/kloc-which country became a maritime trading power in the 0/7th century? Solve. +Reason

The Netherlands17th century was called the "Dutch era", and the Netherlands became a "model country" and a "standard capitalist country" because many religions mainly involved in economic, cultural, scientific and social structures.

Starting from 1, 1568, seven Dutch provinces formed the Utrecht League, resisting the rule of King Philip II of Spain, and an 80-year war broke out. Before the low countries were completely defeated, a war broke out between England and Spain, forcing the Spanish army led by Philip II to stop moving forward. At this time, Philip II's army had occupied important trading cities such as Bruges and Ghent. Antwerp, the most important port in the world at that time, was captured by Spain in August 1585. At this time, the southern Netherlands (about Belgium today) was completely occupied by Spain. The Netherlands * * * and the Netherlands (today's Netherlands) fought until the signing of the Peace Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

The failure of South Holland led many Calvinist businessmen to flee to the north. Many people moved to Amsterdam and then to a small port. By the17th century, the rapidly developing Amsterdam has become one of the most important ports in the world. This migration can be called "building a new Antwerp". A large number of immigrants from Flanders and brabant were an important driving force of the Golden Age in the Netherlands.

In addition to a large number of immigrants from southern Netherlands, there are also a large number of refugees fleeing religious persecution, especially Sefadi Jews in Spain and Portugal, and Huguenots in France.

Several other factors also promoted the prosperity of trade, industry, art and science during this period. One of the factors is the supply of cheap energy such as wind power and peat, which can be transported to cities through canals. With the advent of sawmills, a large-scale fleet can be built to trade around the world, and it can also be infiltrated into military means to defend the country's economic interests.

Economically, it was 1602, and the Dutch East India Company was established, which was the first multinational company in history. The Dutch East India Company monopolized Asian trade for 200 years and became the largest commercial enterprise in17th century. The massive import of spices has brought huge profits. 1609, Amsterdam Stock Exchange was established, a century earlier than London Stock Exchange.

In Holland in the17th century, a person's social status mainly depends on his income. The nobles lost most of their privileges, and businessmen and money dominated the city. Clerics don't have much secular influence: the influence of Roman Catholicism has been suppressed since the 80-year war with Spain. The new Protestant movement split. This is completely different from neighboring countries whose social status has been decided from birth.

This is not to say that nobles have no social status. On the contrary, wealthy businessmen entered the aristocratic class by becoming landlords and obtaining shields or symbols. Nobles also have members from other classes. In order to match their status, they married their daughters to wealthy businessmen, or entered government agencies or military posts to earn salaries. Businessmen also began to attach importance to public office as a means to gain greater economic power and reputation. Universities become the way to enter public office. Rich businessmen and nobles let their sons travel in Europe. These young people are usually accompanied by a private scholar (preferably a scientist) to visit universities in European countries.

Then the middle class appeared, including Protestant priests, lawyers, doctors, small businessmen, entrepreneurs and employees of large state institutions. Small shopkeepers, specialized workers and craftsmen, and farmers are the lower classes. Even lower are skilled workers, room cleaners and other service personnel.

The bottom of the pyramid is the poor, that is, the proletariat after Marx. Many poor small farmers go to cities to look for opportunities to become beggars or temporary workers.

Because of the importance of wealth to social status, the division between classes is not obvious, and social mobility is more frequent than in other regions. Calvinism regards humility as an important virtue and reduces the importance of social differences. Although modern Dutch society is more secular, it is still regarded by many people as a society that pays great attention to equality. Science 4 sa

Because of the tolerant knowledge atmosphere, the Netherlands attracts scientists and thinkers from all over Europe. In particular, the famous Leiden University (founded by Dutch ruler William I in 1575 to thank Leiden for his fierce resistance to Spain in the 80-year War) became the meeting place for these people. Like the French philosopher Descartes, 1628 to 1649 lived in Leiden.

Dutch lawyers are famous for their knowledge of international maritime law and commercial law. Hugo grotius laid the foundation of international law. He put forward the concepts of "high seas" and "ocean freedom theory". In this regard, the Netherlands' main competitor in world trade, Britain, has raised a heated debate. He also put forward the law of conflict between countries in the book War and Peace Law.

Christiaan huygens is a famous mathematician, physicist and astronomer. He invented the pendulum clock, which was a big step towards telling the time accurately. His contribution to astronomy is to explain Saturn's rings. He also made contributions in the field of optics. The most famous scientist in the field of optics in the Netherlands is Levin Hooke, who improved the microscope (some people think he is the inventor) and established the foundation of microbiology.

Jan Levart, a Dutch water conservancy engineer, won a great victory against the sea for the Netherlands. He pumped out many lakes with windmills, which added quite a lot of land to China.

In addition, the tolerant atmosphere has also promoted the vigorous development of book publishers. Many religious, philosophical and scientific books that are considered controversial abroad are printed and published in the Netherlands and then secretly shipped to other countries. Therefore, the Netherlands and the United States became European publishing houses in the17th century.