Interest relationship of relevant subjects

Most of the national key governance areas are in the upper reaches of major rivers. These areas have harsh natural environment, backward economic development, low people's living standards and backward ideological and cultural quality. The purpose of establishing key control areas in these areas by the state is to "improve the ecological environment in soil erosion areas, improve local production conditions, improve people's production and living standards, strengthen the protection of control results, and create conditions for achieving a well-off society in an all-round way." The economic stakeholders closely related to key governance areas mainly include the central government, local governments in the region, residents in the region and micro-activities outside the region (downstream enterprises and local governments representing downstream residents). The above four focus on key governance areas and form a whole with closely related interests. Analyzing and coordinating their respective interests will help the governance area to develop better and faster.

I. Central Government

The central government is the planner of the governance area, so it is also the manager of the governance area. The governance objectives of each administrative region reflect the interests of the central government, and different types of administrative regions have different governance objectives, reflecting the diverse interests of the central government.

① The goal of the central government's governance in the black soil area of Northeast China is "implementing key governance in the black soil area will play an important role in protecting China's' Beidacang'", which reflects the central government's interest in protecting Beidacang and ensuring national food security.

② The central government's goal of harnessing rocky mountain areas is to curb the continuous destruction of the natural environment and serious soil erosion. This reflects that the central government's interest demand is to improve the natural conditions of the governance area and lay the foundation for the local people to develop their economy.

③ The main goal of the central government in the Loess Plateau is to control soil erosion and reduce sediment in downstream rivers and lakes; The second is to restore vegetation and improve the local ecological environment; The third is to strengthen the transformation of sloping farmland and the construction of basic farmland (mainly damming), improve local agricultural production and living conditions and promote economic development. This reflects that the central government's interest demand is to improve the natural environmental conditions in the governance area and lay a good foundation for the local agricultural economic development.

(4) The management objectives of the central government for the middle and upper reaches of rivers are: firstly, to reduce soil erosion caused by water erosion; The second is to prevent sediment deposition in the lower reaches of the river and enhance its flood control safety; The third is to control soil erosion in forest land and improve agricultural production conditions. This reflects that the central government's interests are to reduce soil erosion, improve the natural environment, provide conditions for agricultural and economic development in the governance area, and provide guarantee for flood control safety in the lower reaches of the river.

⑤ The reason why the central government set up the Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River is that the terrain in the Three Gorges reservoir area is undulating, the exposed area of easily weathered soft rock stratum is wide, the rainfall intensity is high, and the soil erosion is serious. The mountains along the reservoir area are steep, the ravines are vertical and horizontal, the rivers are vertical and horizontal, the gullies are developed, the terrain is broken, and the gravity erosion is serious, which should be treated. " This reflects that the interest of the central government is to improve the local ecological environment and provide guarantee for the safe operation of the Three Gorges Project.

On the whole, the central government's interest appeal is at the macro level, based on a region or a river basin, and the governance areas are mostly located in economically underdeveloped areas and do not have the conditions and funds for their own governance, so the central government should provide the main part of compensation for the governance areas.

Second, local governments.

During the continuous existence of key governance areas, local governments, as managers of central policy implementation, actively carried out soil erosion prevention and control work in governance areas, making positive contributions to improving the ecological environment. The external benefits of this contribution are enjoyed by governments, enterprises and residents outside the region, so they should be compensated. At the same time, in order to strengthen the protection of the ecological environment, local governments in key governance areas have abandoned the development of industrial enterprises that have caused great damage to the environment, thus affecting economic development. The ecological and environmental benefits brought by giving up economic benefits are also shared by many governments, enterprises and residents outside the region. As losers, local governments should get corresponding economic compensation. This kind of compensation is mainly provided by the central government, governments outside the region and enterprises outside the region.

Heihe river basin is an important ecological barrier in China and plays a vital role in the construction of ecological security system in the basin. In recent years, scientific research on ecological compensation for hydropower development has been actively carried out in Heihe River Basin, and theoretical achievements of ecological compensation for hydropower development have made some breakthroughs. The evaluation method and technical selection of ecological compensation in Heihe River Basin have been put forward, and the subject, object, compensation method, compensation standard and compensation principle of ecological compensation in Heihe River Basin have been defined, and the compensation network has been constructed. On this basis, a coordinated operation mechanism of hydropower resources development and ecological environment protection is established, which is "decision-making monitoring by the central people's government, coordinated operation by provincial governments, local governments in reservoir areas as the mainstay, reasonable burden by development companies and extensive participation of local public". The establishment of this mechanism has played a positive role in promoting the ecological environment protection in Heihe River Basin.

Third, the residents of this area.

As mentioned earlier, enterprises and residents in the governance area, as victims, not only lost their original economic sources, but also changed their original way of life and production, so they should not only get corresponding economic compensation, but also get compensation for changing their lifestyles. At the same time, as builders, residents in the governance area have paid their own labor and resources for the implementation of national policies, contributed to environmental governance, and should be rewarded.

For example, there are four ways of resettlement compensation for key protected areas in the Three Gorges reservoir area:

(1) It is the key for reservoir migrants to adapt to the market economy to choose compensation for science and technology and improve their scientific and technological quality. The quality of reservoir immigrants in China is mostly low, which can not adapt to the environment of market economy system. In order to change this point as soon as possible, the feasible way is to import science and technology to immigrants, so that immigrants with certain cultural qualities can master one or two practical technologies and enhance their "hematopoietic function." The investment in science and technology is low in cost and quick in effect, which can not only widely develop the economic resources in the reservoir area, but also develop the human resources, which is conducive to the development of immigrants. The improvement of immigrants' scientific and technological quality, in turn, accelerates the growth of immigrants' scientific and technological investment and compensation benefits, and enables immigrants to achieve a virtuous circle under the market economy system.

(2) Implement the policy inclination and expand the employment scope of immigrants. The state uses policy levers to "send" immigrants into the market economy, thus stabilizing immigrants and improving their living standards. Priority can be given to the following four preferential policies: ① employment policy. Large and medium-sized water conservancy projects generally need a lot of labor, and immigrants themselves are a labor resource pool. For rural immigrants with low scientific and technological quality, participating in the construction, relocation and building materials production of water conservancy projects and resettlement projects will not lose a good employment opportunity. Priority should be given to recruiting immigrant labor force in water conservancy project construction. ② Industrial policy. The state arranges some labor-intensive projects in the reservoir area in a planned way, and more importantly, it uses the lever of industrial policy to realize industrial grafting between the coastal areas and the reservoir area, and encourages some labor-intensive enterprises to expand their business in the reservoir area. Food processing, forestry and tourism are selectively regarded as the pillar industries of economic development in enterprise reservoir areas, and preferential policies are given. ③ Personnel training. Using the education policy, the state allocated a small amount of immigrant funds to train talents for the reservoir area. Students come from immigrant children, and the trained talents return to work in the reservoir area. On the one hand, it can solve the employment problem of immigrants, fully tap the intellectual resources of immigrants, and make the immigrant funds play the greatest social benefits. ④ Policies to attract investment. Attracting more investment to engage in economic construction in the reservoir area is an important channel to solve the problem of immigrant development. The state should give preferential policies to the reservoir area and form a relaxed investment environment. The country's financial policy, fiscal policy and tax policy should take this into account.

(3) Multi-channel resettlement should be suitable for agriculture, forestry, industry and business. Reservoir immigrants should give full play to the advantages of natural resources and labor resources in the reservoir area according to the actual situation, and resettle immigrants through multiple channels on the basis of stabilizing their living standards.

(4) Establish a social security system for immigrants. The reservoir area is generally a place with relatively many natural disasters, such as wind disaster, hail disaster and flood. What should I do if the resettlement project is destroyed during natural disasters? On the other hand, market economy has strong risks, and low-quality reservoir immigrants run enterprises with greater risks. In order to avoid the unrest in immigrant areas caused by the above situation, the feasible way is to establish and improve the social security system for immigrants and stabilize immigrants through social security.

Fourth, the flow direction of compensation current

Figure 7- 1 Flow direction of compensation current