How did housing industrialization come into being at the earliest?

Looking at the development of foreign housing industrialization, we will find that Europe, America and Japan have put forward similar ideas after entering the twentieth century. However, the initial scale and rapid development of housing industrialization was formed after the Second World War. In the more than ten years after the war, the above-mentioned areas are facing the problems of post-war reconstruction, population growth and increasing housing demand, so it is necessary to produce housing on a large scale and quickly. China also started the process of housing industrialization step by step after the founding of New China, and further developed the process of housing industrialization with the opening of the commercial housing market in a planned way.

I. Japan

From 65438 to 0955, Japan's real estate industry entered the recovery stage after World War II. The Japanese government has made a ten-year plan to promote the mass production of houses, and a large number of relatively simple houses have been built quickly to meet the market demand. With the development of the real estate industry, the Japanese government put forward the concept of housing industrialization. 1965, the Japanese government issued the first five-year plan for housing industrialization, with the goal of the market share of prefabricated housing reaching 15%. In the following 30 years, the Japanese government continued to promote the process of housing industrialization through the five-year plan, and put forward the theory of housing industrialization in the late 1960s, which organically linked housing design, construction, building materials production and scientific research and development to form an industrial chain.

In order to promote the development of housing industrialization, the Japanese government has formulated a series of policies and laws. The 1974 Regulations on Performance Certification of Industrialized Housing and Technical Standards for Performance Certification of Industrialized Housing promulgated by the government are considered as the basic policies of Japanese housing industrialization standardization. Japan's specific identification standard for industrialized houses is that more than 66% of all materials and components needed for buildings must be manufactured in factories, in which the main structures of houses, such as walls, beams and columns, floors, facades and stairs, must be standard components produced in factories, and buildings must be assembled on site.

In Japan, the degree of housing industrialization varies from project to project. Usually, the prefabrication rate of high-rise prefabricated buildings is the highest, while the prefabrication rate of low-rise buildings and low-rise single-family buildings is gradually decreasing. This change is mainly determined by the project cost. First of all, the template used in high-rise prefabricated buildings has a high reuse rate, which effectively dilutes the construction cost. Secondly, the pumping cost of concrete in high-rise building construction is high, and the construction takes a long time. The on-site assembly of prefabricated components effectively alleviates this problem.

With the rapid growth of population and the increasing scarcity of land, the proportion of high-rise residential buildings in the Japanese market has gradually increased. At present, more than 80% of high-rise residential buildings in Japan use prefabricated components produced by industrialization to varying degrees.

Second, Europe.

After World War II, all European countries faced the problem of housing shortage. Housing industrialization is produced with the demand of the market. Among them, France developed earlier and is typical.

During the ten years from 1950 to 1960, France faced a serious housing shortage. To this end, the French government concentrated on building high-density high-rise buildings that emphasized functionality, so as to quickly realize the goal of building more houses with less land occupation. This part of the residence mostly adopts precast concrete structure, and adopts the construction method of prefabricated precast slab and tool template, which is the embryonic form of French industrialized residence. This construction method makes it possible to build a large number of residential quarters in a short time. This period is called "quantitative period" in France. Construction enterprises and architectural design companies have jointly developed a set of structure-construction system: after architects design one or several sets of model houses, large and medium-sized construction enterprises will carry out batch construction. Although these "structure-construction" systems are followed by many practical projects, they have not formed a clear design standard. Prefabricated board is not static in the process of factory processing and production. Because there is no uniform technical standard, prefabricated panels will be adjusted according to the needs of different houses. This systematic and irregular situation did not greatly increase the construction cost, because there was a great demand for housing in French society at that time, so the absolute number of each abrasive tool used could still guarantee to reduce the cost of producing molds.

In the early 1970s, the demand for housing in French society has basically eased. At this time, people began to pay more attention to the functionality and quality of buildings, and the industrialization of housing entered the quality stage from the quantitative stage. The market has put forward new requirements for housing, requiring new housing to have higher thermal insulation and sound insulation performance, larger living area and better decoration quality. In terms of housing quality, it began to emphasize the aesthetic appearance of buildings and a better living environment. According to the requirements of the market, the French government formulated and promoted the model housing policy, which promoted the standardization of housing construction. At the end of 1960s, the French government had launched a standardized design competition for houses, and selected excellent design schemes nationwide or regionally for popularization and use. The approved design scheme is publicly released throughout the country, and any factory can mass-produce according to the standard. This move promotes the French housing industrialization from the "systematic-non-standard" stage to the standardization stage.

In the first half of 1970s, the French government innovated architectural design and construction technology through design competition, selected 25 residential design samples, and established a residential standardization system based on unit residential standards.

At the end of 1970s, the French government also proposed a "modular system" based on modular coordination. However, because the modular theory is too complicated and difficult to understand, the buildings designed and produced according to this model are too rigid, so it is difficult to popularize.

1978, the French government put forward a production system-a structural system based on building structural accessories. A house built according to the structural system consists of a series of accessories that can be assembled together. All the accessories of the main structure of the building have design and manufacturing standards, and all of them are announced to the public. Any factory can produce in batches, and construction enterprises can purchase according to the construction needs and then transport them to the construction site for assembly. This system has promoted the transformation of French housing industrialization to open industrialization.

In 1980s, the French government adjusted the housing industrialization policy. The new policy puts forward that the government's role in the process of housing industrialization is to set goals, and then enterprises decide how to achieve this goal. The government no longer formulates or promotes a certain system, but enterprises develop and promote technologies suitable for market requirements. The French government has further formulated the "Residential 88 Plan", proposing that by 1988, there will be 20,000 model houses in China, the cost is 25% lower than that of 1982, and the quality cannot be reduced.

Third, the United States

After the 1950s, the demand for housing in the United States rose sharply. It mainly boils down to the following factors. First of all, there is a baby boom in the United States, and the average number of American families has increased. Second, at the same time, active servicemen recovered on a large scale after World War II. Demobilized soldiers return to society, resulting in housing demand. Third, immigrants from all over the world poured into the United States, increasing the total population of the United States. Driven by these factors, the gap between housing supply and demand in the United States continues to widen. In order to quickly solve the contradiction of housing shortage, the American government relaxed policy restrictions and allowed the use of simple houses. There has been a phenomenon of replacing simple houses with cars. This spontaneous phenomenon inspired the housing manufacturers, some of whom invented mobile homes. They are all made in a unified way, with similar appearance and consistent functions with traditional houses. But the house is lighter and easier to carry. If necessary, the house manufacturer can use transportation equipment to transport it to the designated place for simple installation. At this point, the prototype of industrialized and standardized housing appeared.

Because of American traditional living habits and abundant land raw material resources, the government did not adopt the construction mode of prefabricated houses, but continued the traditional low-rise wooden structure construction mode. This way pays more attention to the comfort and diversity of the house. In order to improve production efficiency, reduce manufacturing costs and adapt to large-scale industrial production, there has been a detailed social division of labor in residential design and construction. Residential components and structural components are gradually standardized and serialized. Residential manufacturers design different styles and categories of products according to customers' functional needs for customers to choose freely. After obtaining the order, split the order into different parts and jobs. Finally, the construction of ordering standards is classified and entrusted to professional contractors to form a set of assembly line operation mode. This not only ensures the construction speed, but also ensures the engineering quality.

With the development of American economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the original simple houses can no longer meet the needs of American citizens. Houses with larger living area, more complete functions, more beautiful appearance and outstanding personality have become the new demand of consumers. From 65438 to 0976, the American government approved the National Industrialized Housing Construction and Safety Act and formulated the HUD national standard to meet the needs of the development of the real estate market. HUD national standard stipulates many indexes of house design, construction and construction, which requires all standardized industrialized houses to abide by. When selling, the builder must show the certificate of a third-party inspection agency.

By 200 1, the United States has built and used about10 million sets of industrial standardized houses for 22 million people. In 2007, the gross national product of industrialized housing in the United States reached11800 million US dollars.

Because the cost of industrialized housing is only 50% of the cost of non-industrialized housing, the cost advantage promotes the development of industrialized housing and solves the housing problems of low-income people and non-welfare property buyers to a great extent.

Fourth, China.

In 1950s, the housing industrialization in China entered the embryonic stage. China government uses the Soviet model for reference, develops the prefabricated building model, and promotes the industrialization, standardization and mechanization of the construction industry.

The decade from 1970 to 1980 is the primary stage of housing industrialization in China. During this period, China began the "three transformations and one reform" of housing construction, that is, design standardization, factory production of accessories, construction mechanization and wall reform, which laid the foundation for realizing high-speed, high-quality, high-efficiency and low-cost construction industrialization. At the same time, the government has issued a series of policies to promote the development of the housing industry, including reforming the housing system for urban residents and gradually stopping the welfare housing distribution. In the mid-1980s, the government began to guide the construction of residential quarters in batches to develop the real estate industry. With the gradual entry of housing into the market, the housing industry has gradually developed. In the late 1980s, the government put forward the concept of housing industrialization.

The first five years of 1990s was the first period of rapid development of China's real estate industry, but during this period, the housing industrialization did not develop synchronously, or even regressed. Until 1995, with the China government's reflection on the abnormal development of the real estate industry and the need to realize a well-off society, the state began to pay attention to the function and quality of housing, and put forward that the industrialization of buildings, especially the industrialization of residential buildings, is still the future development direction. The State Council general office. Some opinions on promoting housing industrialization and improving housing quality,1999) In the middle and late 1990s, the Ministry of Construction formally advocated the development of housing industrialization and carried out pilot construction.

In the last five years of the 20th century, China government cooperated with Japan and successively launched the projects such as "China Housing Technology and Talent Training Center" and "Research on the Science and Technology Industry Project of Urban and Rural Well-off Houses in 2000", from which the technological reform of housing industrialization in China began. At the same time, the Ministry of Construction promulgated the Pilot Program for Modernization of Housing Industry, and selected key cities and enterprises in China as pilot bases for housing industrialization. 1998, China Housing Industrialization Office was formally established, marking the entry of housing industrialization in China into the fast lane.

After 2000, the Ministry of Construction expanded the scale of residential industrialization pilot base. 20 10 Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development established Tianjin Housing Group, the first demonstration base of "Housing Industrialization Group" in China. Tianfang Group has established a comprehensive construction mode covering scientific and technological research and development, planning and design, production of new building materials and residential parts, real estate management and development, construction and comprehensive services, forming a complete industrial chain of residential industrialization.

Decades of efforts have greatly promoted the development of China's housing industrialization and had a far-reaching impact on the real estate industry. However, at present, China's housing industrialization is still in the primary stage and needs the support of national policies and funds.

Shenyang Wei de Zhu Gong technology co., ltd