History of Shandong Province

The development of history

[prehistoric times]

The Pleistocene "Yiyuan Man" fossil found in Yiyuan County is one of the examples of Homo erectus in China. In addition, the Stone Age civilizations excavated in Shandong Province include the Northern New Culture in 7300-6 100 BC, Dawenkou Culture and Longshan Culture in 4300-2500 BC. The early excavation of Chinese characters can be traced back to the pottery fragments of Longshan culture in Shandong Province.

Pre-Qin era

(See Qilu Culture) Shandong, located in the east of North China Plain, has long been influenced by Chinese civilization. Before the establishment of Shang Dynasty, Luxi area was once the activity center of Shang clan and the center of Shang rule. The Shang Dynasty ruled the untranslated Dongyi people in eastern Shandong through allies, such as the elected country and Bo Gu country.

1 1 century BC, Zhou Wuwang wiped out the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and started the world again. The first letter was written in the state of Qi (Ming Shang, Zi Ziya); His younger brother, Duke Zhou (famous Dan, later assisted), was sealed in Lu.

According to the four-year record of Xi Gong in Zuo Zhuan, the capital of Qi is Linzi, and its territory is "east of the sea, west of the river (Yellow River), south of Muling (now the junction of Yishui and Linqu) and north of Wudi (now Yanshan, Hebei)". The State of Qi "benefited from trade and industry, but the people returned more", which was a combination of "Dongyi culture", "because of its customs, it was simple and humble", "valuing merit", pragmatic and innovative, inclusive, and had a strong national strength. Qi's industry, commerce, science and technology, such as textile industry, are also very developed, and it has the reputation of "clothes wear the world".

Lu is located in Qufu, and its territory is described as "Mount Taishan Rock Lubang" in the poem "Song Lu Gong". There are turtles in the election, wasting big things. As for Haibang and Huaiyi, they came together. "Lu, adhering to the etiquette of the Zhou Dynasty," respecting relatives "and developing agriculture, is a" ceremonial state "that respects benevolence, tradition, ethics and harmony.

Dragon column in Dacheng Hall of Confucius Temple in Qufu. Qilu culture has contributed a lot to the formation and development of China culture, with far-reaching influence. Confucius was born in Qufu, Ludu, where he founded Confucianism and became the cornerstone of China's social framework and values. Confucius, Mencius, Sun Tzu, Lu Ban, Bian Que, etc. They are all outstanding representatives of Qilu's contributions to Chinese civilization in many aspects.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were many other smaller vassal states in Shandong, including 55 countries in Zuozhuan, among which Lai, Ju, Teng and other countries had great territory and influence, and were later annexed by Qi and Lu. In the three years of the Duke of Zhou's crusade, he put down the rebellion of his son Wu Geng, unified Dongyi, and merged Qi and Lu with other countries. Jiang Taigong attacked Laiguo again, and the power of Qi extended to Jiaodong Peninsula. During the Warring States Period, Qi became one of the Seven Heroes. Today, most of Shandong is occupied by Qi and Lu. In 249 BC, Chu captured Lu; In 223 BC, the State of Qin captured the State of Chu. By 22 1 year BC, Qi became the last vassal state annexed by Qin. China was unified for the first time, and Qilu became an inseparable part of China.

Han Dynasty

Shandong is known as "thousands of miles away", and its early agriculture and handicrafts were developed. Since Qin and Han Dynasties, it has become the economic center of China. Shandong's grain is continuously traced back to the west along the Yellow River and supplied to Guanzhong. Shandong is an important source of the "Silk Road" in Han Dynasty, Linzi, Dingtao and Kangfu (now Jining) are the three major textile centers in China, and a large number of exquisite textiles have been exported to the western regions continuously since then.

The Han Dynasty established two states (first-class administrative regions) in today's Shandong: Qingzhou in the north and Yanzhou in the south.

By the Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, wars were frequent and the economy was destroyed.

the Tang Dynasty

In the Tang Dynasty, Shandong resumed its development. At that time, it mainly belonged to Henan Road. During the Tianbao period of Kaiyuan, millions of stone millet were transported to Guanzhong every year, but the prices of Qing and Qi (now Qingzhou and Jinan) were still far lower than those of other places in China. Embroidered silk in Yanzhou in Tang Dynasty and embroidered silk in Qingzhou are well-known fine fabrics in China. In the late Tang Dynasty, the war broke out again.

Song and Yuan Dynasties

During the Northern Song Dynasty, the emperor was fatuous and treacherous officials were in power. Song Jiang and others rebelled in Liangshan, Shui Bo (now Liangshan County, Jining City, Shandong Province) for the sake of national justice. This story, written by Shi Naian, is one of the four classical novels of China. During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, due to serious exploitation, foreign countries invaded and tyrannized, and the social economy was in a state of stagnation. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were only 6.5438+0.26 million people and 380,000 households in Shandong, which were about 87% and 75% less than those in the Jin Dynasty.

tomorrow

The Ministry of Public Affairs of Shandong Province (including Liaodong at that time) was established in the Ming Dynasty. During the recovery of the Ming Dynasty, Shandong was "mostly uninhabited" and the government rewarded the people for reclamation. By the 26th year of Hongwu (1393), the cultivated land area in Shandong was more than 72.4 million mu, 2.4 times that of the Northern Song Dynasty, ranking third in the country. 142 1 After Emperor Yongle moved to Beijing, Jining and Linqing along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal prospered due to the development of grain transportation.

Ching Dynasty

By the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the cultivated land in Shandong had reached more than 90 million mu. 1860s, Yantai became the first port opened to the outside world in Shandong. 1895, during the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, the Japanese army captured Weihai and the Beiyang Navy was wiped out. From 65438 to 0898, Qingdao and Weihai were leased to Germany and Britain respectively. Germany has also built the Ji Jiao Railway from Qingdao to Jinan (1905) and the northern section of the Jinpu Railway (19 1 1), with Shandong as its sphere of influence. 1899, the Boxer Rebellion started in Shandong and attacked western missionaries all over the province. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, faced with the threat of Russia and Japan, Northeast China finally opened to Han immigrants, and with the encouragement of Zhang in the early years of the Republic of China, tens of millions of Shandong farmers made a living from it in 100, which became an important part of the population in Northeast China today.

After Qing dynasty

19 14, the Japanese army seized Qingdao from Germany. 1922 returned to China after the Washington meeting. 1930, the national government recovered Weihai from Britain. In the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression from 1937 to 1945, the Japanese army occupied the railways and cities in Shandong, and the * * * production party established the liberated areas such as Yimeng Mountain and Jiaodong in the countryside. After the outbreak of the civil war,1May, 947, the East China People's Liberation Army in Chen Yi wiped out the elite 74th Division of the Central Army in Meng Lianggu. 1948 On September 24th, Chen Yi troops captured Jinan, and Shandong President Wang Zaishou Guang was captured and fled to Qingdao. On June 2, 1949, after the US troops retreated from Qingdao, the PLA entered the city.

In the early days of the People's Republic of China, plain provinces were newly established in western Shandong, northern Henan and southern Hebei, including Heze and Liaocheng in Shandong Province. 1952 The province was abolished and the jurisdiction was merged into Shandong and Henan.

1June, 953, tengxian area was renamed Jining area. In July, Huxi area and Yishui area were abolished, and their counties and cities were placed in Jining, Heze and Linyi areas respectively. 1954 65438+February, Zibo industrial and mining area was abolished and Zibo city was established. 1958 Laiyang area was renamed Yantai area. 1960, Yixian county was abolished and Zaozhuang city was established. 1963, Dongming County of Henan Province was assigned to Shandong. 1964, Fan County was assigned to Henan. 1965, Guantao belongs to Hebei, Ningjin County and Qingyun County of Hebei Province belong to Shandong. 1967, the SAR was renamed as a region. The whole province * * * governs 9 regions of Dezhou, Huimin, Changwei, Yantai, Linyi, Tai 'an, Jining, Heze and Liaocheng, 4 provincial cities of Jinan, Qingdao, Zibo and Zaozhuang, 5 county-level cities, 107 counties.

1981may, changwei area was renamed Weifang area. In June 1982 1 1, Dongying, a provincial city, was established. 1983, Yantai, Weifang and Jining were abolished and Yantai, Weifang and Jining were established. 1985, the Tai 'an area was abolished and the prefecture-level Tai 'an city was established. From 65438 to 0987, Weihai was upgraded to a prefecture level city. 1989 Rizhao was upgraded to a prefecture-level city. 1992, Huimin District was renamed Binzhou District, and Laiwu City was upgraded to a prefecture-level city. 1994, Linyi and Dezhou were abolished and Linyi and Dezhou were established. 1997 The Liaocheng area was abolished and a prefecture-level Liaocheng city was established. In 2000, Binzhou and Heze were abolished and Binzhou and Heze were established.

By the end of 2005, the whole province was divided into seven prefecture-level cities, including Jinan, Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai, Weifang, Zibo, Zaozhuang, Dongying, Jining, Tai 'an, Rizhao, Laiwu, Linyi, Dezhou, Liaocheng, Binzhou and Heze 17, county-level administrative units 140 and township-level units/kloc.