How many wars have India waged abroad since the founding of the People's Republic of China?

Large-scale wars are roughly as follows:

1. The First India-Pakistan War

1in partition of india in August, 947, the Mountbatten plan stipulated that Kashmiris could freely choose to merge with India and Pakistan or declare independence. India used the Kashmir Parliament, which it controlled during the partition period, to pass a resolution declaring that the region belonged to India, which caused serious dissatisfaction in Pakistan. In the same year1October 27th, 10, the first war broke out between India and Pakistan in Kashmir. India has two divisions and more than 4,000 local troops, attacking the Pakistani army from the east, south and southwest. Most Pakistani fighters are about 50,000 tribal members who entered Kashmir from the west, southwest and north. After 1 years of fighting, the Indian and Pakistani armies suffered heavy casualties, and the outcome was inseparable. After the intervention of the United Nations, they ceased fire at 1949+0. India controls two-thirds of Kashmir and three-quarters of its population, while Pakistan controls the rest. The war did not solve the problem of Kashmir's ownership.

2. China-India border war

The Sino-Indian border war, that is, the war between1June 1962 and165438+1October, took place on the southern border of China and India. In China, it is generally called the Sino-Indian border self-defense counterattack, and India is called the Battle of Varong.

The border between China and India is about 2000 kilometers, which is divided into three sections: west, middle and east. 195 1 or so, the Indian army expanded northward and gained about 90,000 square kilometers of territory south of the McMahon line. In addition, in the middle and west sections, India also occupies some disputed territories between India and China. 1959, the Indian army established 43 strongholds across the actual control lines of both sides. China's proposal to solve the border issue through negotiations has not been accepted by India.

The China government believes that the "McMahon Line" was set by the British themselves and has never been recognized by the China government. It is a part of the dismemberment of China by the West. Just like what Britain did between Pakistan and India. China refused to recognize the McMahon Line because it believed that it was the dividing line imposed on southern Tibet by the British colonial government. And until 195 1 years ago, the Indian government did not publicly recognize the McMahon line. So China said the disputed territory should belong to China.

1947 After India became independent, India believed that they had the right to inherit the former British Indian territory. Therefore, they believe that the above-mentioned southern Tibet belongs to India. The United States and the Soviet Union supported India at that time and provided India with weapons and material assistance, which encouraged India's arrogance.

Since June 1962, Indian troops have shot and attacked Chinese border guards, killing and injuring dozens of people. 10 year 10 On October 20th, the Indian army began to resist China, and the war began.

1October 20-28 is the first stage of the war. In the eastern section, the Chinese and Tibetan border guards temporarily captured the southern Tibet and Tawang areas; In the west, China's Xinjiang border guards drove Indian troops away from 37 positions. 10/0 On 24 October, the government of China issued a statement and put forward three suggestions: stop the conflict, resume negotiations and resolve the border issue peacefully. India said it was unacceptable, declared a "state of emergency" in northern India, and vigorously reinforced soldiers in southern Tibet and Tawang areas on the eastern front.

165438+1October16 to 2 1 is the second stage of the war. On June 165438+1October 14 and June16, Indian troops launched another attack on the Sino-Indian border. On the eastern front, the China-Tibet border guards counterattacked the Indian army in the east and west. By 165438+1October 2 1, China and Tibet border guards occupied the Indian army16 position. In the western section, China Xinjiang border guards occupied the stronghold of Indian army in Bangongluo. Due to the defeat of Indian troops in southern Tibet on the eastern front and Xinjiang on the western front, India's ruling and opposition parties were in a panic. Subsequently, the Chinese border guards suddenly announced a ceasefire and retreated 20 kilometers north from the actual control line of 1959, while the Indian side openly incorporated southern Tibet and Tawang into the territory, and the border dispute between the two countries did not subside.

3. The Second India-Pakistan War

At the beginning of August, 1965, there was a fierce exchange of fire between Kashmir guerrillas and Indian troops near the ceasefire line between India and Pakistan. On August 14, Pakistan's regular army was also involved in the conflict. On September 6, the Indian army launched a large-scale armed attack on Pakistan again, and captured many mountains in Pakistan's line of control. Pakistan launched a counterattack south of the ceasefire line and invaded India's weak Punjab province. The two sides launched a fierce air battle, and the Pakistani ground forces, with the cooperation of tanks, dealt a heavy blow to the Indian army. Subsequently, the two sides reached an impasse. Finally, the UN Security Council passed a resolution to formally cease fire between India and Pakistan on September 23rd.

19665438+ 10, India and Pakistan signed the Tashkent Declaration under the mediation of the former Soviet Union. Pakistan promised to "resolve disputes by peaceful means without using force" and "the obligation of non-interference in each other's internal affairs" on the Kashmir issue, but the Kashmir issue has not been resolved.

4. The Third India-Pakistan War

1971March, the Indian Cabinet, Parliament and National Congress held separate meetings and passed resolutions supporting the establishment of "Bangladesh" in East Pakistan. At the same time, the army gathered at the India-Pakistan border for military exercises. In July, India made a war plan to "liberate Bangladesh". At the same time, India actively carried out great power diplomacy and made full preparations for launching war. On August 9, India and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation with the nature of military alliance. The signing of this treaty not only shows that the war has been actively cooperated by the Soviet Union, but also limits the involvement of the United States and other western countries. At the same time, Indian Prime Minister Ying? 10 year1October 23rd, Mrs Gandhi set off for the United States, France, Britain, West Germany, Belgium, Australia and other western countries.

Conduct a three-week visit to find out the cards of western countries led by the United States. On the surface, India said that it could consider the proposal put forward by US President Nixon that India and Pakistan withdraw their troops from the same border and be supervised by a United Nations observer team, but it would never accept it in its heart, because it would lose the best opportunity to wage war. As for China, India made an accurate analysis: at that time, China was in a critical period of entering the United Nations, and there were still some domestic problems to be solved, so it was extremely unlikely to send troops to help Pakistan. In this way, external interference is ruled out, and there is great hope that India will win by relying entirely on the respective strength of India and Pakistan. By the end of 197 1 year1kloc-0/month, the deployment of troops of both sides was basically completed. India's forces in the direction of Dongba are ***3 military departments, 7 divisions, air force 12 squadron, 200 combat aircraft and 26 naval vessels, accounting for about170,000 people; The troops invested in the direction of Xiba are *** 13 Division 8 Brigade, 20 air squadrons, 300 combat aircraft and 20 naval vessels, with about 300,000 people. Pakistan's forces in the direction of Dongba * * * are 4 infantry divisions, 2 squadrons of the Air Force, and 17 combat aircraft, with about 90,000 people; The troops invested in the direction of Xiba are *** 12 divisions, 6 brigades, 20 squadrons of the Air Force, 200 combat aircraft and more than 20 naval vessels, with about 250,000 people. Compared with the forces of the two sides, in the direction of Dongba, the Indian army has obvious advantages and the Pakistani army is at a disadvantage; In the direction of west Pakistan, the two armies are evenly matched, and the Indian army has a slight advantage.

197 1 year1month 2 1, the Indian army launched a surprise attack on Pakistan. On the afternoon of February 3, 65438, the President of Pakistan was forced to announce an undeclared counterattack against India. For India, this kind of declaration of war is just what you want. Indian Prime Minister Ying? Mrs Gandhi happily declared to the whole country: "The war in Bangladesh has become a war against India." At this point, the third India-Pakistan war broke out in an all-round way. The war started in Dongba and Xiba battlefields. India's strategic attempt is to attack the east and defend the west, with the ultimate goal of capturing Dongba. Pakistan's strategic guiding principle is to stick to all strategic locations in order to crush the Indian army's raid.

In the Dongba battlefield, with the close cooperation of the navy and air force, the Indian army concentrated its forces and carried out "multi-channel centripetal assault" on Dongba from three directions: east, west and north. After the Indian army in three operational directions successively completed the operational preparations for attacking Dhaka, the Indian army began to launch a general attack on Dhaka. The 50th paratroopers brigade of the Indian army first carried out airborne operations in Naxigedi, a major town in the northeast, 30 kilometers away from Dhaka, which cut off the retreat of the Pakistani army in one fell swoop and pushed southward to Dhaka. 65438+February 65438+May, Indian troops completed the siege of Dhaka from the east, west and north, while the navy and air force imposed a strict blockade from the sea and air, completely cutting off any contact between the East Dam and the West Dam and the outside world. In this case, the defenders of Dongba surrendered to the Indian army in 65438+February 65438+June, and the offensive and defensive operations of Dongba battlefield ended.

In the battlefield of West Pakistan, the two sides are dominated by air combat. Relying on the superiority of the air force, the Indian army tried to violently attack the Pakistan Air Force Base, destroy Pakistan's transportation lines, isolate the interconnection of the Pakistani army's battlefields, prevent the mobile and assembly of the Pakistani ground forces, and achieve the purpose of weakening and containing the ground forces in West Pakistan. The Pakistani army strives to strengthen air defense in key areas, restrain and weaken the combat capability of the Indian Air Force, prevent or limit air strikes by the Indian Air Force, and ensure ground operations. As a result of the fighting, neither side achieved a decisive result. While competing in the air, the two sides also carried out limited ground operations. The two armies have their own offensive actions, in which the Indian army launched multiple offensives and successively occupied 3,600 square kilometers of territory in Sindh province and sagar area of West Pakistan. At this time, the Indian army had won the battle of Dongba, so India announced a "unilateral ceasefire" in Xiba on February 17. Pakistan accepted India's cease-fire proposal, and the fighting on the battlefield in West Pakistan ended.

Consequences of war:

First of all, this less than a month's war split Pakistan in two, accounting for 56% of Pakistan's total population, and East Pakistan with an area of 16% became an independent country-Bangladesh. India's wish to dismember Pakistan has come true. Since then, the power balance of countries in the South Asian subcontinent has changed significantly, and the dismembered Pakistan has further widened the power gap with India. India has become the only regional power in South Asia with obvious economic and military advantages.

Secondly, during the third India-Pakistan war, the United States was worried that the Soviet Union would play a leading role in South Asia, so it adopted a policy of favoring Pakistan in the war. Although the US military did not directly participate in the war, India-US relations fell to the lowest point after the war. As India gradually became the outpost of the Soviet Union's southward strategy and a strategic partner against China, the relationship between India and the Soviet Union continued to heat up. The United States clearly saw that the Soviet Union was using its relations with India to enter the South Asian subcontinent and further enhance its influence and strength. The strategic contraction of the United States in South Asia stimulated the Soviet Union to implement the strategy of going south to the Indian Ocean to a certain extent, which laid the groundwork for the Soviet Union to enter Afghanistan.

Third, the tortuous changes in the relations between Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. More than two years after Bangladesh was founded,1April 1974, the foreign ministers of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh reached an agreement on the repatriation of prisoners of war, and the relations between the three countries tended to be normalized. 1975 10 Bangladesh and Pakistan formally established diplomatic relations. 1975, a military coup took place in Bangladesh. As soon as the new government opposed India's intimate attitude, it vigorously developed relations with Arab countries and began to restore relations with Pakistan. Since then, a series of events have taken place between Bangladesh and India, such as the dispute over the distribution of the Faraka River, India's cessation of military assistance to Bangladesh, border conflicts between the two countries, illegal immigration, etc., and the relationship between Bangladesh and India has been seriously reversed.

The above four wars are all big wars, but in Kashmir, there have always been small-scale conflicts.