What are the spread of main deciduous fruit tree species?

The origin and spread of apples, pears, peaches and grapes will be described in the third part of tree germplasm resources science. Here is a brief introduction to the origin and spread of other major deciduous fruit trees.

(1) apricot

1. Origin

Apricot originated in China. According to the study of apricot resources collected by the former Soviet scholar Kostina 1928- 1938 in various geographical regions, it is considered that all cultivated apricots in the world belong to the genus Apricot ... This wild type of apricot can still be found in the western, central and eastern Tianshan Mountains, eastern Tibet, Qinling Mountains and mountainous areas in northern Beijing.

According to the investigation of fruit tree workers in China, the forests are distributed in Piliqinggou and Jiligelanggou in Yining County on the south slope of Koguryo Qinshan Mountain on the north bank of Yili River in Xinjiang, to Xiaogou in Huocheng County in the west and Luck in Timur, xinyuan county in the east. In western Sichuan, wild apricots are distributed in the cold mountains on the way from 2700 meters above sea level to Danba.

Apricots are distributed from Heilongjiang River Basin in the east of China to Pamirs Plateau in the west, from Yangtze River Basin in the south to vast areas in the north of Mongolia. Most of this area is in China, so there is no doubt that apricots originated in China.

spread

Apricot cultivation in China has a long history, which was first recorded in the Xia period before Confucius' time. Among them, there is the word "apricot", and other documents infer that apricot cultivation in China began 3000 years ago.

Apricot was introduced into Armenia from 2nd century BC to 1 century BC via the west of Tianshan Mountain. However, until the second half of the19th century, European and American scholars still believed that apricot originated from Armenia and Anatolia in West Asia. So its scientific name comes from the ancient Greek title "Armenian fruit" 2,000 years ago.

Prin wrote in "Ancient Rome" (AD 77), "(Armenian fruit) was introduced only thirty years ago, and it was very expensive." It can be seen that apricot was introduced to Rome in the first century, and then spread and expanded in the Mediterranean region. Like European peaches, apricot varieties adapted to the dry summer climate in southern Europe were domesticated. Apricot was introduced to Britain in14th century, and now apricot cultivated in Britain and Central European countries is a variety introduced in16th century.

The United States only introduced apricots from Europe in the18th century. Spanish missionaries brought apricots to the United States in 1720, and began planting them in California in 1792. Most of the existing varieties are imported from Europe. In recent years, the economic cultivation of apricot has begun to rise in South Africa and Australia.

Japanese introduced apricots from China very early, initially as medicine. For example, the names of apricots are recorded in The Literature of Ping 'an Dynasty, Materia Medica and Names (9 18) and Notes on Famous Collections (923-930). It will also be used as a fruit in the future, but it is not cultivated much. Because the flowering period of apricot is a little later than that of plum, it is easy to cross with plum, so Li Daduo in Japan is related to apricot.

(2) Walnut

1. Origin

The origin of walnut is thought to be recorded in Iranian, China ancient and foreign literatures in West Asia. However, after systematically analyzing the research results at home and abroad and the origin of China walnut, it cannot be said that Juglans regia L. originated from China. For archaeological analysis, please refer to Professor Xi Rongting's article "Discussion on the Origin of Walnut in China".

2. According to the cultivation history and variety distribution of China walnut, there may be two cultivation centers for common walnut. One is the northwest, including Xinjiang, Gansu, Shaanxi and other provinces (regions), in which Xinjiang was the earliest and most prosperous, and it was very common to grow walnuts in Xinjiang before 1500. Another cultivation center is North China, including Shanxi, Henan, Hebei and Shandong in East China. In addition, it is the walnut cultivation center in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. According to the theory that walnuts originated in West Asia, it is believed that walnuts cultivated in China were introduced to China from Iran via Xinjiang, Gansu and Shaanxi in the 2nd century, so walnuts are also called walnuts. But the historical data of this statement is not sufficient.

In the world, walnuts were introduced from West Asia to Europe, and then from Europe to America. Indian walnut was introduced from Iran or China; Japanese and Korean walnuts were imported from China.

(3) chestnuts

1. Origin

Chestnut is one of the ancient tree species native to China. According to the fossil research and the distribution of modern chestnut plants, it is proved that the origin of chestnut is the Yellow River, the Yangtze River basin, the tropical and subtropical mountains in southwest and south China. In addition to China chestnut for cultivation, European chestnut (C. Mill) and Japanese chestnut (C.crenatn Sied.et Zucc) are also used for cultivation, while American chestnut (C.dentata Borkh) is mainly used for wood and tanning materials.

spread

Chestnut is one of the earliest fruit trees in China. The excavation of banpo village cultural site in Xi 'an shows that people began to collect and utilize wild chestnuts as early as 6000 years ago. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, chestnut trees were planted in China. For example, there is "hazelnut on the tree" in Shijing Yongfeng.

China chestnut was introduced into Japan and Korea during Meiji period. North Korea's Pyongyang chestnut (salty chestnut) was also introduced from Hebei Province. In 1970s, Japan introduced chestnut scions from Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Hebei and other provinces in China, and found 2-3 varieties resistant to chestnut tumor bees through grafting. Castanea mollissima from China was also introduced to Europe for the purpose of being used as the raw material for breeding. For example, China chestnut 1860 was introduced to France, and then introduced many times, and new varieties suitable for local conditions were cultivated through seedling raising and hybridization, such as clapper and Nanjing.

Castanea mollissima from China was introduced to the United States on 1853 and reintroduced on 1907, which was also mainly used for disease resistance breeding. According to research, China chestnut has the strongest resistance to chestnut blight, and it is this discovery that has avoided the extinction of American chestnut.

European chestnut is considered to be native to the western Caucasus. Some excellent chestnut varieties began to appear in Europe after the Middle Ages and developed in France, Italy and Spain. European chestnut was introduced to America in 1803, but it was rarely cultivated outside Europe.

Japanese chestnut is one of the fruit trees with a long cultivation history. It originated in Japan and has been cultivated for at least 1300- 1600 years. Japanese chestnut is rarely cultivated in other parts of the world except North Korea and northeast China.

(4) Jujube

1. Origin

Zizyphus jujuba originated in China. According to Professor Qu Zezhou's research, cultivated jujube evolved from thorn jujube. Judging from the distribution and spread of jujube, jujube was domesticated and cultivated in the middle reaches of the Yellow River in China, and Shaanxi and Shanxi Yellow River Canyon were the earliest cultivation centers.

spread

Jujube is an ancient cultivated fruit tree in China, which was listed as one of the five fruits (peach, chestnut, apricot, plum and jujube) in ancient times. In the Book of Songs, there is a saying that dates are peeled in August, and in Historical Records, there is a saying that there are thousands of dates in Anyi ... Everyone is waiting with thousands of families. Jujube first spread from the earliest cultivation center to Hebei, Shandong, Henan and other places, and finally spread all over the country, forming a corresponding ecological type adapted to the natural conditions in the south.

When Chinese dates spread abroad, they first spread to Korea, the former Soviet Union, Afghanistan, India, Myanmar, Pakistan and Thailand, which are adjacent to China.

Jujube was introduced to Europe and Mediterranean countries through the ancient Silk Road. The ancient Greeks and Romans knew that jujube was at the beginning of AD, and the Romans also introduced jujube to Barbary and Spain, but jujube was born in the wild.

Jujube was cultivated in the United States late, and/kloc-0 was introduced to Europe in 837, so that the original variety names in China, such as Langzao or Lizao, were still used in American and French works.

Japanese jujube trees cultivated since ancient times were also introduced from China. In the ancient Japanese document "Chronicles of the Third World" (908), it was recorded that "Guangkaoren paid tribute to Lizao from Nong Xin in the second year (AD 887)", indicating that Japan had already started to cultivate jujube at that time.

At present, almost all the jujube trees cultivated in the world originated from China, and were introduced directly or indirectly from China.

(5) Persimmon

1. Origin

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f) is native to the Yangtze River valley in China, and wild persimmons are distributed in Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other provinces. In addition to persimmon, other persimmon plants include camellia oleifera, lotus and Virginia persimmon, which are native to the United States, but are not directly used for production and cultivation, and are mostly used as rootstocks.

spread

Judging from the existing ancient books, the earliest record of the history of persimmon cultivation in China is the description of jujube, jujube Li Zhen and persimmon in the Book of Rites. Therefore, persimmons were cultivated in the early Han Dynasty and have a history of more than 2,000 years.

Persimmons from China have been introduced to Japan and Korea since ancient times. During the Kamakura period (1192-1333), there were two kinds of persimmon in Japan: sweet persimmon and astringent persimmon. Persimmon was introduced to Europe from Japan in 1786 and from China in the early 9th century.

Persimmon was introduced to Washington State on 1863, but was introduced to the southern United States from Japan on 1870. Now there are orchards in California, and other places are cultivated as garden ornamental trees. In recent years, persimmons have been introduced to Brazil by immigrants from South America, and the area has been expanding.

(6) Kiwifruit

1. Origin

Kiwifruit plants are mostly distributed in Asia, and there are 52 species in China. Among them, China yew is a widely cultivated species, which originated in Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and all parts of the Yangtze River basin.

spread

The collection and utilization time of kiwifruit in China was at least 1 200 years ago. For example, it has been recorded in Compendium of Materia Medica (AD 739) that kiwifruit can be used as medicine and its skin is suitable for papermaking. However, in ancient times, most of them were in a state of self-destruction, and most of them were planted in courtyards for shade viewing and partial eclipse, so there was no large-scale planting.

Britain was the first country to introduce kiwifruit from China. During the period of 1843- 1845, R.Fortune, a British plant collector, collected kiwifruit specimens in Zhejiang and sent them back to Britain. 1847, J.E.Planchon, a French botanist working in Britain at that time, named them Chinese kiwifruit. Later, the British botanist E.H. Wilson came to China for many times to collect horticultural plants, and introduced the seeds of Actinidia chinensis as ornamental plants to Britain in 1900, and began to bear fruit in191year.

The United States introduced kiwifruit seedlings from China in 1904, and G.M.Darrow of 1937 reported that it achieved good yield in Southern California.

The large-scale production and cultivation of modern kiwifruit began in New Zealand Island. 1906 Allison A. of Wanganui, New Zealand got some kiwi seeds from his friend James Me. Gregor has been to China. After sowing, they begin to bear fruit at 19 10. Later, the varieties cultivated in this country were all selected from these seedlings. With the great success of kiwifruit variety selection and cultivation in New Zealand, a worldwide kiwifruit cultivation movement has been set off.

Japan began to introduce kiwifruit in 1970, and thought it grew well in citrus areas.

In China, kiwifruit has become an ancient and young fruit variety, and has been vigorously promoted and developed in various places.