Historical knowledge points of national volume

Historical answers account for an important part of the college entrance examination history papers. So do you know what knowledge points are there in the answer to the history of the national paper? Next, I'll tidy it up for you. Let's have a look.

The Rise of Industrial Civilization and Its Influence on China

First, the opening of new routes and its impact

11405-1433 China Zheng He made seven voyages to the Western Ocean and sailed along the Red Sea coast and the east coast of Africa.

2 1487- 1488 Portuguese Diaz, Cape of Good Hope.

3 1492 Columbus, Italy, discovered the new American continent with the support of Spain.

4 1497- 1498 Portugal da Gama from Europe to India.

Portuguese Magellan sailed around the world for the first time with the support of Spain.

Second, the Dutch and British colonial activities

1 Dutch colonial expansion;

① Time: 65438+the first half of the 7th century, replacing Spain and Portugal to become the world's largest trading country.

② Means: set up a large commercial company.

2 British colonial activities never happened in the empire:

Means: pirate plunder, commercial warfare, commercial activities, colonial plunder; Slave trade

② Results:/kloc-0 became the largest colonial empire in the second half of the 8th century.

(3) Impact: Commercial activities and plunder have become important sources of primitive accumulation of capital; The slave trade promoted the development of British capitalism, brought great wealth to Britain and promoted the development of British industry and commerce.

Third, colonial expansion and plunder are the main ways for capitalist powers to establish the world market.

1 Import commodities from all continents into Europe through trade and plunder. Europe's trade routes and trade centers have shifted from the Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic coast.

In the colonial activities of "using with fire and sword" in Europe, the mining of American gold and silver mines and plantation economy made important contributions to the primitive accumulation of European capital.

Africa became a hunting ground for slaves, and the transatlantic slave trade began.

Europeans used American gold and silver to buy Asian goods, which greatly promoted the development of Asian economy.

The world has gradually formed a world economy centered on Europe.

Four. Basic historical facts of the first and second industrial revolutions

1 Basic historical facts of the first industrial revolution

① Cotton textile industry: shuttle, Jenny spinning machine, hydraulic loom, hydraulic loom.

(2) Metallurgical industry: coking coal ironmaking method; Mining industry: steam pump, safety lamp.

3 power: steam engine; Transportation: gravel road, railway, steam turbine.

④ Influence: Humans entered the "age of steam".

2 The basic historical facts of the second industrial revolution

① Signs: the widespread application of electric power, internal combustion engine technology, chemical materials and steelmaking technology.

2 premise: the capitalist system is established in the world.

③ Conditions: rapid development of capitalist economy; Major breakthroughs have been made in natural science research.

④ Transportation: internal combustion engines, automobiles and airplanes.

⑤ Chemical field: organic fertilizer, synthetic dyes, synthetic rubber and coatings.

⑥ Electricity: the invention and use of electricity.

⑦ Influence: Make mankind enter the electrical age.

Five, the impact of the two industrial revolutions on the development of the capitalist world market

1 has begun to take shape:15,65438+the opening of new air routes in the 6th century.

2 Preliminary formation: 18 and1the first industrial revolution in the middle of the 9th century.

3 finally formed: 19 The second industrial revolution at the end of the 20th century.

Ways: the development of international trade, the circulation of population and capital, and the threat of power.

5 Impact:

(1) Promote the development of capitalism itself;

② 19 At the end of the 20th century, most Asian countries became colonies or semi-colonies of European and American powers, the territory of the African continent was basically divided up, and Latin America was subject to economic powers.

(3) European and American industrial countries obtain raw materials and primary products from all over the world and dump industrial products or investments. The currency is freely convertible, and the economic crisis has affected other countries and even the world. Finally, a unified world market dominated by European and American industrial countries was formed.

6. Changes in China's economic structure after the Opium War.

1 the traditional natural economy began to collapse, and farmers and craftsmen went bankrupt;

China has gradually become the commodity market and raw material producing area of the great powers;

3. Objectively promoted the development of urban and rural commodity economy;

The establishment of modern military and civilian enterprises and the emergence of modern industry in the Westernization Movement.

"Self-improvement": the first government-run military enterprise, Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute, was established, and the largest modern military enterprise, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration, was established;

"Seeking wealth": establishing China Merchants, Kaiping Coal Mine and Hanyang Iron Works.

Seven, the rise and tortuous development of modern national industry

1 increase:

① Rise:11960s and 1970s.

② Reasons: foreign capitalist aggression; The traditional natural economy gradually disintegrated; * * * and the influence of foreign-funded enterprises and westernization enterprises;

③ Time: 65438+70s, 2009.

④ Enterprises: Shanghai Changfa Machine Factory, Guangdong Jichanglong Silk Reeling Factory and Tianjin Machine Factory.

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 19, it developed initially.

① Reasons: the relaxation of restrictions, the thought of saving the country by industry and the movement of recovering rights in the Qing Dynasty.

② Overview: The cotton textile industry is developing rapidly; Industrialists: Zhang Jian and the Rong brothers

3 the "golden age" of China's national industry

① Reason:

The establishment of the Republic of China improved the political status of the national bourgeoisie;

The Republic of China has implemented policies that are conducive to economic development;

The Republic of China advocates saving the country with domestic products and industry;

Anti-imperialist and patriotic struggle of the masses;

During World War I, European powers temporarily relaxed their economic aggression against China.

② Performance:

Textile industry, flour industry and tobacco calendering industry have developed rapidly;

Heavy industry and chemical industry have made certain progress;

Representative of Chemical Industry —— Fan Xudong

Eight, three big mountains under the oppression of factors affecting the development of national industry.

1 feudalism

2 Capitalism

3 bureaucratic capitalism

Nine. Changes in people's material life and social customs since modern times and their causes

1 clothing:

Late Qing Dynasty: Around the Opium War, Western-style clothing was introduced to China.

Republic of China: Chinese tunic suit and cheongsam

2 Diet:1In the 1940s, western restaurants appeared at trading ports; 65438+ In the 1970s and 1980s, western food became fashionable.

Architecture: Western-style architecture first appeared in the concession area.

4 Broken hair: After the Revolution of 1911, the Republic of China * * * promulgated the general order of editing and publishing, and the bad habit of editing and publishing was abolished.

5. No foot-binding: The reformists initiated the feminist movement, while Kang Youwei advocated the foot-binding movement.

"Broken hair" and the movement of not binding feet have distinct political colors.

6 Etiquette innovation: In the early years of the Republic of China, the etiquette of bowing and saluting was abolished and replaced by bowing and shaking hands.

Meaning: Expressed equality and freedom.

Seven factors affecting the changes of people's material life and social customs since modern times

(1) The emergence and development of modern industry in China.

(2) Influenced by western democratic thoughts and lifestyles.

(3) political change and the implementation of the * * * policy.

④ Some traditional customs are not suitable for the development trend of modern society.

X. Progress of means of transportation since modern times

1 Railway:

188 1 year, Tangxu Railway was the first railway built in China.

1909, Jing-Zhang railway-The design and construction of China engineer Zhan Tianyou is a milestone in the history of China railway.

2 Water transport: 1872, China Merchants was formally established-marking the birth of the new water transport industry in China.

3 Telegraph: 1877, Fujian Governor set up the first telegraph line in Taiwan Province Province-the beginning of China's independent telegraph.

Impact: the new traffic has promoted economic development, changed people's communication and travel modes, and changed people's concepts to some extent; The communication between China and the world has been greatly enhanced, and the transmission in different places is more convenient, which has promoted the economic and social development of China and enriched the life of China.

XI。 The Development of Newspapers, Movies and Media in Modern Times

1 newspaper: Shenbao was founded in 1872, which is the longest and most influential newspaper in modern China.

2 film and television: 1905, "Dingjun Mountain"-China people tried to shoot their own movies for the first time;

Mass media: Internet is changing traditional social life; Change people's values, concepts and methods of understanding the world and thinking about problems.

: the transformation of wartime production policy to new economic policy

1 reason: the war caused serious damage to the Soviet economy; Farmers are dissatisfied with the wartime policy; The state has no ability to directly lead and organize the production of all enterprises.

2 implementation: 192 1 year

3 content:

① Agriculture: replacing surplus grain collection system with fixed grain tax;

(2) Industry: Enterprises related to the lifeline of the national economy are owned by the state;

(three) small and medium-sized enterprises and enterprises that the state is temporarily unable to operate, allowing domestic and foreign capitalists to operate.

4 Circulation: From product exchange to allowing free trade

Examples and answers of big questions about the history of the national volume

Material 1

In the Qing Dynasty, Kang, Yong and Gan lived for more than a century, and the society was generally stable. In the Qing Dynasty, the poll tax was abolished, and the tax amount was determined according to the cultivated land area to reduce the burden on the lower class. Rotation, multiple cropping and multiple cropping are widely used in agriculture. Cold-tolerant, drought-tolerant and high-yield crops such as corn and sweet potato have been popularized continuously, and people have extensively cultivated mountainous areas and grassland covered with trees. The population increased from 65.438+0.8 billion in the early Qing Dynasty to 400 million on the eve of the Opium War, which caused a series of changes. In some areas, "there are dozens of times more idle people than before", "the land is less responsible and the land is less valuable", soil erosion and grassland desertification are prominent, the per capita income of agriculture is reduced, and people's uprisings are one after another everywhere.

Material 2

In order to solve the population pressure, Kang Youwei thinks that the northwest provinces are vast and sparsely populated, and the three northeastern provinces, Mongolia and Xinjiang are vast and sparsely populated, and there are few people ..... Early migration. "Yan Fu thinks that setting up modern industry is much more effective than reclaiming land. By the time of the Republic of China, some people thought that the population growth was endless and it was more and more difficult to increase diet therapy. Even if we can reclaim wasteland to improve industry and promote growth, we will never catch up with the rapid population growth. As for the way of industrialization, it is difficult to upgrade in a short time because it requires a lot of investment. Therefore, many people think that the fundamental solution to the population problem is to postpone marriage and control fertility.

1 according to the materials and knowledge learned, explain the reasons and effects of population expansion in the middle of Qing dynasty. 12 point

A:

A. reason: unity and stability; The cultivated land area has increased; Intensive cultivation; Popularization of high-yield crops; Tax system reform.

B. impact: the relationship between man and land is tense; Overexploitation of land and environment

Destroy; Poverty and social contradictions have intensified.

According to the second material, combined with the knowledge learned, this paper summarizes the views of modern scholars on alleviating population pressure and gives a brief evaluation. 13 point

A:

A. advocate: move to areas with low population density; Develop industry to absorb labor; Increase cultivated land and increase agricultural output; practise birth control

B. evaluation: it can be evaluated as a whole or individually.

Overall evaluation: put forward the methods to alleviate the population pressure from many angles, which provided reference for future generations; It has certain historical limitations.

Their respective evaluations: Kang Youwei's idea is a traditional method to alleviate the population pressure, but it is not feasible to emigrate in large numbers to places with fragile ecological environment; Yan Fu's proposition was in line with the development direction of the times, but the conditions were not yet available at that time. Birth control has its advantages, but it doesn't recognize the positive side of population factors.