Thesis title: Qin Shihuang strengthened centralization

After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he took a series of important measures to strengthen his rule over the empire: militarily, Qin Shihuang was able to destroy the six countries within ten years because of his powerful combat troops and superhuman military strategy. Qin Jun has the following characteristics: 1). Strict discipline. The ranks of the army, law and criminal law reached an unprecedented height at that time. 2). rewards and punishments are clear. No dynasty can reach the level of the Qin Dynasty. 3). Greater preparation. More than one million. 4). Better weapons production. The weapons of different times are basically the same size, and crossbows are one of the best weapons against cavalry. The strongest crossbowman in China's history came from the Qin Dynasty. Unlike ordinary bows, Qin crossbows can only be wound with the help of the whole body. Experts estimate that the range of this Qin crossbow should reach 300 meters, and the effective killing distance is within 150 meters. The lethality of Qin crossbow was much higher than that of any kind of bow at that time, and it could easily penetrate ordinary armor. Qin Jun used this crossbow to drive Huns to the north of the Yellow River in a short time. Qin Jun also has a heavy infantry equipped with heavy spears. Since the discovery of terracotta warriors and horses in 1974, archaeology. 5). There is an unborn genius general. Qin people have brought us some shocking names: Bai Qi, Meng Tian, Meng Kuo, Wang Jian, Wang Ben ... Maybe we can still see their shadows from the terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum today. 2. In terms of military strategy, there are mainly: 1). The guiding ideology of disintegration and destruction war. In order to destroy the six countries, Ying Zheng adopted a strategy of combining political disintegration with military strikes. Pay attention to the use of space, buy off the ministers of the six countries with heavy money, disrupt their strategies, disintegrate their fighting spirit and alienate their good generals. According to the development of the war situation, nibbling gradually turned into swallowing whales, concentrating forces to destroy each other and quickly destroying the six countries. In the war, there must be counties for every piece of land, so as to ensure the consolidation of the land and the cohesion of the people from the organization and ensure the smooth progress of the unified war. 2). The frontier defense thought of building walls and guarding borders, and migrating people's solid borders. After beating away the Huns, Ying Zheng ordered Meng Tian to preside over the construction of the Great Wall, add pavilions and pavilions, connect the old Great Wall of Yan, Zhao and Qin, stretch for thousands of miles, and build a straight road, heavily stationed. Immigrants actually think this is a barrier to the north. At the same time, large-scale immigration enriched border counties and played a positive role in the development and defense of border areas. 3). Overall national strategy. That is, regardless of age, north and south, everyone who can participate in the war has been pushed to the front line of the war. The strength of Qin State is not only created by the army itself, but the whole war system of Qin State ensures the supply of military necessities such as rations and weapons in Qin Jun more effectively than other six countries. After the reunification of the whole country, the state of Qin did not stop, but continued to maintain an effective strategic deployment of the country's overall war during the war and continued to expand its army. The army controlled by the central government once reached 6.5438+0.6 million, which did not include a large number of guards in charge of royal security and soldiers from various counties and countries under the command of local material officials. Economically: 1. In 2 16 BC, Qin Shihuang issued the order of "making the first place in Guizhou a real field", which confirmed the private ownership of land. 2. Qin Shihuang's reform unified the original chaotic weights and measures, taking the weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang as the standard. 3. Abolish the common currency of the six countries, unify the currencies used, and use Qin "half Liang" money as the currency in circulation. 4. Based on the common characters of Qin State, Li Si was ordered to simplify, formulate and promulgate the characters, and unified them. 5. Qin Dynasty also made great contributions to the establishment of a unified postal system. In the Qin Dynasty, different names such as "Qi", "Qi" and "Jia" were all called "Hou". Since then, "post" has become a proper term for communication systems. In the Qin dynasty, "post" was responsible for the delivery of long-distance official documents and letters, while "step delivery" was adopted at close range, that is, sending people to deliver them on foot. In the way of postal delivery, most documents in the Qin Dynasty were relayed, and along the fixed route stipulated by the government, the person in charge of postal delivery was relayed station by station. 6. Promote the manufacturing process. The bronze smelting and casting process in Qin dynasty is the inheritance of bronze casting art in Shang and Zhou dynasties, but it has developed greatly. Its smelting and casting technology has reached a very high level, which is a comprehensive period in the ancient metallurgical history of China. No matter in bronze smelting and casting technology, or in welding, metal cold working and assembly technology, it has reached an amazing level, which shows that science and technology have made great progress since Qin Shihuang unified the whole country. Ideological aspect: burning books and burying Confucianism, purging Chinese culture. In order to curb people's thoughts and accept Li Si's suggestion, all historical books, agricultural books, divination books and medical books except Qin Shi were ordered to be burned, and all the classics and hundreds of classics collected by the people and scholars in the country were also burned by the government, which is called "burning books". Because the people and scholars are dissatisfied, the speech is flying all over the sky. There are two alchemists (people who seek immortality and refine the elixir) named Lu Sheng and Hou Sheng, who speak ill of Qin Shihuang behind his back. When Qin Shihuang learned about it, he sent someone to catch them. They had already escaped. Qin Shihuang was greatly annoyed and found that some Confucian scholars in Xianyang also talked about him together. Qin Shihuang arrested those Confucian scholars for interrogation. Confucian scholars can't stand the torture and give up many people casually. Qin Shihuang ordered more than 460 people to be arrested, taken to Lishan Valley and killed, that is, buried alive. Because most of these people are Confucian scholars, they are called "pit Confucianism" by later generations. The rest of the banned Confucian scholars were exiled to the border. Regime: 1. Qin Shihuang changed the traditional title of emperor. Qin Shihuang thought his contribution was higher than that of Huang Sanhe and Wudi, and finally called the emperor and the emperor "emperors". The emperor controlled the state power of the whole country, instead of enfeoffing governors and managing various places like the Western Zhou Dynasty, which led to the independence of governors and the uncontrollable central government, leading to chaos in the world. In order to maintain the dignity of the emperor, the name was also stipulated: the emperor claimed to use "I", the emperor's life was called "system" and the order was called "imperial decree". The emperor's seal is made of jade, called the jade seal. Only the emperor's seal can be called a seal. At the same time, the emperor's wife is called "the queen", his father is called "the emperor's father" and his mother is called "the empress dowager". Qin Shihuang reformed the central political system. Under the emperor, there are three officials and nine ministers: the three officials are the prime minister, Qiu and the imperial historian. The prime minister is the chief executive, who assists the emperor in handling government affairs and is also responsible for managing civil and military officials. Qiu is the highest military and political chief in charge of military affairs, but he has no military power at ordinary times and has to obey the emperor's orders in wartime. Moreover, he needed the emperor's Jeff to mobilize the army, and the military power was actually in the hands of the emperor. The inspector is responsible for supervising officials and is also the deputy prime minister. Imperial edicts are generally handed over to the prime minister for execution by the imperial censor. Under the three fairs is Jiuqing: Feng Chang, who is in charge of ancestral temple etiquette; Langzhongling, responsible for conveying the emperor's orders and the emperor's guards; Wei Yan, the chief bodyguard of the imperial court, is responsible for the daily guards of the emperor's residence; Servants, whose main job is to serve the emperor and take charge of his chariots and horses; Ting Wei, in charge of national judicial affairs, is responsible for hearing major cases; Temple branch, responsible for the country's external affairs and internal minority affairs; Living in Zheng Zheng is an official who specializes in royal affairs; Manage the internal history of Xiaomi, manage the central finance, and be responsible for the national tax work; Shaofu was the emperor's private financial official, who managed all the Yamazawa Lake and palace handicrafts of the emperor. 3. At the local level, an important measure to strengthen the centralization of monarchy is to implement the county system. This is a historic change in the local political system, replacing the original enfeoffment system. The establishment of counties and counties was governed by officials appointed by the emperor himself, and the power of recall was also manipulated by the emperor. This will make the world stable for a long time, and the political power will always be in the hands of the central emperor. Qin Shihuang set up 36 counties in the country, with counties under it. The county magistrate is the county magistrate. The chief executive of a county has two names, one is the county magistrate (above 10,000 households) and the other is the county magistrate (below 10,000 households). Below the county level are Xiang, Ting, Li, Shi and Wu, which is a paramilitary management system. Five grassroots people are a unit, and the corporal is responsible. What is made up of ten, and who is in charge. The management of officials in the Qin Dynasty was very strict, and many laws were enacted to punish officials. Officials who break the law don't enjoy the privilege like the Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, "they can't be punished as doctors", but they increase the punishment. This made the bureaucracy of the Qin Dynasty very clear and the efficiency of the government extremely high. It is very strict for officials to be familiar with the law, but it also gives them a high status, not only political status, but also legal study, that is, "taking officials as teachers." In addition to the political system reform, Qin Shihuang also took a series of measures to consolidate centralized rule. First, build the Great Wall. Qin Shihuang ordered the demolition of the original capitals of the six countries and the Great Wall they built, and then built the Great Wall to resist the Xiongnu in the north. Qin Changcheng starts from Lintao (now Min County, Gansu Province) in the west, east to Liaodong (now Datong River area), and east to Wan Li. Second, confiscate the weapons of the world, and then melt them into twelve huge copper men, each with 240 thousand Jin, to prevent the world from making trouble. Third, build official roads, that is, relax roads. With Xianyang as the center, * * * has built three roads, one of which reaches Inner Mongolia in the north, which is called the straight road. One leads to Hebei and Shandong in the east, until the sea. One goes south, connecting the two lakes and Jiangsu. The equator is fifty paces wide, and a pine tree is planted every three feet on both sides. The establishment of the equator has greatly shortened the time of information dissemination, which is conducive to the strengthening of centralization and the timely transmission of government decrees. Fourth, in order to eradicate the rebellion of the descendants of the six countries, Qin Shihuang moved the descendants and the rich to Xianyang, which was convenient for monitoring and prospered the capital economy. Fifth, develop South Vietnam, so that China's territory includes today's Guangdong and Guangxi, and even extends to today's northern Vietnam. China became the largest empire in the world at that time-Qin Shihuang was the first emperor of China and an epoch-making figure with great legend in the history of China. What he did, such as merging the world, calling himself emperor, abolishing feudalism, setting up counties, selling weapons, moving rich households, removing obstacles, conquering Baiyue, driving away Huns, dredging ditches, being on the same track with cars and classmates, and so on, had a great impact on the great unity of the country, the establishment of China's political system, the establishment of China's territory and the inheritance of the Chinese nation. In this respect, however, Qin Shihuang's autocratic dictatorship, exorbitant taxes and harsh laws not only led to the demise of the Qin Dynasty in 15 after the reunification of China, but also led to the autocratic monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, which made the people of China live an unbearable inhuman life for a long time. We should not just defend Qin Shihuang, a tyrant. In a word, Qin Shihuang was an "emperor through the ages" who created a unified situation, and an arbitrary "tyrant" on the other hand, which just confirmed the fact that human nature was three-dimensional. The evaluation of a historical figure is not one-sided, and it is necessary to discuss it from multiple angles in order to return the true face of a historical figure.