The formation reasons of Huguang filling Sichuan

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the fire of the Red Scarf Army peasant uprising burned everywhere. Ming Yu Zhen, a subordinate of Xu Shouhui, led the army into Bashu, and later claimed to be the King of Gansu and Shu in Chongqing. Later, he changed his yuan and proclaimed himself emperor, and established Daxia State. Ming Yuzhen was a native of Suizhou, Huguang (now Suixian, Hubei), and his troops were basically farmers in Hubei. Ming Yuzhen not only brought hundreds of thousands of troops, but also brought a large number of farmers with less land and more people into Bashu area with less population and less land to cultivate agriculture. This should be the beginning of the famous "Huguang fills Sichuan". For example, in the Preface to Liu's Genealogy, it is said: "During the chaos of the Yuan Dynasty, Hunan people often came to Shu together" (see Volume 4 of Yi Weng's Family Collection). Yu Zhen's "Daxia" regime in the Ming Dynasty only existed for two generations and nine years, and was unified by the Ming Dynasty established by Zhu Yuanzhang. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Huguang immigrants continued to flow into Sichuan. In the 14th year of Hongwu in Ming Taizu (138 1), the population of Sichuan increased to1460,000, and foreign immigrants, especially Huguang immigrants, accounted for the main part of the population increase in this period. As Wang Weixian's "Nine Immortals Memorial" in Volume 5 of Guangxu's Tongchuan Official Records said: "Yuan Fa, wherever the army and horses come, only those who do something will be slaughtered. Shu people such as Yu Jie and Yang Li can't survive, and Sichuan suffers alone. Zhongjiang County was opened in the early Ming Dynasty, with seven or eight indigenous households and the rest from other provinces. " These immigrants will soon become Sichuanese. In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), Dedi Zhang, the governor of Sichuan, recorded a review of the elders in Sichuan in an essay: "Chachuan Province is a relic, and most of its ancestral homes are Huguang people. The old people who visited the countryside said that every time Sichuan was robbed in the past, there would be no soil, and mainlanders had no choice but to fill in the place. " (Historical Materials of Ming and Qing Dynasties, 10th edition, Book of the Ministry of Housing, 20071/month16th) So-called "Huguang filling Sichuan", a large-scale immigration movement began in this way, and reached its first climax in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

This is a long-term immigration movement that lasted until the end of Yuan Dynasty, the beginning of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty. Compared with historical truth, folklore has obvious expansion and rendering, and there are also some deviations. The historical event of "Zhang suppressed Sichuan" also happened. Compared with historical facts, folklore is somewhat wrong and distorted. See Yuan Tingdong: Biography of Zhang, Sichuan People's Publishing House, 198 1 edition. If these deviations or mistakes are excluded, we can see that the so-called "Huguang filling Sichuan" is a great integration of population and culture over the years, which has had a great impact on the development of Bashu history.

Eight or nine out of ten Sichuanese are not Sichuanese, and most of them are descendants of Huguang immigrants. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Sichuan had a population of nearly 10 million. By 1234, the Mongols invaded and the Song Dynasty perished, and the population consumption was reduced by more than half. 1282, there were only 600,000 people left in Sichuan. 1362, Suizhou Ming Yu Zhen established Xia State in Chongqing, and many Chu people entered Sichuan. 137 1 year, the Ming army destroyed Xia Hou and continued to emigrate in large numbers. It didn't come to an end until 140 1 There were about 4 million people in Sichuan in the late Ming Dynasty. In the large-scale war, people kept fighting with saws, and bodies were everywhere. Plague came with the war, and "big head plague", "horse eye plague", "horseshoe plague", plague and natural disasters followed. China's population has dropped sharply, and its cultivated land is barren. Under this specific historical condition, in order to solve the problems of labor force and grain production in Sichuan, the Qing Dynasty adopted the measures of "reclaiming land for wasteland", and ten immigrants from Yu Sheng, such as Hubei and Hunan, settled in Sichuan one after another, with Hubei and Hunan being the most. According to statistics, this migration lasted for more than 100 years, and the number of people entering Sichuan was about one million, of which Hubei and Hunan provinces each accounted for half. Among the immigrants in Hubei Province, Macheng immigrants occupy an important position.

The reason why Sichuan has to "fill in" is because the population is extremely sparse and needs to be enriched. Sichuan suffered the most from the 30 years of war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. 1644, Zhang led a peasant uprising and entered Sichuan. /kloc-proclaimed himself emperor and established political power in 0/2, with the title of "Daxi" and Chengdu as "Xijing". Sichuan became the land of four wars: the Ming army killed indiscriminately, the Qing army killed indiscriminately, the local strongmen killed indiscriminately, the rural hooligans killed indiscriminately, and Zhang was also suspected of killing indiscriminately. Then the war between Nanming and Qing army; And Wu Sangui's war with the Qing army after anti-Qing. The people of Sichuan have suffered wars and massacres again and again. According to official statistics, there are only 70,000 people left in 1668 Chengdu, Sichuan. In some counties, the loss rate of registered permanent residence is only 10% or 20% of the original population. The remaining population of Sichuan Province is about 600,000.