What is the development history of Huizhou Opera?

Anhui opera has a long history. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, Huizhou and Chizhou became one of the commercial and cultural centers in the southeast of China. At that time, famous operas such as Yu Yaoqiang and Yiyang were very popular in this area.

During Jiajing and Wanli in Ming Dynasty, there were many voices in this area, such as Huizhou, Qingyang, Taiping and Siping. After the rise of these tunes, they quickly swept the world, such as Huizhou tune and Qingyang tune, and were called "the elegant tune of the North and South emblem of the world".

At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Riffle tune was introduced into Huizhou, and combined with Huizhou local tune and folk music to form a tune in Shipai, Zongyang, Tongcheng and other places in Anqing. During the reign of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, the tune and blowing cavity, which were born out of Siping cavity, gradually merged to form Huang Er cavity.

Huanger Opera and Hubei Xipi formed Pihuang Opera Troupe, which laid the foundation of Huizhou Opera. At first, Huizhou Opera was mainly popular in Huizhou, Anqing, Chizhou and Taiping.

After continuous reference and years of development, Huizhou Opera has been enriched and finally become an all-encompassing and colorful art treasure house.

The repertoire of Anhui Opera is very rich, with about 1400 traditional operas. The content of Anhui opera is also very rich, covering a wide range, including disputes between countries, court events, immortals and ghosts, folk stories and interesting things in life.

In terms of singing, Anhui opera is good at "learning from others' strengths" and "eclectic", so its singing is extensive and colorful. In the process of development, Anhui opera has absorbed many artistic elements such as Yiyang, Kunshan, Bangzi, Qin, Beijing dialect and Han tune.

Up to the mature stage of Anhui Opera, there are nine major tunes in Anhui Opera, namely: Qingyang tune, Siping tune, Huikun tune, Kunyi tune, Blowing tune, Xipi tune, Huang Er tune and coloratura tune, among which blowing tune and playing tune are the main tunes. These vocal cavities have their own characteristics, and each has its own representative repertoire.

It is soft, euphemistic and affectionate, with the ancient style of Yiyang and the charm of Kunqu opera, and is more suitable for dramas such as love between men and women and light songs and dances. Because the tonic of this kind of vocal cavity comes from Kunyi cavity, and it is accompanied by a flute or suona, so it is named Blowing Cavity.

In the early stage, the blowing cavity was Qupai style, and then influenced by the rolling tune, it gradually formed 7 sentences or 10 sentences, including a set of plate-type vocals such as positive board, overlapping board, scattered board, crying board and stamping board.

Blowing tune is a typical southern tune, which is born out of the four-level tune evolved from Yiyang tune and Kunshan tune. It belongs to pentatonic scale and has strong adaptability. It can not only sing the "Qupai" lyrics of long and short sentences, but also sing the "Banqiang" lyrics of dialogues, so it is widely spread and absorbed by many local operas.

After being adopted by local operas, although the names are different, they basically retain their original characteristics in terms of tunes and vocals.

The pick is often used in Anhui opera, which is characterized by its high power, boldness and heroism, and is suitable for expressing the tragic and affectionate feelings of war-related plays and characters. There are complete sets of disks, such as guide disk, dragon, running water, stacked disk, scattered disk and so on. , very expressive. The plectrum is played with jujube wood, accompanied by suona, flute and emblem.

Harmonic tones can be used in combination. Often in a play, the tune of a tune is the tune of a tune and a tune. You can sing songs when you are lyrical, and you can sing songs when you are passionate. The literary drama part sings the tune, and the martial arts part sings the plectrum. This cooperation with complementary advantages gradually developed, merged and evolved, thus producing Huang Er Opera.

Qingyang cavity is the oldest vocal cavity, which comes directly from Yiyang cavity. Its melody is simple and beautiful, and it retains the characteristics of "backstage support". Its tunes are simple, meaningful and enduring.

Hui Kun, on the other hand, was often performed in the early "Hui Lu Hui Opera". Its singing style is bold, bold and rough. It not only has the aftertaste of Kunqu opera, but also has the local flavor of the old Huizhou accent, which makes people feel agitated and excited. Hui Kun is mainly a martial arts drama, using suona and gongs and drums, with great momentum.

The accents of Xipi and Huang Er are similar to those of Beijing Opera, but Anhui Opera is more primitive and has more local characteristics.

Huang Er cavity is the fusion and evolution of several acoustic cavities. At the beginning, a low-key blowing cavity appeared in the blowing cavity, accompanied by Kunqu opera, which was called "Sikun" and "Kunqu opera", and was also called "Longdong tune" because of the strong flavor of Siping and Kunqu opera. This tone was influenced by the plectrum, and with the suona, the "suona Huang Er" was formed.

The tune structure and plate changes of "Suona Huang Er" are relatively simple. After that, a set of plate structure of the plectrum was absorbed and evolved, and a complete change of two yellow plates was formed. Huang Er mainly plays musical instruments with Hu Hui, including guide board, original board, Huilong board and running water board. Then it turned yellow.

In addition, there is a kind of "Pinger Huang", which evolved directly from the blowpipe. The Huiban in Zhejiang called it "Huang Er" and later became the four tones of Peking Opera. Therefore, Huang Er opera has formed four tones, namely, yellow, yellow for old children, and anti-harmony.

Xipi also takes Hu Hui as the main musical instrument, including Wu Wen guide board, loose board, rocking board and 26 boards, which are divided into Men's and Women's Palace, Xipi and Anti-Xipi.

Coloratura tunes are mostly folk songs with strong flavor of life, and more than 70 songs have been recorded. Accompaniment instruments are mostly Hu Hui, flute and suona.