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1. We can read what happened in the Near East 5000 years ago, where people first learned to write.

We can read what happened in the Near East 5000 years ago, where people first learned to write.

But in some parts of the world, even now people can't write.

But until now, people still can't write in some parts of the world.

The only way for them to preserve history is to tell it as a legend-a legend handed down from generation to generation.

The only way for them to preserve history is to tell it as a legend, and the narrator will describe historical facts as legendary stories from generation to generation.

These legends are very useful because they can tell us something about people's migration a long time ago.

These legends are very useful because they tell us something about the immigrants who lived here a long time ago.

But no one can write down what they did.

But no one can write it down.

6. Anthropologists want to know where the distant ancestors of Polynesians living on Pacific islands came from.

Anthropologists don't know where the ancestors of Polynesians living on Pacific islands came from.

7. The legends of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2000 years ago.

Local legends tell people that some of them moved here from Indonesia about 2000 years ago.

But the first people like us lived a long time ago, and even their legends, if any, have been forgotten.

However, primitive people like us have lived for too long, so the legend about them has been lost even now.

9. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them find out where the first "modern people" came from.

Therefore, archaeologists lack historical records and oral legends to help them find out where the earliest "modern people" came from.

10. Fortunately, however, ancient people made stone tools, especially flint.

Fortunately, however, ancient people used stones to make tools, especially flint.

1 1. Because it is easier to form than other kinds.

Because flint is easier to form than other stones.

12. They may have used wood and animal skins, but these have rotted.

They may have used wood and hides, but these things have long rotted away.

13. Stones don't rot, so tools from a long time ago still exist, even though the bones of the people who made them have disappeared without a trace.

Stones do not rot. Therefore, although the bones of the people who made these tools have long since disappeared, the ancient stone tools have been preserved.

Text 2 Don't hurt spiders

14. You may ask, why are spiders our friends?

You may wonder how spiders can be our friends.

15. Because they have destroyed so many insects, and insects include some of mankind's greatest enemies.

Because they can destroy so many insects, including some of mankind's great enemies,

16. Insects will make it impossible for us to survive in this world;

Insects will make it impossible for us to live on the earth,

17. They will devour all our crops and kill our cattle and sheep.

Insects will devour all our crops and kill our cattle and sheep.

18. Without the protection of insect-eating animals.

If humans are not protected by some insect-eating animals,

19. We are very grateful to the birds and animals that feed on insects, but the number of insects they kill together is only a small part of the number of insects killed by spiders.

We are grateful to those birds and animals that eat insects, but the insects they kill together are only a small part of what spiders have destroyed.

Besides, unlike some other insect-eating animals, spiders never hurt us or our belongings.

In addition, spiders are different from other insect-eating animals. They won't hurt us or our property at all.

2 1. Spiders are not insects as many people think, and even have nothing to do with insects.

Many people think that spiders are insects, but in fact spiders are not insects, or even have nothing to do with insects.

22. People can tell the difference almost at a glance.

People can tell the difference almost at a glance,

23. Because spiders always have eight legs, while insects never have more than six.

Because spiders have eight legs, and insects never have more than six legs.

24. How many spiders do this work for us?

How many spiders are working for us?

25. An authority on spiders made statistics on spiders in the grasslands of southern England.

An authority on spiders made a survey of spiders on lawns in southern England.

26. He estimated that there were more than 2.25 million animals in an acre;

He estimated that there were more than 2.25 million spiders per acre of lawn.

27. There are about 6 million different kinds of spiders on a football field.

In other words, there are about 6 million different kinds of spiders on a football field.

Spiders spend at least half a year killing insects.

Spiders have been busy eating insects for at least six months.

29. It is impossible to know how many people they killed except the craziest guess.

It's hard for us to guess how many insects they killed a year.

30. But they are hungry animals and are not satisfied with three meals a day.

They are hungry animals and are not satisfied with three meals a day.

3 1. It is estimated that in Britain, the weight of all insects destroyed by spiders in one year will exceed the total weight of all people in this country.

It is estimated that the weight of insects killed by spiders in Britain in one year exceeds the total weight of the country's population.

Text 3 Mountain people in Matoon

32. Modern mountaineers try to climb the mountain by a route that can bring them pleasure in sports.

Modern mountaineers always want to find a route that can bring them pleasure in mountaineering.

33. And the more difficult it is, the more respected it is.

They believe that the harder the road is, the more energetic it is.

34. However, in the early days of starting a business, this was not the case at all.

However, in the early days of mountaineering, this was not the case at all.

35. Early climbers were looking for the easiest way to reach the top of the mountain.

What early climbers were looking for was the most convenient way to reach the top of the mountain.

36. Because the summit is their goal, especially if no one has ever reached it before.

Because the peak, especially the peak that no one has been to before, is the goal they pursue.

37. Indeed, in the process of exploration, they often face the most dangerous difficulties and dangers.

Indeed, in their exploration, they often encounter thrilling difficulties and obstacles.

38. Equip in a way that modern climbers can't even think about.

Their equipment is crude enough to make modern climbers shudder at the thought.

39. But they didn't deliberately pursue this kind of stimulation.

However, they didn't seek this kind of excitement on purpose.

40. They have only one purpose, the only goal-reaching the top!

They only have one goal, the only goal-the summit!

4 1. It is difficult for us to realize how difficult it is for pioneers now.

It is hard for us to imagine how hard the pioneers of mountaineering in those days worked today.

42. Apart from one or two places that are rapidly becoming popular, such as Zermatt and Chamonix,

Except for one or two places that quickly became famous, such as Zemante and Chamonix,

43. Villages on high mountains are often poor settlements isolated from civilization by high mountains.

Almost all the small mountain villages are remote and remote villages surrounded by mountains.

44. Small hotels there are generally dirty and flea-ridden;

Small hotels there are usually dirty and full of fleas.

45. The food is only local cheese, accompanied by bread that has been stored for 12 months, and it is swallowed with crude wine.

The food is local cheese and bread that is usually stored for one year. People swallow this food with bad wine.

Usually there is no inn in the valley, and climbers can only find shelter wherever possible.

There are often no inns in the valley, so climbers have to be happy with it.

47. Sometimes with the local priest (who is usually as poor as his parishioners),

Sometimes he lives with a local priest (he is usually as poor as his parishioners),

48. Sometimes with shepherds or cheese makers.

Sometimes I live with shepherds or cheese makers.

49. The background is always the same: dirty, poor and very uncomfortable.

No matter where you live, the situation is the same: dirty and poor, extremely uncomfortable.

It must be very difficult for people who are used to eating a seven-course dinner at home and sleeping under linen sheets to go to the Alps.

It must be very difficult for people who are used to eating seven courses in one meal and sleeping in linen sheets to change their living environment and come to the Alps.