About/kloc-Australia in the 0/9th century

The racial discrimination policy of British colonists to restrict the immigration of colored people to Australia. /kloc-gold mines were discovered in Australia in 1950s, and many non-British immigrants, including China, flocked to Australia to look for gold. The Victorian colonial authorities limited the number of China people who landed on each ship and imposed a high poll tax. 1860 At the beginning of the year, a gold mine was discovered in Bolangong, New South Wales, and a violent Chinese exclusion occurred during the gold rush. 188 1 year, the premier of NSW, H. Parks, called a joint meeting of Australian colonies to discuss the immigration problem in China, and all except Western Australia agreed to implement restrictive policies. /kloc-in the 1990s, the restrictions were extended to other colored people in the Pacific Islands. 190 1 year, the Australian federal government promulgated the Immigration Restriction Act, stipulating that all immigrants must pass the European language test. As a means to restrict the entry of colored people, the "White Australia" policy has been legally confirmed. 192 1 year promulgated the navigation law, prohibiting Australian coastal vessels from employing colored people. As of 1945, the term "white Australia policy" is no longer used in Australian official documents. 1958 promulgated a new immigration law to cancel the "language test". 1975 The Racial Discrimination Act was promulgated in June 10, which legally guarantees that all Australians are equal regardless of race, color and creed.

Australian immigration history

Turning over the history of Australia, people will find that the rise and fall of this country is inseparable from immigration. This is also one of the characteristics of Australia. Since 17881October 26th, when Captain Philip led the first batch of white Europeans to Australia, immigrants from all over the world with different colors and beliefs have been coming to this distant continent.

In the early days of British occupation of this continent, Australia was only an imperial prison for exiled prisoners and a wool supply place. Except those criminals who are forced by life to commit theft, the poor and those wanted by the police, most British people regard going to Australia as a shameful thing. People in the upper class feel that going there to live with those extremely ugly, savage and ignorant British aborigines and social scum has tarnished their image and dignity. Even people entrusted with heavy responsibilities by the imperial government came to this colony to discipline prisoners and cultivate land out of helplessness and necessity. But there is one exception, and that is adventurers. In order to seek excitement, or to win the Imperial Medal of Honor, they went there to explore and treasure, and even risked their lives, hoping to become heroes and millionaires one day and be immortal.

However, it was not until the beginning of19th century that white free immigrants began to immigrate to Australia. Since 1820, the British authorities have regarded New South Wales as the most suitable place for rich people to move in, and encouraged those indigenous people with rich background and noble morality to open up new horizons in Australia. At this time, some English hillbillies, Scottish sharecroppers and Irish farmers also began to immigrate to Australia, and soon became local gentlemen with land. Most of the early free immigrants lived in Sydney, Melbourne and Van Diemen (now Tasmania) in the colonial areas of New South Wales.

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Before the white Europeans came to Australia, there were many aborigines living in the mainland of Australia and Tasmania (then called the Vandimen area). They were divided into several tribes and lived a primitive life of hunting, gathering, self-sufficiency and living in groups. The arrival of white people broke the quiet life of the aborigines. By virtue of material civilization, whites reclaimed land, established residential areas, seized hunting grounds and fertile fields on which indigenous people depended for survival, and killed a large number of kangaroos. They drove the indigenous people out of their homes and forced them to live in poor areas. Not only that, some white immigrants make fun of and mock the aborigines. They gave wine to curious aborigines, and provoked drunken aborigines to fight and kill each other, while laughing at each other. They also often kidnap and kill innocent people. The aborigines began to take revenge out of despair. They turned from rejection to hatred for these strange white people and regarded them as demons. They sneaked into white residential areas and attacked single or small groups of white immigrants, so bloody conflicts frequently occurred.

1804 One day in May, a group of European white soldiers shot at the indigenous people who were hunting in the jungle near an indigenous residential area in Fandiemen, which caused the resistance of the indigenous people, and thus a 26-year-long war broke out between the whites and the indigenous people. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/830, Arthur, the governor of the Vatican, ordered all the indigenous people in this area to be driven to the jungle in the southeast of the island and destroyed. So thousands of white soldiers and immigrants formed a "black line", trying to surround the aborigines and exterminate them. This is the famous "black war" during the Australian colonial period. But Arthur's plan did not succeed. Indigenous people skillfully deal with whites by virtue of the jungle and their familiarity with the terrain; Even unexpectedly grabbed the weapons in the hands of white people and fought back in self-defense. During the whole war, only one indigenous woman and one indigenous child were caught by white people. The most direct consequence of the Black War was the hatred between immigrants and aborigines in the whole Australian colonial area, which made Governor mcquarrie's original efforts to make aborigines accept European civilization come to nothing.

The temptation of gold

Before the discovery of gold in Australia, the population of each colony was very small. 1788, when Captain Philip led the first batch of Europeans to come here, there were only 1000 people. By 1820, there will be only 20,000 people. Most of these people are prisoners exiled from the British Isles. They used selling their labor as collateral. Before 1830, the British government exiled 63,000 prisoners here, while the number of free immigrants from Britain was only14,000. 1850, the proportion of the above two types of immigrants changed, and free immigrants surpassed exiles for the first time, not only from Britain, but also from other countries. 185 1 year. On the eve of the discovery of gold in Australia, the total population of the whole colony was 50 1520 (excluding the indigenous people). 185 1 year, the news of the discovery of gold in Australia caused a sensation in the world, and gold prospectors, treasure hunters and immigrants from all over the world flocked to it. In England, Scotland and Ireland, people rushed to buy tickets for the Australian colonies. Even gold diggers from California came to Australia. The scope of immigration is no longer limited to the British Isles, but extends to the European continent, America, Asia and Pacific islands. The composition of immigrants is also very different from the past. Among them are speculators, businessmen, officials, adventurers, beggars and ordinary people. No matter how different their status and identity are, the purpose of their coming to Australia is very consistent: to go to Australia for gold and make a fortune! Some of them even gave up their comfortable living conditions and crossed the ocean to bring their families to this strange land.

From 185 1 to 186 1, the population of Australia has soared from over 500,000 to 168 149. The influx of immigrants changed Australia's social structure, brought labor, technology and capital to Australia, promoted the rapid development of colonial economy, and laid the foundation for the formation of Australia's political and economic structure later. 190 1 When the Federation was founded, the total population of Australia was 3.8 million, of which English accounted for 53%, Irish accounted for 23%, Scots accounted for 13%, and the rest were immigrants from other nationalities and Australian aborigines.

White Australia policy

The policy of White Australia was formed in the middle of19th century. 185 1 Australia discovered gold mines, which attracted a large number of overseas immigrants. This is the historical reason for this racial discrimination policy, and the direct reason is the influx of colored people, especially immigrants from China. Although immigrants from China do the hardest work, no one wants to do it, but their hard-working personality surprises European whites and causes envy and dissatisfaction among some whites. Therefore, the colonial authorities began to restrict the entry of China people, making things difficult and restricting Chinese workers coming to Australia in every way, and even persecuting them by violent means. The colonial authorities initially adopted the method of limiting the number of Chinese on board, and then imposed heavy taxes on China workers engaged in gold mining in Australia, depriving them of their labor income. Some white people even organized forces to fight in the residential area of Chinese workers, but the authorities turned a blind eye.

At the Australian colonial conference in 1896, some people put forward the nagel law to restrict the immigration of colored people, and some racists further put forward: "Australians want to build an independent, free, pure and white Australia. Australia should maintain the lofty concept of white Australia-an Australia as white as snow. "

At that time, Brisbane Worker, a newspaper in the colonial area of Queensland, reported: "Australia must get rid of the scourge of colored people, eliminate strikes, gain the reputation of having no poor people and no workhouse, and realize a government of the people, by the people and for the people. Otherwise, Australia will become a mixed country, plagued by ethnic disputes and devastated by industrial competition ... Australia intends to let the world see a complete continent under a flag, a country and a government for the first time in history. " This is the core content of the White Australia policy.

Before the establishment of the Federation, all colonial areas had laws and regulations that discriminated against people of color. 190 1 When the Federation was founded, the first immigration law imposed strict restrictions on people of color. In addition, the federal government also stipulates that all contracts or agreements signed on behalf of the federal government on parcel transportation are only allowed to hire white people; The names of any indigenous people from Australia, Asia and Pacific islands (except New Zealand) shall not be included in the electoral roll; The pension regulations prohibit the above-mentioned personnel from receiving disability pensions; It is forbidden for China people to live with whites; Australia prohibits colored people, indigenous people and mixed-race people from joining trade unions, and so on.

After World War II, many newly independent countries appeared in Asia, which have close relations with Australia. If we continue to implement the White Australia policy, it will be bad for Australia. International public opinion also believes that the White Australia policy violates the Charter of the United Nations and has a strong color of racial discrimination, which has a bad influence on Australia internationally. Therefore, there are more and more calls at home and abroad to change the policy of white Australia, and the federal government announced the abolition of the policy of white Australia on 1958. However, the Australian government is still cautious about the issue of colored immigrants. In order not to cause social dissatisfaction, the government has explained to the Australian people that some non-European immigrants have entered Australia, and these people account for a limited proportion of Australia's total population. Although there are more of them than before, maintaining the same race of Australian residents is still our basic goal. It can be seen that the Australian government and a considerable number of whites have reservations about abolishing the White Australia policy. 1972, the Labour government led by Whitlam came to power and announced that Australia would implement a non-discrimination policy on immigration. Since then, the White Australia policy has basically disappeared. However, since Australia is an immigrant country with white as the main ethnic group, it will take time to completely eradicate prejudice and discrimination against people of color.