What did Qin Shihuang rely on to strengthen centralization and ideological unity?

After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he took a series of important measures to strengthen his rule over the empire:

Military aspects:

Qin Shihuang was able to destroy the six countries in ten years because of his powerful combat troops and superhuman military strategy.

1. Qin Jun has the following characteristics: 1). Strict discipline. The ranks of the army, law and criminal law reached an unprecedented height at that time. 2). The rewards and punishments are clear. No dynasty can reach the level of the Qin Dynasty. 3). Larger institutions. More than one million. 4). Better weapons production. The size of weapons in different eras is basically the same. The strongest crossbowman in China's history came from the Qin Dynasty. Qin crossbow is different from ordinary bows, and it can only be wound with the help of the whole body. Experts estimate that the range of this Qin crossbow should be 300 meters, and the effective killing distance is within 150 meters. The lethality of Qin crossbow was much higher than that of any kind of bow at that time. He can easily penetrate ordinary armor. Qin Jun used this crossbow to drive Huns to the north of the Yellow River in a short time. Qin Jun also has a heavy infantry equipped with heavy spears. Since 1974 discovered the Terracotta Warriors and Horses, archaeologists have found a 6.3-meter-long spear handle, which is close to 7 meters with a spear point, and is used to horizontally raise a phalanx to charge. The overwhelming force is invincible. 5). There are also unborn talented generals. Qin people brought us several shocking names: Bai Qi, Meng Tian, Meng Kuo, Wang Jian and Wang Ben. Maybe we can still see their shadows on the faces of the terracotta warriors and horses in the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang today.

2. In terms of military strategy, there are mainly: 1). The guiding ideology of war is split and disintegrated. In order to destroy the six countries, Ying Zheng adopted a strategy of combining political disintegration with military strikes. It pays attention to the use of space, buys the ministers of the six countries with huge sums of money, disrupts their strategies, disintegrates their fighting spirit and alienates their good men. According to the development of the war situation, it changed from nibbling to swallowing them, concentrating its strength and alienating them. Counties must be set up to ensure the consolidation of land and the cohesion of the people, and to ensure the smooth progress of the unified war. 2) The idea of building a wall to guard the border and moving people to the real border. After Ying Zheng defeated the Huns, he ordered Meng Tian to preside over the construction of the Great Wall, add pavilions and pavilions, connect thousands of miles of the old Great Wall of Yan, Zhao and Qin, build a straight road, station troops in important places, immigrate people to the real border, and enrich the border counties. It has played a positive role in the development and defense of the frontier. 3) the overall strategy of the whole people, that is, people regardless of age, regardless of the north and south, has pushed all those who can participate in the war to the front line of the war. The strength of Qin State is not only created by the army itself, but the whole war system of Qin State ensures the supply of military necessities such as rations and weapons in Qin Jun more effectively than other six countries. After Qin unified the whole country, it did not stop. Instead, we will continue to maintain effective strategic deployment of the country's overall war and continue to expand the army during the war. The army under the control of the central government once reached 6.5438+0.6 million, which did not include a large number of guards in charge of royal security and soldiers from various counties and countries under the command of local material officials.

Economically:

1. In 2 16 BC, Qin Shihuang issued the order of "making the first place in Guizhou a solid field", which confirmed the private ownership of land.

Qin Shihuang's reform unified the original chaotic weights and measures, taking the weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang as the standard.

3. Abolish the common currency of the six countries, unify the currencies used, and use Qin "half Liang" money as the currency in circulation.

4. Based on the common characters of Qin State, Li Si was ordered to simplify, formulate and promulgate the characters, and unified them.

5. Qin Dynasty also made great contributions to the establishment of a unified postal system. Qin dynasty unified the different names of "Qi", "Qi" and "Jia" as "Hou". Since then, "postal service" has become the proper term of communication system. In the Qin dynasty, "post" was responsible for the delivery of long-distance official documents and letters, and was used for short-distance use.

6. Improve manufacturing technology. The bronze smelting and casting technology in Qin dynasty is the inheritance of bronze casting art in Shang and Zhou dynasties, but it has developed greatly. Its smelting and casting technology reached a very high level, which was a peak in the ancient metallurgical history of China. It has reached an amazing level in bronze smelting and casting technology, welding, metal cold working and assembly technology, which shows that science and technology have made great progress since Qin Shihuang unified the whole country.

Ideologically:

Burning books and burying Confucianism is a clean-up of China culture. In order to curb people's thoughts and accept Lisi's suggestion, all the history books, agricultural books, divination books and medical books except Qin Shi were ordered to be burned, and all the classics collected by private people and scholars in China and the classics contended by a hundred schools of thought were also burned by the government, which was called "burning books". There were two alchemists named Lu Sheng and Hou Sheng who spoke ill of Qin Shihuang behind his back. When Qin Shihuang learned about it, he sent someone to catch them. They had already escaped. Qin Shihuang was furious and found that some Confucian scholars in Xianyang also talked about him together. Qin Shihuang arrested those Confucian scholars for interrogation. Confucian scholars can't stand the torture and give up many people casually. Qin Shihuang ordered them.

As far as political power is concerned:

1. Qin Shihuang changed the traditional title of emperor. Qin Shihuang thought his contribution was higher than that of Huang Sanhe and Wudi, and finally called the emperor and the emperor "emperors". Like the Western Zhou Dynasty, the emperor mastered the state power, instead of enfeoffing the governors and managing various places, which led to the governors acting in their own way and the central government being unable to control it, leading to chaos in the world. In order to maintain the dignity of the emperor, the name was also stipulated: the emperor claimed to use it. This decree is called "imperial edict". The emperor's seal is made of jade, called the jade seal. Moreover, only the emperor's seal can be called a seal. At the same time, the emperor's wife is called "the queen", his father is called "the emperor's father" and his mother is called "the empress dowager".

Qin Shihuang reformed the central political system. There are three officials and nine ministers under the emperor: the three officials are the prime minister, Qiu and the imperial historian. The prime minister is the chief executive, who assists the emperor in handling government affairs and is also responsible for managing civil and military officials. Qiu is the highest military and political officer in charge of military affairs, but he has no military power at ordinary times. In wartime, he has to obey the emperor's orders and needs the emperor to mobilize the army. In fact, the military power is also in the hands of the emperor. The censor is responsible for supervising officials and is also the deputy prime minister. Imperial edicts are generally transferred from the imperial censor to the prime minister for execution. The following are Jiuqing: Feng Chang, in charge of ancestral temple etiquette; Langzhongling, responsible for conveying the emperor's orders and the emperor's guards; Wei Yan, the chief bodyguard of the imperial court, is responsible for the daily guards of the emperor's residence; Servants, whose main job is to serve the emperor and take charge of his chariots and horses; Ting Wei, in charge of national judicial affairs, is responsible for hearing major cases; Temple branch, responsible for the country's external affairs and internal minority affairs; Living in Zheng Zheng is an official who specializes in royal affairs; Manage the internal history of Xiaomi, manage the central finance, and be responsible for the national tax work; Shaofu was the emperor's private financial official, who managed all the Yamazawa Lake and palace handicrafts of the emperor.

3. At the local level, the important measure to strengthen the centralization of monarchy is to implement the county system. This is a historic change in the local political system, replacing the original feudal system. In setting up counties, officials were appointed and governed by the emperor himself, and the power of recall was also in the hands of the emperor. This will make the world stable for a long time, and the political power will always be in the hands of the central emperor. Qin Shihuang established 36 counties all over the country, and there were counties under them. The county magistrate is the director, and there are two county magistrates. One is a county magistrate (more than 10 thousand) and the other is a county magistrate (less than 10 thousand). Below the county level are Xiang, Ting, Li, Shi and Wu, which is a paramilitary management system. Five grass-roots units are a unit, and the sergeant is in charge. More importantly, it consists of 10 people, and the sergeant is in charge. The Qin dynasty was very strict with officials and made many laws to punish them. Officials break the law, unlike the west. On the contrary, the punishment was aggravated. This made the bureaucratic system of the Qin Dynasty very clear and the government's work efficiency was extremely high. At that time, officials were strictly required to be familiar with the law, but it also gave them a high status, not only in political status, but also in the study of law, that is, "taking officials as teachers."

Besides the political system reform, Qin Shihuang also took a series of measures to consolidate centralized rule. First, he built the Great Wall. Qin Shihuang ordered the demolition of the original capitals of the six countries and the Great Wall they built, and then unified the construction of the Great Wall to resist the Xiongnu in the north. Qin Changcheng starts from Lintao (now Min County, Gansu Province) in the west, reaches Liaodong (now Datong River area) in the east, and reaches Wan Li from east to west. Second, he confiscated all the weapons in the world. Each one has a weight of 240,000 Jin to prevent people from making trouble in the world. Third, build an official road, that is, Chidao. With Xianyang as the center, * * * built three roads, and journey to the south leads to Inner Mongolia, which is called the straight road. One leads to Hebei and Shandong in the east, until the seaside. The other leads to the two lakes in the south and Jiangsu. The equator is fifty paces wide, and a pine tree is planted every three feet on both sides. It is conducive to the strengthening of centralization and the timely transmission of government decrees. Fourth, in order to eradicate the rebellion of the descendants of the previous six countries, Qin Shihuang moved the noble descendants and the rich to Xianyang, which was convenient for monitoring and prospered the capital economy. Fifth, the opening of South Vietnam made China's territory include Guangdong and Guangxi today, and even extended to northern Vietnam today, making China the largest empire in the world at that time.

Qin Shihuang, the first emperor in China, is a legendary and epoch-making figure in the history of China. His actions, such as unifying the world, calling himself emperor, abolishing feudalism, setting up counties, selling weapons, moving wealth, overcoming difficulties, conquering Xiongnu, dredging ditches, sharing the same track with cars, sharing books and laws, are of great significance to the reunification of the country. In this respect, he can be called "an emperor through the ages". However, Qin Shihuang's autocracy, exorbitant taxes and harsh punishments not only led to the demise of the Qin Dynasty after the reunification of China 15, but also led to the autocratic monarchy of China for more than 2,000 years, which made the people of China live an unbearable inhuman life for a long time. We shouldn't just defend Qin Shihuang's role as a tyrant. In a word, Qin Shihuang was the first person to unify the whole country. On the one hand, he is an autocratic tyrant, which just proves the fact that human nature is three-dimensional. Evaluating a historical figure is not one-sided, but should be discussed from multiple angles, so as to restore the true colors of historical figures. Capsule 20 14- 10-24