Who is the defeated monarch in Feishui Post Station?

-The whole process of the Battle of Feishui reappears/A brief introduction to the history of the Qin-Dalu War.

During the period of Wuhu and Sixteen Kingdoms, the former Qin Dynasty, which basically unified the north, and the Eastern Jin regime, which occupied the left bank of the Yangtze River, launched an "earth-shattering" war in Lishui, Huainan in 383 AD. This is a century-long confrontation between the northern glory and Jiang Zuo's graceful and indifferent spirit, and it is also the intersection that determines the fate of China in Wuhu era. The result of this war was completely unexpected to many people at that time. History books tell us that the Eastern Jin army was outnumbered by fewer troops, and 80,000 Jin troops defeated the former Qin army, which claimed to be 970,000.

This earth-shattering war has far exceeded the war itself and changed the political situation in China in the 3rd and 4th centuries. The Battle of Feishui directly led to the disintegration of the former Qin Dynasty, and later Fu Jian, the ruler of the former Qin Dynasty, was also killed by Yao Chang, a rebel. However, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which favored Jiang Zuo, continued to maintain political power because of this war, and the Chinese culture was also passed down. The great division and chaos in China not only did not end, but intensified, and the reunification of the North and the South was postponed for two centuries. It can be said that without the collapse of the former Qin Dynasty after the Battle of Feishui, there would be no rise of Tuoba Northern Wei Dynasty, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which lasted for more than 160 years, would be out of the question, let alone the inheritance of Sui and Tang Dynasties by the Northern Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties.

The historical influence of the Battle of Feishui is so great that people are keen on the legendary account and ignore the real history. For thousands of years, idioms such as "beyond the reach of the whip" and "the wind is rustling, and the grass and trees are all soldiers" are familiar. Fu Jian's headstrong attitude and Xie An's theory on soldiers have become the talk of countless scholars and historians. Many people think that the battle of Feishui is a war in which contingency overwhelms inevitability. However, the Battle of Feishui is not an isolated historical event. If we want to understand the motivation, influence, process and details of the Feishui War, we can't leave the general process of North-South history since the May 4th Movement. This paper attempts to explore the inevitable factors behind "accidental events", focusing on process analysis rather than giving simple conclusions easily.

First, the rise of the former Qin Dynasty and the trip to unify the North

The Five Rebellions in China began at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, with the rebellion of the Eight Kings. From the disaster of Yongjia, the Hu people in the Great Wall stepped onto the historical stage of China and successively ruled the central areas of ancient China-Guanzhong, Kanto and North China. During this period, the Han people gradually withdrew from the northern political arena. In the more than 100 years before the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the northern land was littered with all corners of the country, with endless wars and opposing forces. The Huns, brothers and sisters, Qiang and Xianbei were called Wang Jianguo, and this period was called the Five Lakes and Sixteen Countries Period.

Fu Jian in the former Qin Dynasty was a very successful monarch in the period of Five Hu and Sixteen Countries. In 357 AD, Fu Jian ascended the throne of the former Qin Dynasty after launching a palace political revolution. During the twenty-six years from 357 A.D. to the Battle of Feishui, the pre-Qin army moved eastward and westward, and finally unified most of the northern regions.

In 357 AD, the former Qin Dynasty destroyed the Qiang people headed by Yao Xiang, and then destroyed the local governors in Zhangping, Zhao. In 366 A.D., the former Qin Dynasty put down the rebellion of Xiongnu Right King and Zuo Liu.

In 370 AD, the former Qin ordered Wang Meng and Deng Qiang to ride Murong Xianbei's 60,000-foot Yan Qian. In terms of economy, population, territory and military strength, Yan Qian was superior to the former Qin Dynasty. Perhaps Fu Jian's original intention was just to crusade against the former Yan, and he did not attempt to destroy Yan. However, the progress of the war was far beyond the expectations of both sides. Wang Meng and Deng Qiang defeated more than 400,000 Yan Qian troops led by former Yan Taifu Murong Ping. Subsequently, Fu Jian led hundreds of troops to support Wang Meng, thus completely eliminating Yan Qian's military power. More than 60 years after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Yan Qian passed away.

In 373 AD, the former Qin Dynasty sent 50,000 troops to capture Liangzhou (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) and Yizhou (now Sichuan), which belonged to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and extended its influence to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the Hanshui River basin. Liang Yizhou is the place where Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Dynasty, and Liu Bei, the Emperor of Shu Zhaolie, rose respectively. In the early years, Huan Wen in the Eastern Jin Dynasty recovered Liangyi County and soon merged into the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Belonging to the strategic edge of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it was in a semi-independent state of local warlords. Therefore, the loss of Liang Yizhou is great for the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but it does not hurt its vitality.

In 376 AD, the former Qin Dynasty opened two battlefields, the East and the West, almost at the same time. The former Qin ordered Gou Jian, Liang, and Yao Chang to ride 130,000 troops into Liangzhou ancient collection, while the former Liang advocated that Tian Xi was defeated and surrendered, and the former Liang perished. The war on the western front is not completely over. Fu Jian appointed Luo as the northern commander-in-chief, led 100,000 soldiers in secluded places, and led 200,000 troops to ride. He also dispatched 8,000 cavalry from the Liangzhou battlefield on the western front to attack Tuoba Xianbei's Daiguo by shunt, and Daiguo declared its demise. In this campaign, the former Qin dynasty used about 300 thousand troops. After Liang Qian and Daiguo were destroyed, Fu Jian basically unified most of the northern regions.

Qin's journey to the north before reunification was a history of conquest with unparalleled martial arts. "Jin Shufu Ji Jian's Notes" said, "(Pre-Qin) Yan Ping Ding Shu, who escaped the generation and swallowed the cold, spanned two thirds, ranking seventh in Kyushu." Before the Battle of Feishui, the world had won. Except Jingzhou, Huainan and Jiangnan, the former Qin Dynasty won seven or eight times. The territory of the former Qin Dynasty was "the sea in the east, Qiuci in the west, Xiangyang in the south and desert in the north" [1]. Silla and Su Shen in the East, Dawan, Kangju, Yutian and Tianzhu in the Western Region all sent envoys to establish friendly relations with the former Qin Dynasty. During this period, the pre-Qin period was very powerful. "Although the five lakes are prosperous, they are unparalleled." [2]

However, when we open the relevant chapters in the Book of Jin and the Sword of Purple Tongzhi, we will find that this history of conquest with superb martial arts is also a history of constant rebellion, frequent wars and ethnic conflicts. From Fu Jian's accession to the throne in 357 AD to the Battle of Feishui in 383 AD, the frequency of wars in the former Qin Dynasty was quite amazing. There was a war every year except 362 and 363. These wars, apart from the above-mentioned unified war of "Yan pacified Shu, captured the next generation and swallowed the cold" and a series of small-scale wars with the Eastern Jin Dynasty, mostly belonged to quelling various rebellions. The frequency of civil war and foreign war is similar, which shows that the rule of the former Qin Dynasty was not stable.

After quelling the rebellion or conquering neighboring countries, the former Qin dynasty adopted punitive immigration, and moved a large number of enemy tribes into Guanzhong, Kanto and Hebei by compulsory measures in an attempt to disintegrate the rule of the other side in its original place of residence. For example, in 358 AD, Fu Jian moved more than 3,000 households from Zhangping to Chang 'an. In October 360, tens of thousands of soldiers from Dugu Department of Wuhuan and Xianbei Wei Department surrendered to Qin, first moving to the south and then to the north. In 365, the former Qin defeated Gu Cao, the right sage king of Xiongnu, and then moved his hero to Chang 'an. 370 years ago, after Qin destroyed the former Yan, more than 40,000 Xianbei Haozu under Murong moved to Chang 'an. In 37 1 year, Fu Jian moved 150,000 heroes from Kanto and Zayi to Guanzhong, moved Wuhuan tribe to Fengyi and Beidi, and moved Dingling Zhabin Department to Xin 'an and Mianchi. In September 376, more than 7,000 powerful families moved to Guanzhong after the former Qin Dynasty destroyed the former cool. In the same year, the extinct Xianbei tribe was dispersed and settled in the northern border. [3]

Forced migration measures have a long history, and there are records of large-scale migration of strongmen and Hu nationality in Han Dynasty, Cao Wei, Western Jin Dynasty and post-Zhao Dynasty. In order to eliminate the influence of these forces in the original place of residence, the ruling class often adopts this means of immigration. This kind of migration under the rule of the former Qin dynasty was far more than that of the previous dynasty, which was related to frequent ethnic conflicts. Fu Jian's practice is slightly different from that of the previous dynasty. He always moves the defeated party to the strategic core areas, such as Guanzhong and Zhongyuan, and the northern fortresses, such as Beidi and Yanmen. After these immigrants moved to their new residence, many nobles became poor. For example, after Yan Qian was destroyed, some Xianbei nobles actually sold straw sandals at the head of Chang 'an Street. Although this immigration policy did not really strengthen the rule, it greatly aggravated the hatred between different ethnic groups. Once the world changes, these tribes will become unstable factors.