Point out the role of China's macroeconomic policies.

Economists believe that macroeconomic policies should achieve four goals at the same time: full employment, price stability, economic growth and balance of payments. Full employment press conference of the National Development and Reform Commission Full employment refers to the state that all production factors, including labor, participate in production activities at a willing price. Full employment has two meanings: first, it refers to an economic state in which all people who are willing to accept the current wages can find jobs except friction unemployment and voluntary unemployment, that is, eliminating involuntary unemployment means full employment. Second, it refers to an economic state in which all factors of production, including labor, are used for production at prices that they are willing to accept, that is, all resources are fully utilized. Unemployment means the waste or idleness of scarce resources, thus reducing the total economic output and damaging the total social welfare. Therefore, the cost of unemployment is huge, and reducing the unemployment rate and achieving full employment often become the primary goal of western macroeconomic policies. Price stability Price stability refers to the stability of the overall price level. Generally, the price index is used to measure the change of general price level. Price stability does not mean that the price of each commodity is fixed, nor does it mean that the overall price level is fixed, but that the price index is relatively stable. The price index is divided into three categories: Consumer Price Index (CPI), Wholesale Price Index (PPI) and GNPdeflator. Price stability does not mean that the inflation rate is zero, but allows to maintain a low and stable inflation rate. The so-called low means that the inflation rate is between 1-3%, and the so-called stable means that the inflation rate can be maintained at a roughly equivalent level for a long time. This inflation rate is acceptable to the society and will not adversely affect the economy. Economic growth refers to the sustained growth of per capita output and per capita income produced by economy and society in a specific period. Including: first, maintain a high economic growth rate; The second is to cultivate the ability of sustained economic growth. It is generally believed that economic growth is consistent with employment goals. Economic growth is usually measured by the average annual growth rate of real gross national product in a certain period. Economic growth will increase social welfare, but the higher the growth rate, the better. This is because on the one hand, economic growth is limited by various resource conditions, and it is impossible to grow indefinitely, especially in countries with fairly developed economies. On the other hand, economic growth has to pay a price, such as environmental pollution and various social problems. Therefore, economic growth is to achieve a moderate growth rate in line with China's specific conditions. Balance of payments Balance of payments can be divided into static balance and dynamic balance, autonomous balance and passive balance. Static balance means that at the end of a year, there is no surplus or deficit in a country's international payments; Dynamic balance does not emphasize the balance of international payments in a certain year, but takes the planned period that may be realized in actual economic operation as the balance cycle to maintain the balance of international payments in the planned period. Independent balance refers to the balance of international payments achieved through independent transactions, that is, transactions that occur independently for the pursuit of profits or other interests based on commercial motives; Passive balance refers to the balance of international payments achieved through compensatory transactions, that is, a country's monetary authorities take regulatory transactions to make up for the imbalance of independent transactions. The goal of international balance of payments requires the exchange rate to be stable, the foreign exchange reserves to be increased, and the import and export to be balanced. The balance of payments is not to balance a country's current account and capital account in the balance of payments account, nor to passively prevent exchange rate changes and foreign exchange reserves changes, but to increase a country's foreign exchange reserves. The moderate increase of foreign exchange reserves is regarded as the basic sign of the improvement of international balance of payments. At the same time, a country's balance of payments not only reflects its foreign economic exchanges, but also reflects its economic stability. The above four goals are complementary and alternate. Complementarity means that the realization of one goal can promote the realization of another. If we want to achieve full employment, we must maintain the necessary economic growth. Alternating relationship means that the realization of one goal repels another. If there is a dilemma between price stability and full employment. In order to achieve full employment, it is necessary to stimulate aggregate demand and expand employment, which generally requires the implementation of expansionary fiscal and monetary policies, which will lead to an increase in the price level. In order to curb inflation, it is necessary to tighten finance and money, which will lead to an increase in unemployment. Another example is that there is a mutually exclusive relationship between economic growth and price stability. Because inflation is inevitable in the process of economic growth. For another example, there is an alternating relationship between domestic equilibrium and international equilibrium. The domestic equilibrium here refers to full employment and price stability, while the international equilibrium refers to the balance of payments. In order to achieve domestic balance, it may reduce the competitiveness of domestic products in the international market, which is not conducive to the balance of payments. In order to achieve a balance of payments, it may not be conducive to achieving the goals of full employment and price stability. Therefore, when making economic policies, we must judge the value of economic policy objectives, weigh the priorities and pros and cons, determine the realization order of objectives and the level of target indicators, and at the same time make each objective have the best matching combination, so that the selected and determined target system can become a harmonious organic whole. [Edit this paragraph] Policy tools Macroeconomic policy tools are the means to achieve policy objectives. Among macroeconomic policy tools, demand management, supply management and international economic policy are commonly used. Demand management macroeconomic policy trends Demand management refers to a macroeconomic policy tool to achieve certain policy objectives by regulating aggregate demand. It includes fiscal policy and monetary policy. Demand management policy is based on Keynes's total demand analysis theory and is a policy tool that Keynes values. Demand management is to achieve the goal of neither unemployment nor inflation through the adjustment of total demand and total supply. Its basic policies include policies to achieve full employment and policies to ensure price stability. In the case of insufficient effective demand, that is, when the total demand is less than the total supply, the government should adopt expansionary policies and measures to stimulate the growth of total demand, overcome the economic depression and achieve full employment; When the effective demand grows too fast, that is, when the total demand is greater than the total supply, the government should adopt austerity policies and measures to curb the total demand in order to overcome inflation caused by excessive demand expansion. The core of supply management supply school theory is to shift attention from demand to supply. Supply management is to achieve certain policy objectives through the adjustment of total supply. In the short term, the main factor affecting supply is the production cost, especially the wage cost in the production cost. In the long run, the main factor affecting supply is the growth of production capacity, that is, economic potential. Supply management policies include income policy, indexation policy, manpower policy and economic growth policy. 1) income policy. Income policy refers to the policy of limiting the rate of price increase by limiting the growth rate of wage income, so it is also called wage and price management policy. Income is managed because inflation is sometimes driven by costs (wages) (see cost-driven inflation). The purpose of income policy is to stop inflation. It has the following three forms: first, wage and price guidelines. According to the changes of labor productivity and other factors, the limit of wage and price increase is stipulated, mainly the wage growth rate. Enterprises and trade unions should determine the wage increase range according to this guideline, and enterprises should also determine the price change range of products accordingly. If they violate this criterion, they will be punished in the form of taxes. The second is to freeze wages and prices. That is, the government uses legal and administrative means to prohibit raising wages and prices within a certain period of time. These measures are generally adopted in special periods and also in periods of severe inflation. The third is the tax stimulus policy. That is, using taxes to control growth. 2) Index strategy. The indexation policy is to adjust the nominal value of all kinds of income according to the inflation rate in a specific period, so that its real value remains unchanged. Mainly: First, wage indexation. The second is tax indexation. That is, the personal income adjustment tax is automatically adjusted according to the price index. 3) Human resource policy is also called employment policy. This is a policy aimed at improving the structure of the labor market to reduce unemployment. Mainly: First, human capital investment. The government or relevant institutions invest in workers to improve their cultural and technical level and physical quality, so as to meet the needs of the labor market. The second is to improve the labor market. The government should constantly improve and increase various employment agencies to provide rapid, accurate and complete information for both labor supply and demand, so that workers can find satisfactory jobs and enterprises can get the employees they need. The third is to help workers move. The mobility of workers between regions, industries and departments is conducive to the rational allocation and optimal use of labor, and can also reduce the unemployment caused by the regional structure of labor and the difficulty of labor mobility. The assistance to the flow of workers includes providing sufficient information, necessary material help and encouragement. 4) Economic growth policy. Mainly: first, improve the quantity and quality of the labor force. Ways to increase the labor force include increasing the birth rate and encouraging immigrants to enter the country. The way to improve the quality of labor force is to increase investment in human capital. The second is capital accumulation. Capital accumulation mainly comes from savings, and people can be encouraged to save by reducing taxes and raising interest rates. The third is technological progress. Technological progress is playing an increasingly important role in modern economic growth. Therefore, promoting technological progress has become the focus of economic policies in various countries. Fourth, balanced growth in a planned way. The coordinated growth among various departments in modern economy is required by the economy itself, and the national planning and coordination should be realized by indirect means. International economic policy International economic policy is the rule of international economic relations. In reality, every country's economy is open, and the links between countries' economies are getting closer and closer, influencing each other. A country's macroeconomic policy objectives include international economic relations (that is, international balance of payments), and the realization of other objectives depends not only on domestic economic policies, but also on international economic policies. Therefore, international economic policy documents should also be incorporated into macroeconomic policies: the macroeconomic policies implemented by China since the second half of 2008 have played an important role in the overall economic recovery of China. (1 min) National fiscal, taxation, monetary and interest rate policies can promote the smooth operation of the national economy. (2 points) Home appliances going to the countryside shows that consumption has an important reaction to production. (2 points) (The examinee replied that "the adjustment measures of the national macroeconomic policy have effectively stimulated the total social demand and stimulated economic growth." Or answer, "the government subsidies home appliances to the countryside and other measures have effectively stimulated consumption and promoted economic growth." Also scored 2 points; Answer "the state uses economic means to carry out macro-control on the national economy to maintain a stable and rapid development of the national economy" or "the state uses a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately loose monetary policy to expand domestic demand and promote economic development". Can be graded as appropriate)