What is the population migration in the history of China? About historical geography

(1) In the history of the Chinese nation, the middle and lower reaches of the Old Yellow River were the birthplace of ancient civilization and the center of ancient population distribution in China. Until the Qin and Han dynasties, the population of this area accounted for about 80% of the total population of the country. Decades of social unrest at the end of the Western Han Dynasty led to "cannibalism, empty city walls and wild bones", and the population loss in the Yellow River basin was serious. During the 90 years from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the end of the Three Kingdoms, there were frequent wars in the Central Plains, and people in this area fled to the relatively stable south, making "the hukou in the Central Plains not one tenth". In the Yellow River basin and its vicinity, there has been a phenomenon that "all famous cities are empty and there are countless people who have no people". As a result, the proportion of the population in the Yellow River basin dropped from 80% to 60%, and the population distribution in the whole country was basically stable under this situation until the Anshi Rebellion in the middle of the Tang Dynasty.

(2) In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), "An Shi Rebellion" led to the second migration of a large number of people from the Central Plains. "The world is well dressed, I avoid Wu Dong, Yongjia moves south, not here." After the "An Shi Rebellion", the Central Plains was "desolate and desolate for thousands of miles", and the official population was only about170,000, less than one-third of that before this historical event. Although the war lasted only seven years (755-763), the people of the Central Plains did not stop moving south because of the end of the war. Until the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms period, the people of the Central Plains who moved southward were still facing each other. After the "An Shi Rebellion", the people of the Central Plains moved south, and the population ratio between the north and the south was balanced for the first time.

(3) The "difficulty of Jingkang" at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty once again led the people of the Central Plains to move south. Its scale and duration are comparable to the "Yongjia Rebellion" and "Anshi Rebellion" in history. As a result, the population of the south surpassed that of the north for the first time, and finally the population, economy and culture of China moved from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin. Since then, China society has entered a stage of prosperity in the south and decline in the north. Since then, the southward migration of Central Plains people has never stopped. Social upheaval in the late Song Dynasty, early Yuan Dynasty, late Yuan Dynasty, early Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty led to the population of the Central Plains falling again and again in the total population of China. Especially when Mongols and Manchus entered the Central Plains, the people of the Central Plains were forced to flee to the south, while some Central Plains immigrants who migrated to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River flowed to Lingnan.

(4) Hakka people in southern Jiangxi moved back to their ancestral home in southern Shaanxi because of the Qing court's "order to move to the sea". The purpose of the Qing rulers' decree of "moving the sea" is to isolate and recover the connection between the anti-Qing armed forces in Taiwan Province Province and the mainland anti-Qing forces by forcibly relocating the residents in the southeast coastal areas, so as to prevent Zheng from going north again. According to the "order to move to the sea", Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and other coastal provinces demarcate land as the boundary, allowing residents to move out within a time limit. "When we first set the boundary for 20 miles to the sea, we thought it was close, then we reduced it by 20 miles, and then we reduced it by 10 miles. It takes three steps to determine the boundary. " Guangdong is the earliest place to move to the border, and it is also the place most influenced by Hakka settlements in eastern Guangdong. "Dozens of people fell into the county acropolis", "houses were burned, and folk utensils were accumulated. Those who didn't do this were burned to death. That's an order. Whoever goes out of bounds will die. " Before and after the implementation of the "relocation order", it lasted for about twenty years. Its implementation has brought great disasters to residents in coastal areas, including Hakkas. Migrants were displaced, and fishing boats and merchant ships were banned from going out to sea, which led to the ruins of many commercial ports and fishing villages, and fertile fields became irrigated wasteland. In this case, it is natural for Hakkas to venture to Nanyang and return to their ancestral lands in the northwest.

Like the development of population itself, China's population migration has a long history, but its evolution process is not linear and gradual, but presents typical wave-like ups and downs. When the society is relatively stable, the scale is small and relatively stable; When social unrest occurs due to natural and man-made disasters, its scale will suddenly increase, and the degree of increase is almost proportional to the scale of the unrest. In addition, the scale of population migration is also related to the policies adopted by various dynasties. Affected by the above factors, China's population migration history has formed the following climaxes:

(1) The Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty and the Qin Dynasty were imperial dynasties with great energy. After the reunification of China, they organized a series of large-scale population migration for political and economic needs, some of which were groundbreaking in the history of population migration in China and had a great impact on the immigration policies of subsequent dynasties. In addition to political exile, its content is mainly divided into two categories. The first category is "the real Guanzhong". For example, in the twenty-sixth year of the first emperor (22 BC1year), he immigrated to Xianyang120,000 households, aiming at strengthening the rule and developing into a veritable national political center. The second category is frontier defense and development of new areas, the most famous of which are Wuyuan in the north, Yunzhong and Wuling in the south, with hundreds of thousands of people, which have played an important role in the development along the Great Wall and South China.

It is of great political significance to continue to carry out the policy of "carrying out Guanzhong" and guarding the border by immigrants, especially for the large-scale settlement of immigrants in Hetao area, Hexi Corridor, eastern Qinghai and central Xinjiang.

(2) The Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty was a rare period of great social unrest in China's history. The warlord's scuffle and loss of life contributed to a large-scale population migration. Before the establishment of the Three Kingdoms, that is, during the period of warlord scuffle, immigrants were refugees fleeing from the war. They moved out from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, where the war was fiercest, and most of them moved south to the Yangtze River basin. There are many literati and scholars among the immigrants, that is, Luo Zhi of Wu and Shu, among whom Zhuge Liang, Zhou Yu, Lu Su and Zhang Zhao are the most famous. Lu Su, who was originally from Linhuai (now Dingyuan, Anhui Province), once called on his subordinates: "Huaisi is an intangible land. I heard that Hedong fertile land is thousands of miles away, the people are rich and the soldiers are strong, and they can avoid harm "is a typical representative; The other part goes north along the Great Wall and even Liaodong, among which Ning Guan is famous.

During the period of the tripartite confrontation, in order to strengthen their own strength, all three parties were trying to recruit refugees, develop wasteland, and try their best to recruit and rob people from abroad, including ethnic minorities. For example, Cao Wei moved a large number of Xiongnu and Wuhuan people to the mainland, and Sun Wu sent troops to Taiwan Province Province, and "thousands of people returned to Yizhou".

After nearly 90 years of population migration, the population of the Yangtze River valley and the Great Wall area in China has been increasing and further developed. The migration of ethnic minorities injected fresh blood into the Chinese nation, but ethnic conflicts inevitably occurred at that time, which laid the foundation for the larger population migration and social unrest in the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

(3) During the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, this was another period of great division, erosion and destruction in the history of China, in which the ethnic minorities who moved northward played an important role. In the turmoil of a century or two, the Yellow River was ravaged, leading to the climax of southward migration again and again. According to official statistics only, from 3 13 to 450, the population of Du Nan in the north reached 900,000, accounting for 1/7 of the original household registration in the north. In fact, this statistic has been greatly reduced due to the loss of hidden hukou during the chaotic displacement process. As someone has pointed out: "Since the Central Plains Rebellion, the people have left their own territory, a creation has been created on the left side of the river, the nobles have merged, or the guests have been displaced, and the people's nation has not been established." "When people are in trouble and displaced from this place, refugees take most of their names as guests." It can be seen that the actual scale of immigrants should be far above the above official statistics. During this period, the distribution of immigrants was still dominated by the Yangtze River basin, and there were also many immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong in the south. According to records: "In the second year of Jin Yongjia, eight families in Fujian began to wear clothes, including Lin, Huang, Chen, Zheng, Zhan, Qiu, He and Hu." Wave after wave of immigrants laid the foundation for the historic shift of China's economic and population center of gravity from north to south.

(4) The "An Shi Rebellion" in Sui and Tang Dynasties had great political energy, but their achievements in population migration were far less than those in Qin and Han Dynasties, because people had experienced centuries of turmoil before that, suffered from displacement and moved to other places, and were psychologically disgusted with population migration. In addition, the official immigrants in Qin and Han dynasties, including stationing troops to defend the border, mostly failed to fulfill their responsibilities, often harming first and not benefiting, and learned a lot. Therefore, the official population migration in Sui and Tang Dynasties was very few. It was not until the "An Shi Rebellion" that shocked the whole country broke out that the Yellow River basin fell into a sea of blood again, which triggered another tide of population migration to the south. According to historical records: "At the end of Tianbao, An Lushan rebelled, the son of heaven went to Shu, the toast ran south, and there were a sea of people in Wu." "The world is dressed in clothes, avoiding Wu Dong, and Yongjia moving south is not here." The aftermath of this tide of population migration to the south continued until the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms period. At this point, the population size in southern China has reached the same level as that in the north for the first time.

(5) From the "difficulty of Jingkang" to the "difficulty of Jingkang" caused by the large-scale invasion of Jin people to the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the confrontation between Song and Jin dynasties 100 years, China once again suffered huge social unrest, and the resulting population migration was as large as "the mourning of Yongjia" and "the rebellion of Anshi". According to the record: "At the end of the warning, all the scholars avoided the ground ... those who were wearing clothes rushed to the road." "Northwest scholar-officials suffer from Jingkang and live in Wuling". "People from all directions gathered in Zhejiang, which is a hundred times as usual." Even some remote mountainous areas in the south have accepted many immigrants. For example, in Rongxian County, Guangxi, "Since Guangxi and Guangzhou were introduced to cross the river, many people have stayed at home." The migration of a large number of people from the north to the south has greatly promoted the social development in the south. Many civil military commanders in the Southern Song Dynasty also came from the north, including Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, Zhang Jun, etc. Among the civilians, there were also many celebrities who went south, such as Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji.

(6) The vast Central Plains area of China in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties suffered many disasters in the two centuries from "the difficulty of Jingkang" to the end of Yuan Dynasty. By the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it was "the Central Plains was rough and sparsely populated." In stark contrast to the densely populated south of the Yangtze River. This extremely unbalanced population distribution pattern created the realistic demand of population migration, and the need to open and defend the border led to a climax of population migration in the early Ming Dynasty, but its nature was completely different from the great migration caused by previous turmoil.

Shortly after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, people began to migrate, such as "140,000 people in the south of the Yangtze River moved to Fengyang", "Hebei moved to Zehe, Shanxi", "desert adherents" moved to Beiping, and Huguang, Yunnan moved to farmers in Jiangxi, and so on. Therefore, the history books say that "the most immigrants are Taizu." In the early Ming Dynasty, in order to consolidate the frontier defense, nine towns named "Jiubian" were set up on the first line of the Great Wall, and many guards were also set up in other strategic places in China. In the thirty-first year of Hongwu alone, there were 136 guards. In order to solve the problem of border guards' salary, large-scale immigrants were organized to settle down and defend the border in the early Ming Dynasty. "At that time, it started from Liaozuo in the east, Xuanda in the north, Gansu in the west, and Yunnan and Sichuan in the south. The principle is that the river is north and south, and now it is in Xingyun." There are as many as 400,000 to 500,000 immigrants in Yunnan, and the scale is huge, which has achieved good results politically and economically.

(7) Taiwan Province Province, an immigrant from Taiwan Province Province in Qing Dynasty, was formally incorporated into Chinese territory in Yuan Dynasty. /kloc-Shortly after the Dutch colonists invaded in the 0/7th century, Zheng Chenggong led the army to recover it in one fell swoop. Since then, Zheng successfully organized a large migration to Taiwan Province Province, and the number of immigrants reached 200,000 in a short time, accounting for the majority of the island's total population. After the Qing Dynasty unified Taiwan Province Province, it adopted an ambiguous attitude towards immigrants, that is, immigrants were not allowed to bring their families, which made it difficult for them to take root in Taiwan Province Province. The purpose of this is to prevent Taiwan Province from repeating the "mistakes" of Zheng Chenggong's anti-Qing struggle in Taiwan Province Province after its growing population and prosperity. It was not until the middle of Qing Dynasty that the above policies were loosened due to the increasing population pressure in mainland China, which led to the climax of emigration to Taiwan Province. 18 1 1 year, the population of Han nationality in Taiwan Province Province has exceeded 2 million, which is six or seven times higher than that of a century and a half ago. In the late Qing Dynasty, in view of the sinister international situation, the imperial court realized the strategic significance of Taiwan Province Province. Not only did the immigration restrictions be completely lifted, but also "Reclamation Bureaus" were set up in Xiamen, Shantou, Hongkong and other places to provide financial assistance and preferential treatment to promote the immigration of Taiwan Province Province and lay a population foundation for future development.

(8) During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the population of Northeast China (including eastern Inner Mongolia) was always small, and it was even rarer after the Manchu entered the customs in the early Qing Dynasty. Manchu rulers regarded the northeast as the place where ancestors prospered the king. In order to protect the interests of participating in the mountains and rivers, they imposed a long-term ban on the northeast and built a "wicker border pass" in Liaoning to prohibit residents from farming across the border. At the same time, the northeast is used as a place to exile prisoners. These so-called "floating population" have played an important role in the development of Northeast China. Coupled with illegal farmers, by the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the total population of this area still increased significantly. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, the vast areas in the lower reaches of the Yellow River suffered from famine year after year, and thousands of bankrupt farmers ignored the ban and flowed into the northeast. By 1840, the total population of the whole region has exceeded 3 million, which is seven or eight times higher than that before 100. At this time, the national population has reached 400 million, and the population pressure has intensified social contradictions. Internationally, the great powers are advancing step by step, especially Russia, which has been waiting for opportunities in the northeast. In this situation, the Manchu court relaxed the ban on famine in Northeast China in 1860, and all the bans were lifted in 1897, which not only reduced the population pressure in the customs, but also opened up financial resources for the court and enriched the border defense. In addition, immigrants are also given a "work orientation". All these have contributed to a frenzy of "de-orientalization". By 19 10, the total population of Northeast China has increased to180,000, which is nearly five times higher than 1840.

After the founding of the Republic of China, the torrent of "de-orientalization" continued. Before September 18th, it was estimated that about 250,000 to 300,000 people moved in every year, mostly from Shandong and Hebei provinces. Since then, the number of people who have moved in is still considerable. On the eve of the founding of New China, the total population of the whole region has reached nearly 4 million, double the ratio of 19 10. Throughout the whole history of China's population migration, the migration to the Northeast in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China was the strongest and the best, which had a great and far-reaching impact on China's population geography and economic geography.