Combined with the knowledge learned, this paper briefly analyzes the inevitability of the outbreak of Indian national uprising.

Human Disputes: National Separatism in India

Although the Constitution does not recognize the existence of a nation, and the Indian government has always claimed that all residents have merged into a unified nation, that is, the Indian nation, this cannot deny the reality that India is a multi-ethnic country. Ethnic groups in India are divided into two categories, namely, ethnic groups in general and tribes in sub-ethnic forms. According to statistics, there are about 100 ethnic groups in India, among which Hindustan, Telugu and other large ethnic groups 10 constitute the main body of the Indian population. In addition, there are more than 400 tribes in India, which is the country with the largest number of tribes in Asia. India's ethnic groups and tribes have different languages, religious beliefs and traditional habits, forming cultural diversity. However, because the Indian government denies the existence of national identity and ignores the special interests and requirements of various ethnic groups and tribes, it has led to a series of contradictions.

In terms of regional distribution, ethnic problems in India are concentrated in the following three areas, namely, northeast, northwest and south. From the focus of contradictions, including language, immigration, religion, territorial disputes and autonomy. Widespread geographical distribution and persistent contradictions are the main characteristics of Indian ethnic problems.

Northeast China is the hardest hit area of Indian national separatist movement. The region includes seven states including Assam and Manipur, and almost every state has a national separatist movement, especially the Assam independence movement. Established in 1979, the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) has attracted worldwide attention because of its many terrorist attacks in recent years. Assam independence movement is mainly related to the continuous immigration of local immigrants. Historically, Assam has been under the rule of Shan Ahong Kingdom, so it has been isolated from the Indian subcontinent for a long time. 18 18, the British colonists began to infiltrate the area by inviting King Shan Ahong to send troops to resist the invasion of the Burmese army, and gradually brought it into colonial rule. In 1930s, British colonists reclaimed tea gardens in Assam and hired many planters from other places, especially Bangladeshi Muslims. Since then, these people have settled here. Due to the competition for resources and different religious beliefs, the contradictions and conflicts between Bangladeshi immigrants and Assam people have gradually increased. In the view of Assam people who regard themselves as locals, immigration will bring four problems, namely, competing for land resources, increasing the unemployment rate of locals, reducing the number of locals, voting weight and triggering ethnic conflicts. In this context, some Assam organizations aimed at "outsiders" were established, such as the All Assam Students' Federation and the All Assam People's Movement Committee, and they demanded that foreign immigrants be restricted or even expelled. The radical organization "Assam United Liberation Front" even put forward the idea of Assam's independence, arguing that only by establishing an independent country can Assam's interests and culture be safeguarded. In order to achieve this goal, the United Liberation Front of Assam embarked on the road of armed confrontation. 1990, the "Assam United Liberation Front" suffered heavy losses in the military actions taken by the Indian government, and then began to expand its influence by creating terrorist incidents. At the end of 2009, Rajhova, chairman of Assam United Liberation Front, surrendered to the government, which became the biggest gain of India in cracking down on separatist forces in recent years. However, this does not mean the solution of ethnic problems in the northeast, because Assam and Assam United Liberation Front are only part of the ethnic separatist forces in the region.

Northwest China is another disaster area of Indian national separatism, among which the most influential are the Sikh Kalistan independence movement in Punjab and the Muslim independence movement in Indian-controlled Kashmir. The issue of Sikh independence in Punjab is very complicated, involving ethnic, religious, linguistic and socio-economic factors. During the colonial rule, Sikhs living in Punjab had no obvious tendency of independence, but due to religious and cultural differences, they had disputes with Hindus and Muslims on the issue of representation. On the eve of India's independence, Sikhs even proposed to establish a "free Punjab" ruled by Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs, but the British colonists rejected this plan. 1946 In March, Acali Party, a Sikh political party, put forward the idea of establishing a separate Sikh state to protect their economic, religious and cultural rights. However, due to the partition of the Indian "mountbatten Plan", this requirement has not been met. The language problems in 1950s urged Sikhs to move towards autonomy and independence. After India's independence, Hindi was designated as the official language, and some large local languages were also confirmed in the Constitution. However, due to the minority status of Sikhism, the Sikh language has not been confirmed. This incident directly led to the first large-scale protest in Acali party member in August 1950. The modernization process after India's independence constitutes the social basis for Sikhs to demand independence. The "Green Revolution" since 1950s and 1960s has made Punjab the richest region in India, but Sikh farmers, who are mainly agricultural, have been further marginalized. The Acali Party believes that this is mainly done by the central government controlled by the Hindu bourgeoisie. This factor became the direct reason why Sikhs demanded the establishment of an independent Kalistan State in 1980s. Therefore, as Tallat, a professor at Birmingham University, said, "The ethnic conflict of Sikhs should be regarded as a form of nationalism, which was formed in the process of modernization of Sikh traditional society and under the strong control of Indian nationalism." 1984, Indian government forces attacked the Sikh holy land, which became the turning point of Kalistan's independence struggle from peaceful means to violence. Indian Prime Minister Gandhi was assassinated by Sikhs in June 5438+that year 10, which triggered the further escalation of contradictions between the two sides. After the 1990s, with the Indian government stepping up its crackdown on Sikh separatist forces and allowing the Acali Party to return to politics, the Kalistan independence movement entered a low tide. Despite this, radical organizations such as the International Sikh Youth League have not given up the goal of building a country independently.

The independence movement of Muslims in Indian-controlled Kashmir originated from 1947 India's plan to divide mountbatten. According to religious differences, India is divided into two countries: India dominated by Hinduism and Pakistan dominated by Islam. The plan also stipulates that each Indian state can decide to join a country on its own, making it the root cause of the Kashmir issue. Muslims make up the majority of Kashmir's population, but the monarch of Kashmir is a Hindu. When India was divided, Muslims wanted to join Pakistan, but the local monarch wanted to join India. As a result, India and Pakistan fought for the region, that is, the first India-Pakistan war. After that, under the mediation of the United Nations, the two sides signed the Karachi Agreement in 1949, and Kashmir was divided into two parts: Indian-controlled area and Pakistani-controlled area. Despite this, Muslims still account for the majority of the population in Indian-controlled areas. Since the 1980s, Muslims in Indian-controlled areas have put forward the slogan of liberation from "India of Indians", demanding the establishment of an independent country or integration into Pakistan. Since 1988, the Muslim separatist organization "Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front" made many attacks, explosions and assassinations for the first time, terrorist activities have become their main way to express their demands for independence. Due to the dispute between India and Pakistan in this region, the Kashmir independence movement has obvious international characteristics. India has always accused Pakistan of secretly supporting separatism in Indian-controlled areas, while Pakistan criticized India for suppressing Muslims' right to self-determination. In addition, in recent years, under the influence of international religious extremist forces, the terrorist color of Muslim separatist movement in Indian-controlled areas has become more and more obvious.

The Tamil separatist movement in Nadu, southern India, is often ignored because its scale and influence are far less than those in the northern region. In fact, the Tamil separatist movement was earlier than the northern region. As early as the British colonial rule, the southern Tamils launched the "Dravida" movement against the Brahman rule. In Sanskrit, "Dravida" refers to South India and its inhabitants. 1938, the Indian National Congress forced the implementation of Hindi in Madras province, which is now Nadu, causing dissatisfaction among Tamils. This makes Tamils feel the need to establish an independent country to protect the Tamil language and its culture. At that time, Indian Muslims launched a movement to establish a Pakistani state, which also inspired Tamils to establish a "Dravidastan" state. However, after the partition of India, Muslim Pakistan was established, and Tamils did not establish "Dravida". After independence, India continued to enforce Hindi in Tamil areas, which led to Tamil resistance in the 1960s. From 65438 to 0965, the Indian government violently suppressed peaceful protests against Tamils, resulting in hundreds of deaths. Since then, the Tamil separatist movement has fallen into a low tide. Nevertheless, Tamil organizations aimed at establishing the "Republic of Tamil Nadu" have always existed, and they are also related to Tamil separatism in Sri Lanka. ...

More details: Window of India-Reading India column: Is India a fragmented country? Are Indians United?