Basic mode of urbanization

What is urbanization? This problem concerns all of you here, because our real estate development is actually to provide housing for everyone, and it is mainly for people in the city, and there is no real estate market in the countryside. Urbanization is a historical process from a traditional rural society dominated by agriculture to a modern urban society dominated by industry and service industry. Different disciplines study urbanization from different angles, for example, sociology pays more attention to the development process of urban lifestyle; Demographers are concerned about the process of population concentration in cities; Economics mainly studies the spatial agglomeration process of production factors; Geography pays attention to the process of economic location concentrating on cities. On the whole, urbanization should embody four characteristics: first, the transformation, concentration, strengthening and differentiation of population and non-agricultural activities into cities; Second, the regional promotion of urban landscape; The third is the diffusion of economic, social and technological changes in cities; The fourth is the diffusion of urban culture, urban lifestyle and urban values. Speaking of which, we can think about it. In fact, what are the products provided by our real estate developers? I think it should be a way of life, not just a building product.

What is the measure of urbanization? It is the level of urbanization, and its calculation is the urban population divided by the total population. The process of urbanization has a characteristic that it can be divided into three stages. In the primary stage, the level of urbanization is below 30%, which is a slow process; In the middle stage, the urbanization level is 30% to 70%, which is an accelerated stage, and China is currently in such an accelerated stage; In the later period, it was basically stable, and the urbanization level was 70% to 90%.

Looking back at the process of urbanization in our country, we can divide it into three stages from the attitude of the government: before 1970, it was basically repression. At that time, China took the road of non-urbanization and industrialization. After the founding of New China, in order to change the poverty and backwardness, the government tried to promote industrialization, but our industrialization was not closely integrated with urbanization. Although industry has developed, cities have not developed accordingly; By the1980s, the academic circles were actively discussing and promoting, while the government took a wait-and-see attitude. At that time, the word urbanization basically did not appear in the red-headed documents. 1990 period into promotion and active support. At present, the basic situation of our country is that from 1978 to now, the level of urbanization has risen from 17.9% to 36. 1% of 200/kloc-0, compared with 39% last year. Of course, there are still many problems in China's urbanization. People usually talk about the following problems: urbanization lags behind the level of economic development and industrialization; The macro-layout, scale and structure of the urban system are incompatible with economic development; Lack of an international metropolis with strong competitiveness and influence in the global economy; The function division of cities in urban dense areas is not clear, and the structure is similar; There are insufficient central cities in the vast central and western regions, and the existing urban agglomeration, radiation and driving factors are weak; The quality and management level of towns are not high, and the number of small towns is too large and the scale is too small.

The speed of urbanization is related to the dynamic mechanism. Before the reform and opening up, China's urbanization process was relatively slow. Why? Because political factors were dominant at that time, political factors could not provide sustained and powerful motivation. After the reform and opening up, the dynamic mechanism of urbanization has changed. The reduction of national super-economic coercive factors and the increase of market factors have led to the rapid development of urbanization. There are four driving factors: first, rural industrialization, second, comparative interests, third, rural surplus contribution, and fourth, institutional change.

Second, the road to urbanization.

There has been a lot of debate in academic circles about the road of national urbanization. To sum up, some people advocate taking the road of small towns, mainly from the perspective of sociology. The second is to advocate the development of medium-sized cities, because big cities have the problems of big cities and small cities have the shortcomings of small cities, which is a compromise idea; Another is to advocate the construction of big cities, mainly from the perspective of agglomeration economy; There are also the development of large, medium and small cities; In addition, there are views that advocate the development of small and medium-sized cities and large cities and small towns, each with its own reasons. From the mode, it is proposed that we should take the road of sustainable development, combine regional economy with urbanization, determine our own different modes according to regional characteristics, and adjust them by market mechanism, because we can't manage the large, medium and small.

Although there are many controversies, the final policy formulated by the state is clearly stated in the report 16, pointing out that "the level of urbanization should be gradually improved and the coordinated development of large, medium and small cities and small towns should be adhered to". The road we choose must conform to China's national conditions. What is our national condition? That is, the rural population is large, the economy is relatively backward, the resources are relatively poor, and the regional differences are great. Under this national condition, it is obviously not feasible to copy the foreign model. This policy has several meanings. The first is moderate urbanization and the establishment of a scientific and reasonable urban system. The second is that big cities are the backbone, small and medium-sized cities are the main body, and small towns are the foundation. In the way of promotion, it emphasizes the organic combination of market mechanism and administrative mechanism, and promotes it in multiple channels, diversification and ways.

After argumentation, we think this road is feasible. Generally speaking, it is completely feasible to appropriately increase the development and number of big cities. There are many small and medium-sized cities, but the average size is not large. We should control the quantity, expand the scale and improve the quality. Cities in the central and western regions are different, mainly due to the disconnection between large, medium and small cities and between towns. Therefore, we should attach importance to the development of medium-sized cities and improve the urban system by improving the transition link between big cities and small cities.

There are several misunderstandings about urbanization that need to be clarified. The first misunderstanding is that we have long believed that urban development will inevitably lead to "urban diseases". In fact, with the development of science and technology and the deepening of people's understanding of cities, urban diseases can be prevented or alleviated to a great extent if they are properly planned; The second is to control the development of big cities. The third is the equilibrium theory, which holds that the fruits of urbanization should be evenly distributed. In fact, balance is an ideal pursuit, and urbanization should consider the differences in geographical basis, development stage and ecological conditions.

Third, the characteristics and trends of world urbanization.

After World War II, world urbanization has four characteristics: first, developing countries are the main driving force of world urbanization; Second, the highest level of urbanization is in developed countries in Europe and America; Third, the scale and number of big cities have increased significantly, playing a very prominent role in the economy and society; Fourth, there are many megacities and some global cities.

What are the characteristics of cities in developed countries at this stage? First, the urban economy has realized the transformation from manufacturing to service industry, and at this stage, its demand for office and office buildings will increase significantly; Second, the internal structure of the tertiary industry has changed, that is, the traditional service industry has declined, but the producer service industry has increased; Third, urban population growth is no longer a natural growth, but mainly comes from inter-city population flow and international immigration; Fourth, world resources are concentrated in cities of developed countries, and new york, London and Tokyo have become the world economic centers.

Let's take a look at this picture, which is a night view of the world. The brighter the place, the more developed the urban economy. From the perspective of the world, there are six metropolitan areas, which are also the most dynamic areas in the economy. I remember Pan Shiyi once said that many years ago, he chose a plot of land in Beijing to develop real estate. He couldn't make up his mind for a long time and drove around Beijing to choose land. I also drive around at night, and suddenly I find that the lights in the east are brightest at night, so I decided to stay there, in Gai Lou, a modern city. There is some truth in this decision. World cities are becoming more and more important. According to scholars' research, there are currently six cities: Tokyo, Los Angeles, London, Paris and Chicago.

What are the characteristics of developing countries at this stage? First, it is still the main driving force of world urbanization; Second, a number of global cities will probably emerge and become important centers of the world economy; Third, the significance of knowledge and technical resources is more critical; Fourth, the situation and changes of some traditional development factors still continue to affect the evolution of urban form, that is to say, not only new economic factors affect the development of a city, but also some traditional factors are still playing a role; Fifth, the government's financial capacity is low, which will continue to restrict the city's ability to solve its economic and social problems.

Let's look at two foreign urbanization evolution models. One is the European and American model, which belongs to market-oriented urbanization. Its urbanization, marketization and industrialization are an interactive process, which is the natural result of industrial development, social division of labor and market refinement. Judging from the scale structure of cities, there are differences among countries due to different resource conditions. For example, Britain, the United States and Japan are mainly big cities, while Germany, the Netherlands and Austria are mainly small and medium-sized cities. In the process of urbanization, environmental and social problems are prominent, which is worth learning from. There is also the mode of ink printing, which belongs to the urbanization led by politics. Due to the implementation of the catch-up strategy, the government leans towards industry and cities, urbanization is advancing too fast, and urban development lacks economic foundation, which has caused serious social problems. China should learn from foreign experiences and lessons, take the market as the leading factor, and strengthen government guidance.

Fourthly, the track and characteristics of urbanization in China.

The track of urbanization in China can be divided into several stages: 1949 to 1957 is the initial stage, which is relatively normal and rises gently; 1958 to 1965 is a turbulent period with ups and downs; The period from 1966 to 1978 is basically a stagnation period; 1978 to 1984 is the recovery and development period; The period from 1985 to 1992 is a period of stable development; 1993 is followed by an accelerated development period.

The evolution of the dynamic mechanism has also undergone some changes: First, before the reform and opening up, agricultural problems have always been the most basic factor restricting the urbanization of China; Secondly, under the specific development environment, China's industrialization and urbanization experienced a process of deviating from international experience and then slowly approaching; Third, the lag of urbanization and the low level of tertiary industry are mutually causal; Fourth, policy factors have a great influence on urbanization; Fifth, before the reform and opening up, the role of market mechanism in urban development has been suppressed for a long time.

Urbanization in China has the following main characteristics: first, it has entered an accelerated stage; Second, regional development is uneven. Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin have the highest level of urbanization. From the provincial level, the urbanization level of Guangdong, Liaoning and Heilongjiang is 50% to 70%, that of Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Hubei is 40% to 50%, and that of Shandong, Shaanxi and Shanxi is 30% to 40%. Third, various towns have developed rapidly, initially forming a more reasonable urban system. Fourth, migrant workers have become an important part of the urban population. For example, there are 1, 746,5438+0,000 migrant workers in the Pearl River Delta. Fifth, the rapid development of small towns has actively promoted the process of urbanization; Sixth, the state, non-governmental organizations and foreign capital jointly promote it, showing the characteristics of diversification of power subjects. Seventh, the advantages of regional economic development have emerged, and urban agglomerations centered on big cities have gradually formed and expanded, forming a regional linkage trend.

At present, some problems that need attention are: institutional obstacles that restrict urbanization still exist; Pay attention to quantity and scale in the process of urbanization, but despise quality and connotation; Including some improper behaviors such as image engineering and blindly expanding administrative areas; Small towns are often greedy, rushing headlong into it and developing blindly; Urban development lacks regional overall coordination, weak horizontal connection and low degree of regional economic integration; Quasi-cities have a large population and the task of citizenization is very arduous.

Five, the interactive relationship between new industrialization and urbanization.

New industrialization is different from traditional industrialization. In the future development, new industrialization and urbanization will be the premise of each other and accompany each other, and * * * will constitute the two main themes of future social and economic development. Urbanization is not only the result of economic and social development, but also the driving force of development. There are four conditions for industrialization to effectively promote urbanization: first, the level of industrialization should be continuously improved; Second, the industrial structure should be gradually upgraded, that is, from light to heavy and then to the tertiary industry; The third is the scale and professional development of enterprises; The fourth is the extensive participation of the public. With these four conditions, they will form a benign interactive relationship.

Looking back, from liberation to reform and opening up, our country took the road of non-urbanization and industrialization, such as mountains, scattered and caves. Therefore, although the level of industrialization has improved, urbanization is still stagnant. From the reform and opening up to the middle of 1990 s, what we actually did was a supplementary adjustment period of industrial structure, and industrialization and urbanization began to achieve initial integration; Since the mid-1990s, 1990 has re-entered a new round of heavy industrialization. As we have seen, many steel and oil refining projects are being started.

Accelerating urbanization also requires our institutional innovation. For example, to establish a fair and just population flow system, many places are now advancing; The second is to coordinate urban and rural basic education and implement nine-year compulsory education; The third is to improve the urban land market mechanism; The fourth is to establish a framework of government functions suitable for an innovative society; Fifth, pay attention to urban poverty and reduce the accumulation of social contradictions in the process of urbanization.

Sixth, the relationship between urbanization and regional economy.

To be sure, there is a positive correlation between them, or a trend of synchronous growth. Looking at this domestic night map, we will find that the brighter the place, the more developed the region and the larger the bright area, indicating that the regional economic integration is highly developed. Due to the differences in geographical conditions, resources and environment, history and culture, development foundation and stages, the development models in different regions of China also have their own characteristics. At present, the large areas with relatively fast economic development include Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and so on. If these areas develop harmoniously, they will be more competitive and have more development potential than a single city. We can see that this regional economy has obvious advantages in the eastern coastal areas, while the western region is often in the form of point to area. Therefore, if you invest in the west, you will generally choose more central cities, and the market demand and economic strength of the small and medium-sized cities below are obviously much weaker.

Taking the manufacturing industry as an example, there are 16 cities with industrial added value exceeding 1000 billion yuan in China, including 7 in the Yangtze River Delta, 3 in the Pearl River Delta, and 1 in the Northeast, while the cities in the central and western regions are unknown on the list.

Seventh, the forecast of urbanization development.

When the country was formulating the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the relevant departments had done research and predicted that by 20 15, the number of cities in China would reach 800, the number of established towns would be slightly reduced, the rural population would be transferred to 250 million, and the concentration of cities with a population of one million would be improved. There will be some changes in the scale structure, from 1 1 to 20 megacities, from 23 to 35 megacities, from 44 to 60 megacities and from 588 to 650 small and medium-sized cities. Urban agglomerations will also develop greatly, with the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta as the first level. The second level is Beijing-Tianjin-Tanggu, Shandong Peninsula, Liaodong Peninsula, Xiamen, Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan, central Henan, Sichuan Basin, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and other urban agglomerations. In terms of urbanization quality, there will be social stability, improved living environment and improved quality of life.

Not long ago, a study by China Academy of Engineering showed that from 1978 to 2002, the linear correlation coefficient between urbanization rate and industrial added value was 93.7%, and the correlation coefficient between urbanization rate and the added value of tertiary industry was 98%, so the latter was chosen to build a forecasting model. According to the prediction of the correlation model between the tertiary industry and urbanization, the urbanization rate will be 53% by 20 10 (the error is plus or minus 1.7 percentage points), with an average annual increase of 1.52 to 1.92 percentage points; In 2020, the urbanization rate will be 64% (the error is plus or minus 1.7 percentage points), with an average annual increase of 1.27 to 0.9 percentage points. Here, we might as well compare international experience. During the accelerated period of urbanization, Japan's average annual growth rate was 1.7 percentage points, and South Korea's average annual growth rate was 1.5 percentage points.

Eight. Policy emphasis of urbanization strategy

To properly promote the process of urbanization in China, we can focus on the following aspects: first, establish and improve the social security system of the whole society; Second, accelerate the reform of the household registration system, guarantee citizens' freedom of migration and employment, and promote the rational and orderly flow of rural population to cities. For example, there are nearly 20 million migrant workers in the Pearl River Delta. Many of them want to stay, but due to institutional obstacles, it is difficult to localize, so they can only return to the countryside. If the policy obstacles are removed, they can be legally transformed into citizens, which will promote the process of urbanization and drive market demand. Third, deal with the relationship between farmers and land, and remove obstacles for farmers to become citizens; Fourth, deepen the reform of urban land use system; Fifth, guide industrial restructuring and employment; Sixth, strengthen the construction of urban infrastructure to provide good conditions for urban development; Seventh, pay close attention to the preparation of urban planning at all levels to guide the rational and orderly flow of factors; Eighth, diversify financing, and explore new investment and financing mechanisms for urban construction.

News/22 September 2004

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A city is a symbol of human civilization and the center of people's economic, political and social life. The degree of urbanization is an important symbol to measure the economic, social, cultural and scientific level of a country and a region, and it is also an important symbol of the social organization and management level of a country and a region. Urbanization is an inevitable process of human progress and an important clue to the transformation of human social structure. After urbanization, it marks the realization of modernization goals. Only after the baptism of urbanization can mankind move towards a more brilliant era. However, it is not enough to praise and shout the fruitful results brought by urbanization. The process of urbanization is not necessarily a beautiful movement. Like many advances, there are many discordant voices in the process of urbanization. It is of great significance for our country to correctly understand the impact of urbanization and take necessary measures to solve it seriously.

Starting with the analysis of the meaning of urbanization and several different types of urbanization, this paper discusses some problems that appear in the process of urbanization in China and hinder the process of urbanization in China.

First, the meaning of urbanization

Urbanization is also called urbanization and urbanization by some scholars. Different disciplines have different explanations from different angles. At present, scholars at home and abroad have expounded the concept of urbanization from the perspectives of demography, geography, sociology and economics.

1. Demography

Demography defines urbanization as the process of transforming rural population into urban population. What they call urbanization is the urbanization of population, which refers to the process of "population concentration in cities, or agricultural population becoming non-agricultural population" Most of the population in China is farmers, and at present, the urban population in China accounts for about 36%. Therefore, accelerating the pace of population urbanization in China is of great strategic significance for promoting the transfer of rural surplus labor and realizing rural economic growth.

2. Sociology

From the sociological point of view, urbanization is the process of changing rural lifestyle to urban lifestyle. Development is not an end, but a means. Its fundamental purpose is to improve people's living standards, improve people's quality of life, promote people's skills and quality, improve the overall development level of human society, and realize the harmonious development between people and nature.

3 Economics

In economics, urbanization is defined from the perspective of industrialization, which means that urbanization is the process of transforming rural economy into urbanization production. Now it seems that urbanization is the inevitable result of industrialization. On the one hand, industrialization will accelerate the mechanization level of agricultural production and improve agricultural productivity, while industrial expansion will provide a large number of employment opportunities for rural surplus labor; On the other hand, the backwardness of rural areas will also be detrimental to the development of cities, thus affecting the development of the entire national economy. Accelerating rural industrialized production is of great significance to the development of rural regional economy and the whole national economy. Different disciplines explain the meaning of urbanization from different angles. Through comparison, we can find that the connotation of urbanization is the same: urbanization is a process in which the population of a country or region shifts from rural areas to cities, rural areas gradually evolve into cities, and the urban population continues to grow; In this process, urban infrastructure and public service facilities have been continuously improved, while urban culture and urban values have become the main body and spread to rural areas. Urbanization is a process in which the progress of productive forces causes people's production mode, lifestyle and values to change [2].

Two. Three forms of urbanization and some problems in the process of urbanization in China

There are three basic forms of urbanization: centralized urbanization, decentralized urbanization and old-fashioned urbanization. In different regions and periods of China, various forms of urbanization play their respective roles. In the process of analyzing the three forms of urbanization, through the above understanding of the meaning of urbanization and the actual situation in China, we can recognize some factors that hinder the urbanization process in China.

(a) Centralized urbanization

Centralized urbanization refers to the continuous concentration of rural population and non-agricultural economic activities in cities. In this process of urbanization, many original factors affecting the process of urbanization in China have been exposed, which has also brought us many new problems.

1. The negative impact of the old household registration system

The household registration system implemented in China has indeed made great contributions to the development of the national economy in a specific period. However, with the development of economic and political system and the expansion of urbanization, this system has become an aspect that restricts the urbanization process and economic development of China [3]. Decades ago, the gap between "rural people" and "urban people" has become an obstacle to the development of rural economy and urban economy in China. As we all know, an important way to increase farmers' income is to guide farmers into cities and promote the transfer of wealthy rural labor. If the situation of a large number of people stranded in rural areas is not reversed as soon as possible, it will not only directly restrict the improvement of farmers' income, the process of agricultural modernization and the overall prosperity of rural economy; It will also restrain the growth of rural consumption demand for a long time, seriously affecting the healthy and sustainable development of the national economy. It is an inevitable trend of industrialization and modernization to accelerate the transfer of rural surplus labor to non-agricultural industries and cities and towns. Therefore, China should gradually change the existing backward household registration system as soon as possible to create a better institutional environment for the rational and orderly flow of labor.

2. The "national treatment" that migrant workers should enjoy is difficult to achieve.

Urban construction has created a large number of construction and industrial jobs; Migrant workers in cities have also made great contributions to the development of cities. According to the statistical data of Beijing in 2003, the contribution rate of migrant workers to Beijing's GDP in 2003 was about 10%. At the same time, farmers have learned all kinds of non-agricultural employment skills, felt the urban culture, appreciated the market competition and improved their comprehensive quality. Similarly, working in cities is also an important way for farmers to increase their income. However, in practice, farmers are subject to many unreasonable restrictions, and their wages, welfare and medical care are not guaranteed. Similarly, another problem, the difficulty in enrolling children of migrant workers, has also become another hot issue concerned by many media. The enrollment of children of migrant workers is a long-term issue related to the development and progress of society and the country.

These problems not only affect the life and work of migrant workers, but also have a lot of negative effects on the development of cities. For example, the serious lack of work in Quanzhou reported in early 2004 had a great adverse impact on the city's economic development and urban credit. China Youth Daily reported that in 2004, the phenomenon of "spring recruitment shortage" reappeared in Quanzhou, Fujian. What do Quanzhou it officials think are the reasons? First, some small enterprises are in arrears with workers' wages; Second, the working environment is poor; Third, the salary is low. The government has the responsibility to create a good "working environment" and protect the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers. No matter from the requirements of caring for vulnerable groups and people-oriented, or from the goal of economic development, the government should take concrete actions. Especially in the current situation that migrant workers are not fully organized to compete with powerful forces, the role of the government is even more important.

Abstract: After the reform and opening up, China gradually liberalized the original population flow control, and a large number of migrant workers flowed to cities, which accelerated the urbanization process. However, the lag of urbanization in China has brought a series of contradictions to the sustained, rapid and healthy economic and social development in China. On the basis of analyzing the meaning of urbanization and expounding three basic forms of urbanization, this paper discusses several problems that appear in the process of urbanization in China and affect the process of urbanization in China.

Keywords: urbanization, urbanization, industrialization, modern economy, regional economy

A city is a symbol of human civilization and the center of people's economic, political and social life. The degree of urbanization is an important symbol to measure the economic, social, cultural and scientific level of a country and a region, and it is also an important symbol of the social organization and management level of a country and a region. Urbanization is an inevitable process of human progress and an important clue to the transformation of human social structure. After urbanization, it marks the realization of modernization goals. Only after the baptism of urbanization can mankind move towards a more brilliant era. However, it is not enough to praise and shout the fruitful results brought by urbanization. The process of urbanization is not necessarily a beautiful movement. Like many advances, there are many discordant voices in the process of urbanization. It is of great significance for our country to correctly understand the impact of urbanization and take necessary measures to solve it seriously.

Starting with the analysis of the meaning of urbanization and several different types of urbanization, this paper discusses some problems that appear in the process of urbanization in China and hinder the process of urbanization in China.

First, the meaning of urbanization

Urbanization is also called urbanization and urbanization by some scholars. Different disciplines have different explanations from different angles. At present, scholars at home and abroad have expounded the concept of urbanization from the perspectives of demography, geography, sociology and economics.

1. Demography

Demography defines urbanization as the process of transforming rural population into urban population. What they call urbanization is the urbanization of population, which refers to the process of "population concentration in cities, or agricultural population becoming non-agricultural population" Most of the population in China is farmers, and at present, the urban population in China accounts for about 36%. Therefore, accelerating the pace of population urbanization in China is of great strategic significance for promoting the transfer of rural surplus labor and realizing rural economic growth.

2. Sociology

From the sociological point of view, urbanization is the process of changing rural lifestyle to urban lifestyle. Development is not an end, but a means. Its fundamental purpose is to improve people's living standards, improve people's quality of life, promote people's skills and quality, improve the overall development level of human society, and realize the harmonious development between people and nature.

3 Economics

In economics, urbanization is defined from the perspective of industrialization, which means that urbanization is the process of transforming rural economy into urbanization production. Now it seems that urbanization is the inevitable result of industrialization. On the one hand, industrialization will accelerate the mechanization level of agricultural production and improve agricultural productivity, while industrial expansion will provide a large number of employment opportunities for rural surplus labor; On the other hand, the backwardness of rural areas will also be detrimental to the development of cities, thus affecting the development of the entire national economy. Accelerating rural industrialized production is of great significance to the development of rural regional economy and the whole national economy. Different disciplines explain the meaning of urbanization from different angles. Through comparison, we can find that the connotation of urbanization is the same: urbanization is a process in which the population of a country or region shifts from rural areas to cities, rural areas gradually evolve into cities, and the urban population continues to grow; In this process, urban infrastructure and public service facilities have been continuously improved, while urban culture and urban values have become the main body and spread to rural areas. Urbanization is a process in which the progress of productive forces causes people's production mode, lifestyle and values to change [2].

Two. Three forms of urbanization and some problems in the process of urbanization in China

There are three basic forms of urbanization: centralized urbanization, decentralized urbanization and old-fashioned urbanization. In different regions and periods of China, various forms of urbanization play their respective roles. In the process of analyzing the three forms of urbanization, through the above understanding of the meaning of urbanization and the actual situation in China, we can recognize some factors that hinder the urbanization process in China.

(a) Centralized urbanization

Centralized urbanization refers to the continuous concentration of rural population and non-agricultural economic activities in cities. In this process of urbanization, many original factors affecting the process of urbanization in China have been exposed, which has also brought us many new problems.

1. The negative impact of the old household registration system

The household registration system implemented in China has indeed made great contributions to the development of the national economy in a specific period. However, with the development of economic and political system and the expansion of urbanization, this system has become an aspect that restricts the urbanization process and economic development of China [3]. Decades ago, the gap between "rural people" and "urban people" has become an obstacle to the development of rural economy and urban economy in China. As we all know, an important way to increase farmers' income is to guide farmers into cities and promote the transfer of wealthy rural labor. If the situation of a large number of people stranded in rural areas is not reversed as soon as possible, it will not only directly restrict the improvement of farmers' income, the process of agricultural modernization and the overall prosperity of rural economy; It will also restrain the growth of rural consumption demand for a long time, seriously affecting the healthy and sustainable development of the national economy. It is an inevitable trend of industrialization and modernization to accelerate the transfer of rural surplus labor to non-agricultural industries and cities and towns. Therefore, China should gradually change the existing backward household registration system as soon as possible to create a better institutional environment for the rational and orderly flow of labor.

2. The "national treatment" that migrant workers should enjoy is difficult to achieve.

Urban construction has created a large number of construction and industrial jobs; Migrant workers in cities have also made great contributions to the development of cities. According to the statistical data of Beijing in 2003, the contribution rate of migrant workers to Beijing's GDP in 2003 was about 10%. At the same time, farmers get employment by working in cities.