam is based on the Koran. The meaning of the soul is related to "breathing" and "wind". The soul is created after the body is created; But the soul is eternal. When a person dies, the soul will be separated from the body; At the time of resurrection, the soul and body will reunite.
The soul view of Islam includes four views: tradition, theology, philosophy and mysticism.
[Edit this paragraph] The soul negation theory of modern science
Modern science believes that there is no evidence of the existence of a soul. After death, life disappears and the body gradually decomposes, leaving no immaterial existence. This view is different from belief, but based on the fact that so far, we have not collected any indisputable information that can be perceived by people or instruments from the known dead.
Experimental case
After investigating many clinical cases of near-death experience, some scientists define the soul as an energy field that exists in some form.
Dr Duncan MacDougall put people who had near-death experiences on a scale, and then measured their weight changes after death. It was found that some people lost 265,438+0g immediately after death. They think that this weight is the approximate weight of the soul, leaving the body in the form of energy. But later, more similar experiments showed that people did not lose weight immediately after death; This experiment is caused by measurement error.
Sam parnia put a board on the ceiling, and put some small objects on the ceiling and board (only Sam knows what objects are, others don't know), and the soul should be able to see these small objects.
Sam experimented with dying patients, and seven of them were able to tell what they saw when they woke up, especially the small objects on the board. They are all right. Sam's experiment succeeded. Sam parnia then put forward the following viewpoints: traditionally, consciousness is generated in neural networks, and when the brain dies, consciousness disappears; Consciousness is produced by quantum effect; Consciousness is produced by the vibration effect of form; Consciousness exists independently of the brain; Spirit itself is a science.
[Edit this paragraph] Views on art and social ethics
Soul refers to a person's self-awareness, and sometimes also refers to a person's moral quality.
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