The process of the French Revolution

I am Jacques Necker, the first financial advisor of King Louis XVI. 1789 The French government was a poor government. Twenty-three years ago, the "seven-year war" with Britain exhausted the wealth of this country. 1778, in order to weaken Britain's sphere of influence, the king sent troops to support the American War of Independence, which undoubtedly consumed France's strength.

At the beginning of the year, like last year, I assisted the king in handling the official documents sent to Paris by governors all over the country. I learned that there was a great famine in the whole country, crops failed and ordinary people endured hunger. I vaguely feel a sense of foreboding and inexplicable sense of space, because the timid French civilians in the past had angry courage. Out of sympathy, I can only use administrative means to tilt slightly towards civilians. I know this country is unfair to ordinary people. At the beginning, in order to increase the royal power and the power of the central government, the power of the nobility was weakened. As compensation, they can have a lot of wealth without paying taxes like priests. But for ordinary people, they not only lack the protection of nobles, but also work all day and earn extremely low income. And the tax revenue of this country needs them, needs them to crack down on them and watch the nobles live a happy life. But I can't let this compassion play a greater role. I feel powerless.

In May, King Louis XVI held a "three-level meeting". I think we should introduce the remote system to readers. It is a meeting convened by the state at the request of the king, which is mainly composed of priests, nobles and civilians. This was held at a time when the country was facing major problems. I think the king may also feel that this country is no longer calm!

In this "three-level meeting", civilians finally found a place to vent their anger, because the composition of this meeting is 300 people in each class (priests account for 0.5% of the whole national class, nobles account for 1.5%, and the remaining 98% are civilians). The common people thought that the number of their representatives should be increased to 600. Undoubtedly, they failed. They took a step back and thought that each of their representatives should have the right to vote, but the nobles and priests refused. They think we should vote according to class. Civilians had to compromise and hold a third-class meeting independently. When we get together, we are even more angry. They think that if priests and nobles alienate us, we should not only attend meetings, but also unite in an organized way.

King Louis XVI closed the conference room for reasons of maintaining his status as "absolute king". He thinks that they can't hold any more meetings as long as the meeting room is closed. Obviously, he doesn't want this group of people to come out and challenge his absolute power. That means that he may be controlled by this "national assembly" in the future and can no longer do whatever he wants. However, all this has become as overwhelming as a flood.

The civilians are starving, but the king lives a luxurious life. He won't let us have a meeting in the same room. When we reconvened the meeting, he refused to let civilians in. I think this is the voice of most ordinary people.

In June, civilians held a meeting in the indoor tennis room of Versailles. They published their own Declaration of Independence and Declaration of Human Rights and Citizenship, arguing that they should not just stay at the level of "National Assembly", but should continue to work hard until the French Constitution is formulated. As a result, the "three-tier parliament" became the "National Assembly" and finally the "Constitutional Assembly". Participants are no longer just simple civilians, but also some nobles and priests.

King Louis XVI refused every time, which only brought more fierce anger to the civilian class.

So, he said, "well, whatever you want to do, I agree, because France is in a very difficult period now, and maybe it seems irrational." But halfway through the Constituent Assembly, the troops began to gather in Paris, and the troops came from outside. Obviously, this is used to suppress riots or dissolve parliament.

So, I told the king that I hoped to save a tragedy, a bloody conflict that was not good for the country, because I knew that civilians would never compromise again. I said to the king, "Your Majesty, I suggest that you reduce your expenses appropriately and don't be too extravagant. Considering that France is now financially tight and civilians are starving, can we appropriately reduce expenses? " As expected, I was fired.

I know an inevitable conflict is coming.

Civilians feel dangerous. They thought there should be weapons, so they captured the Bastille, because there was an armory, and by the way, they released seven political prisoners there.

I think all this is not just a simple bloody conflict, it is already a revolution, and it is not quite the same as previous revolutions. Here we go.

(2)

At the beginning of the Great Revolution, the opposition between heaven and hell preached by priests no longer existed, because no one believed it anymore, because civilians were enduring hunger and disrespect. When civilians began to capture the Bastille, the managers of the Bastille were deadlocked with the army. Finally, he called for a ceasefire. However, when he fell into the hands of revolutionaries, he hung his head on the spearhead. They caught the mayor of Paris and then killed him. I don't want to understand this period from pure good and evil. For this revolution, I want to talk about the simplest essence-bread. Because the hunger of civilians ran through the revolution.

After taking the Bastille, Louis XVI had to retreat behind the scenes because he saw the writing on the wall. He knew that the more he obstructed the National Assembly, the more extreme it would be. He said, "OK, I won't stop the National Assembly again." The National Assembly also began to draft the Constitution, which was not completed until 179 1. But in 1789 10, rumors were circulating everywhere in France; The king's wife, Mary Anthony, secretly stored food at Versailles, and the king didn't respect the new parliament, the National Assembly. At this time, people's nerves are sensitive and fragile.

At that time, famine broke out in all parts of France, and the common people suffered from hunger. So a large number of women marched to Versailles, armed to the teeth. They asked the royal family, Louis XVI and his wife to move to Paris, because there were people watching them in Paris, which made them unable to store food. Finally, their request was realized. (Versailles was in the suburbs of Paris at that time) King Louis XVI and Queen Mary Anthony were placed under house arrest in the Tuileries Palace in Paris. The National Assembly is still drafting the constitution, which was agreed in the Tennis Manifesto at that time. But at that time, counter-revolutionary rebellions began to appear all over France. Some people don't like the revolutionary situation in France. Soon, these counterrevolutionaries were suppressed again. People are plotting to suppress others, and society is beginning to show the temperament of tyrants. Some nobles began to emigrate because they knew that the anger of ordinary people would attack them first.

At the end of 1789, all parts of France have begun to fall into chaos.

1790, the situation remains volatile.

179 1 year, Louis XVI and Mary Anthony also realized this, but they could not immigrate like other nobles because they did not trust Britain or other countries to provide them with asylum. A general sympathized with them and suggested that they take refuge in the French border. Louis XVI and his queen pretended to be servants. They made their servants dress up as nobles. The king intended to flee to the general's home, but when they fled to Wallena, they were found by the civilians in Wallena and brought back to Paris.

The escape of Louis XVI made people see that the king wanted to abdicate. They didn't like him. They want to establish a Republic without a royal family and a king. The people at this time are different from the former constitutional convention in the tennis manifesto. Not only do they think it is unnecessary to draft a constitution to give the king power, but they should completely abolish the royal power of France. They want to establish a republic.

So the people began to organize spontaneously in Paris, and they asked for signatures in the Ares Square, indicating that France no longer needed kingship. At this time, the army moved into Paris, trying to calm people's mood. The main leader of these armies is the National Assembly. And the rally is mainly the civilian class. Later, the situation began to get out of control, and civilians began to attack the army with stones. At first, the army just fired warning shots, but in the end, the situation got out of control. They started shooting at the crowd and about 50 people died. This is called the "God of War Square Massacre".

Now people are more angry and civilians are still starving. No one will solve this problem. And the king and queen are likely to regain power, overthrow the revolution and suppress the people. So there were two forces in the Great Revolution. On the one hand, it is to maintain the monarchy, and the Constitutional Assembly is constitutional. On the one hand, it completely destroyed the kingship. Although most radical revolutionaries were jacobins, hoping to establish a system of * * * and the state, jacobins's own differences in understanding of * * * and the system also led to bloodshed and violence in the future, which we will introduce in detail later.

When countries around France saw this situation in France, they began to hold back. Because once the French Revolution is successful, they will be the next country to be pushed into the revolution. So Austria, Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire jointly issued the Pilnitz Declaration, which said: "They will support French King Louis XVI to regain the throne. In particular, the Austrian king was the king of the Holy Roman Empire, and at the same time he was the younger brother of Queen Mary Anthony and the older brother of King Louis XVI-Leopold II and King William II of Prussia issued a declaration, which not only failed to save his brother-in-law, but even kicked him into the fire. Finally, he put himself in. The declaration supported Louis XVI, but did not point out that sending troops to Paris was originally a declaration with no practical effect. But people are worried that Louis XVI will come back again. Go back to France to suppress the people. This further promoted jacobins's discussion about what kind of * * * republic should be established in France. The Republic of China has no royal power.

At this time, the French people were more alert to the royal family, but they were also dissatisfied with the National Assembly, and more radical emotions began to brew around the people.

If the French people were thinking about how to draft a constitution in the National Assembly, now they are more concerned about whether they need a king. Foreign forces intervened because they didn't want to see the disappearance of the French royal family. The massacre of the people by the National Assembly reached its peak during the reign of terror. All this will make people feel scared.

But in any case, in 179 1, France has followed the original tennis declaration. The constitution was formulated, and it was determined that France was a constitutional monarchy, and the king would still exist.

(3)

Jacobins is very interesting. As long as some people get rich, they will soon abandon others. The rich first don't help the rich later.

The richest man, constitutional monarchy

1789, this club came into being because everyone gathered in jacobin Cathedral. 179 1 in July, the constitutional monarchy split out, because in June of the same year, Louis XVI's escape made the radicals at that time think that the kingship should be abolished, but the constitutional monarchy thought that the king was necessary, so they didn't take this group of people to play, and they set up the Pawn Club. In September, the constitution that we had been expecting for two years came out. This is a constitution that "all political power is produced by the whole people" and the three powers are separated. It stipulates that the executive power belongs to the king, the legislative power belongs to the legislative assembly, and the judicial power belongs to the courts at all levels. Simply put, the power of the king will be limited in the future, but the king will still be there, and France will be a constitutional monarchy.

At this time, constitutional monarchists should be happy Although there is still famine in France, they are the masters of France after all. However, other countries are uneasy. Prussia and Austria formed an anti-French alliance because of relatives (the queen's brother, the royal family in European countries is more common), because if people from these countries come here, then Europe may bid farewell to the king's era forever. They formed an alliance to attack France. Originally, this was a difficult problem of constitutional monarchy, but it was not fatal. The crisis in France can make people more United and make their position more stable. Queen Mary Anthony is a person who can seize the opportunity without knowing the overall situation. She gave military secrets to the anti-French alliance, and she wanted to take this opportunity to let the royal family have all the previous powers. For this reason, France was defeated. She shot and killed her only friend who supported the royal family and the whole royal family on the beach, and she couldn't button up.

People can no longer stand the existence of the royal family and kingship in the country, with the support of this dissatisfaction. Jacobins's leaders robespierre, Mara and Denton led the anti-monarchy movement, and captured the Tuileries Palace, the king's official residence, in August of 10, and detained the king and jacobins's leaders robespierre, Mara and Denton to lead the anti-monarchy movement. In August, the Queen overthrew the Bourbon Dynasty and the constitutional monarchy.

Er Fu, gironde.

10 August 1792 Uprising brought gironde to power, forced the Legislative Assembly to abolish the Constitution, the king abdicated, and implemented universal suffrage. At the same time, the French army and volunteers from various places defeated foreign allies in the battle of Valmy on September 20th. 2 1 in September, the national assembly elected by universal suffrage was opened, and on September 22nd, the French Republic was established. On June+10, 65438, gironde left jacobins.

After leaving the Union, the most important thing gironde did was to crack down on those jacobins and mountain factions. However, the people were unhappy again, because speculators at that time raised prices and France was still in famine. The popular revolutionaries, represented by the furious faction, believe that speculators should be cracked down and prices should be lowered. Gironde was suppressed, which was related to their own origins.

Or because of foreign anti-French alliances. 1March 793, the players in the anti-French league included Prussia, Austria, Spain, Netherlands, Sardinia, Hanover and Britain. I found that this group of Europeans especially like to use Coalition forces, and so do we when we are bullied. The reason why so many countries are excited is largely because their good partner Louis XVI was executed last month, and nine months later, the queen was guillotined. Although 1792 10 months later, the French army has already hit abroad. But in so many countries, gironde is powerless. It was finally overthrown by the people of Paris. The Parisian people launched the third uprising from May 3rd to June 2nd, which overthrew the rule of gironde and established the dictatorship of jacobin.

Three (stupid) rich, jacobin dictatorship

The king disappeared and the power of the central government was in a vacuum. Although Gironde abolished the king, he didn't have enough power to make France run, so it was normal that he couldn't kill foreign anti-French alliances. But during jacobin's dictatorship, a product with more power than Louis XVI appeared in France-robespierre. He had sufficient strength to quell the rebellion instigated by gironde in China, and issued three land decrees from June 3 to July 3 in 17, enabling a large number of farmers to purchase land by stages. On June 24th, the Constitution was promulgated, which was the first French Constitution, but it was not implemented due to the war. In July, the National Salvation Council was reorganized and strengthened as an interim government organ, and speculators were executed. From the end of 1793 to the beginning of 1794, all foreign interference troops were expelled from the country, and the domestic rebellion basically subsided.

Accordion Binpai is like a virgin who has been suppressed for a long time sleeping with her favorite goddess for the first time. If she means someone,

In that case, it's robespierre. He is ravaging the long-awaited goddess in the way he thinks right. During the three years from 179 1 to 1793, more than 70,000 heads were cut off in Paris. Madame roland, the wife of Roland, the leader of Gyllenhaal's special mission, was one of the 70,000 people in jacobins during the "liquidation in the period of terror". Her last words may make us think about the Revolution itself: "Freedom, how many evils are left for you to do. ：

Generally, there will always be some infighting after the foreign invasion is settled. 1793 from March to April, robespierre executed Dandong, Ebbell and others in jacobins who had different political views from him on charges of rebellion. Jacobins and robespierre are completely lonely.

"Water can carry a boat, and it can also overturn it. : ——————— Li Shimin

At this time, someone was dissatisfied again-the people. This seemingly extras, but can make countless bosses who were on the stage yesterday immediately become lost dogs. The opponents of robespierre in Congress formed a hot moon party. On July 27th (February 9th, French new calendar), Zeyue Party launched Zeyue coup, overthrew robespierre and sent him to the guillotine.

In fact, the massacre of the Great Revolution also took place in China, and it was even more tragic. It's just that we belong to killing an old emperor, and there will be a lot of new emperors waiting in line to make up for it, and then it will be wiped out.

The next thing is about what happened after the hot moon coup, and then the artillery era-Napoléon Bonaparte.

(4)

A turtle diving into the water

1794 is over, and the bloodiest and most violent period of the French Revolution has passed. More than 70,000, this is just

Official statistics on the number of people who died on the guillotine. The people were a very important force in the French Revolution. When they wanted the country to be stronger, jacobins appeared. The people can't restrain this force at all, and finally they can only rely on another revolution to overthrow the success brought by the last revolution.

Jacques nagel mentioned in his first article. Before the revolution, he was dismissed by the king. 1789 at the beginning of the great revolution, the royal family recalled him as the chief financial officer, hoping that he could save the French finances at that time, but he could not solve the problems in France at that time. Finally, he wrote in seclusion in a manor in Geneva. However, after the financial rescue failed, his reputation died with him. When the Great Revolution began, he was already an insignificant person. Years later, he burned most of his political works and died in obscurity.

The great revolution is a sieve, and what can finally come up is ruthless, scheming and scheming. However, after the Great Revolution, France was endowed with a reasonable income structure, and there was no longer royal power and nobility. Since then, however, whenever the French encounter anything, it is easier to solve it by revolutionary methods than other countries.

Is this their fault? No, it's not just their fault, because things are not mature yet.

The tortoise returned to the surface.

1795, the Zeyo Party dissolved the National Assembly and set up a new government agency to supervise the government. The period of terror has passed, but the political situation is still unstable. 1796, the governor sent Napoléon Bonaparte to Italy to win a great victory, and military forces began to rise. 1797 during the legislative election, many royalists were elected, and the governor declared the election invalid in order to crack down on royalists. In the 1798 legislative election, the remnants of jacobins were elected, and the functional government once again declared the election invalid. This kind of policy is called swing policy in history, and the government is becoming more and more dictatorial.

1799, Britain formed the second anti-French alliance, and the right-wing forces headed by Ai Aishi demanded that the soldiers take control. 165438+(* * and the foggy month of eight years,18)1On October 9, Napoleon launched a coup in foggy month, ending the rule of the governor's government, establishing an executive government and coming to power. The French Revolution ended and the Napoleonic era began.

This is my official WeChat account: Godot plays with aliens, and there are four articles in it. I helped it put them together. I hope it helps you. Everyone is also welcome to pay attention.