Public Education Press final review for eighth grade students

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1. Handmade workshops first appeared in Italy in the 14th century. Handmade workshops are characterized by large scale, employing many workers, and division of labor and cooperation among workers, which improves production efficiency.

2. Early handicraft workshops in Western Europe were concentrated in textile, mining, metallurgy, shipbuilding and other industries.

3. After the 16th century, Western European countries implemented policies that were beneficial to merchants in order to enrich the country and strengthen the military. The class that changed after the emergence of handicraft workshops was the merchant class, a new class of bourgeoisie.

4. Chinese handicraft workshops appeared in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and were located in Jingdezhen.

5. Leonardo da Vinci is known as "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance", with his masterpieces "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper"; a famous British playwright during the Renaissance It's Shakespeare, his masterpiece "Romeo and Juliet".

6. The Germans were called the "Pope's Cow", Luther was the religious reformer, Bacon was the one who proposed "knowledge is power", and Copernicus was the one who proposed the "heliocentric theory". Known as the "beginning of the scientific revolution", Newton's outstanding achievement was the formulation of the law of universal gravitation. The thinker who advocated natural human rights was Voltaire, known as the standard-bearer of the Enlightenment. The French thinker Rousseau was the one who proposed the idea of ??popular sovereignty.

7. The navigator Columbus was the first to discover the New World. The original inhabitants of America were Indians, a yellow race. The first to discover the route from Western Europe to India was Vasco da Gama, and the first to complete the circumnavigation of the world. It's Magellan. The so-called "Sea Coachman" was a Dutchman.

8. Reasons for the opening of new shipping routes:

(1) Gold from Eastern countries has become something that Western Europeans dream of.

(2) The Ottoman Empire controlled the East-West trade routes, blocking the traditional trade routes from Western European countries to the East;

(3) The development of commodity economy and the development of capitalism Germination (fundamental cause)

(4) The need for the spread of Christianity

In general, the direct reason for the opening of new routes is: the pursuit of wealth and benefits; the fundamental reason is: commodity economy development.

Influence:

The opening of new shipping routes promoted the development of capitalism in Western Europe, promoted the strengthening of global connections, and the world began to move towards a whole.

9. The countries that took the lead in colonial plunder were Portugal and Spain, and the country that occupied the most colonies was the United Kingdom.

10. The kings on the eve of the British and French bourgeois revolutions were Charles I and Louis XVI respectively; the leaders were Cromwell and Robespierre respectively; the most important of the British laws restricting royal power is the Bill of Rights, and the political system established after the revolution is a constitutional monarchy.

11. The event that kicked off the American Revolution was the gunfire at Lexington. The document published in the American Revolution was the Declaration of Independence. The leader of the American Revolution was Washington.

12. The outbreak of the French Revolution was marked by the conquest of the Bastille, the promulgated document was the "Declaration of Human Rights", the French national anthem was "Marseillaise", and the founder of the French Empire was Napoleon.

13. The founder of the Ming Dynasty was Zhu Yuanzhang. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the developed cotton textile industry was the Songjiang area. A large number of Chinese products entering the international market were silk, tea, porcelain, etc.

14. The Mongolian Torgut tribe who moved westward during the Ming Dynasty was received by Qianlong. In the early 18th century, the Qing government established a minister in Tibet to manage Tibet on behalf of the central government. The Qing government pacified the Junggar tribe and The nobles of the Hui tribe rebelled, and the treaty that legally determined that the vast areas of the Heilongjiang and Ussuri river basins were Chinese territory was the Treaty of Nerchinsk.

15. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the institutions established to strengthen royal power were the Factory Guard and the Military Aircraft Department. In the Qing Dynasty, in order to strengthen ideological control, literary inquisition was launched. The style of imperial examination answer sheets during this period was eight-legged essay.

16. The Chinese thinker who opposed the autocratic imperial power was Huang Zongxi.

17. The Italian missionary Matteo Ricci was the one who drew "The Complete Map of Kunyu and All Nations". The Italian missionary who was a Chinese court painter and participated in the Western-style architectural design of the Old Summer Palace was Castiglione.

18. In 1553, it was Portugal that occupied Macau. In the early 17th century, it was the Netherlands that occupied Taiwan. The hero who successfully recovered Taiwan was Zheng Chenggong. In 1793, the British envoy Macartney led a delegation to China, whose main purpose is to expand Britain's overseas markets.

Unit 6 The wave of industrial civilization sweeping the world

1. In the mid-18th century, an industrial revolution in which machine production replaced manual labor began in the United Kingdom. The first industry to appear was The cotton textile industry and the invention and application of a new power machine, the steam engine, brought human society into the steam age.

2. The 19th century is known as the "century of science". The earliest industrialized country in the world is the United Kingdom. The most prominent feature of the new stage of the industrial revolution is the widespread application of electricity in production and life. This brought mankind into the electrical age.

3. Compare the early stage and the new stage of the industrial revolution

The early stage of the industrial revolution and the new stage of the industrial revolution

Main technical inventions and inventor Jenny Spinning machine (Hargreaves), steam engine (Watt), steam locomotive (Stephenson), electric motor (Gram), principle of electromagnetic induction (Faraday), practical generator (Siemens), electric light (Edison), Electric railways in Paris, movie projectors, telephones (Bell), automobiles (Ford), airplanes (Wright Brothers)

Leading countries in industrial development, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany

Main industrial categories Textile industry , machinery manufacturing industry, metallurgy industry, mining industry, paper industry, transportation industry, electric power industry, steel industry, chemical industry,

Petroleum industry, automobile industry

4. "Modern Times" The assembly line production method appeared in the factory in ", and the movie projector was invented.

5. The beginning of the 20th century, when the world finally formed a whole, mainly showed:

Field performance

The economic world basically formed a unified market, and all countries Goods flow in this huge market

Transportation rails extend all over the world, and a number of port cities develop in various countries

Population mobility accelerates, and there is a boom in overseas immigration

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Cultural and cultural exchanges are more extensive, and the advanced ideas, science and technology and lifestyle of industrial civilization are spread around the world

Sports has seen some world-wide events, such as the Olympic Games

6. The first independent country in Latin America was Haiti. Japan made itself strong through the Meiji Restoration and became the first industrialized country in Asia.

Comprehensive questions

1. Compare Zheng He's voyages to the Western Ocean and Columbus's voyages

(1) The farthest reaches of Zheng He's voyages: the Red Sea coast and Columbus on the east coast of Africa The farthest voyage reached: America

(2) What were the purposes of Zheng He’s voyages to the West and Columbus’s voyages?

The main purposes of Zheng He's voyages to the West were: to promote the country's prestige; to strengthen ties with overseas countries; and to satisfy the rulers' demand for exotic jewelry. The purpose of Columbus's voyage was to find gold; it was Europe's need for trade with the East.

(3) What impact did Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Ocean and Columbus’s voyage have on the world?

Zheng He's voyages to the West strengthened the Ming Dynasty's ties and friendly exchanges with overseas countries, but it brought a heavy economic burden to the Ming Dynasty, which eventually led to the quiet end of the voyage.

Columbus's voyage enabled Europeans to discover the Americas, accelerated the development of the Americas, and promoted the development of capitalism in Western Europe; but it also caused huge disasters to the people of Latin America.

2. Read the following materials and answer:

Material 1: The Celestial Empire is rich in products and has everything. Originally, the goods from foreigners were not used to communicate what was available. —Volume 23 of "Guangdong Customs Chronicle"

Material 2: The customs of Zhejiang people are easy to be arrogant, and the mistakes of foreign merchants will definitely cause trouble. ————"The Holy Scriptures of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty" Volume 281

Material 3: This generation (note: overseas Chinese and businessmen) are mostly people who are uneasy about their duties. If they are allowed to come and go as they please, it will be of no use to them. Don't worry about it. He who leaves his hometown lightly and drifts to a foreign country will benefit everyone. A time limit should be set in the future. If he fails to return within the time limit, he will be willing to move to another country without mercy, and I will not allow him to return. If this is the case, the trade will return to the master, and there will be no delay in doing so. —Volume 33 of "Tongkao of Qing Literature"

(1) Material 1 shows that the "Chinese Dynasty" is unwilling to trade with foreign countries. We call this policy a closed-door policy

(2) Combined with Material 1 and Material 2, talk about the reasons for implementing this policy.

In the early Qing Dynasty, the self-sufficient feudal natural economy dominated, and the development of the commodity economy was very limited; the rulers believed that the country had abundant products, but were short-sighted and disdained the exchange of goods with foreign countries; the rulers were also afraid of foreign businessmen and coastal People-to-people exchanges will cause trouble and facilitate foreigners' invasion of China.

(3) What are the direct consequences of such restrictions on coastal people’s overseas trade in Material 3?

China's foreign trade was obstructed and attacked, and it gradually lost its initiative in foreign trade. The grand navigation industry since the Ming Dynasty also declined.

(4) Based on the above materials and knowledge learned, talk about your understanding of the consequences of implementing this policy.

If we are closed, we will fall behind, and if we fall behind, we will be beaten.

3. The opening of new sea routes made the world begin to move towards a whole, and the development of new means of transportation and communication tools provided necessary conditions for the strengthening of world connections, so that the whole world finally took shape, and foreign goods began to pour into China. market. Nowadays, foreign color TVs such as Sydney, Toshiba, and Panasonic, and high-end cars such as BMW, Mercedes-Benz, and Buick have begun to enter the homes of ordinary people.

(1) Please analyze why Western European countries spend huge sums of money to open up new shipping routes?

The development of the commodity economy and the emergence of capitalism; Europeans’ fanatical pursuit of gold; the motivation for spreading Christianity;

(2) The final formation of the overall world has had a profound impact on human society Significant impact, but will it be the same in all countries around the world? Why? It was different. At the beginning of the 19th century, the new industrial revolution was basically completed. Western capitalist countries became more powerful, while countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America fell further behind. Western capitalist countries, which took the lead in completing the Industrial Revolution, accelerated the pace of colonial aggression in order to occupy overseas markets and raw material production areas. By the end of the 19th century, the entire world was basically divided up, and countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America were reduced to colonies or semi-colonies and enslaved by them.

(3) "Nowadays, foreign color TVs such as Sydney, Toshiba, and Panasonic, and high-end cars such as BMW, Mercedes-Benz, and Buick have begun to enter the homes of ordinary people." What does this mean? Economic globalization.

4. Summarize the characteristics of economic and political development in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and compare them with those in Europe during the same period. What are the similarities and differences?

Differences: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China’s autocratic imperial power continued to strengthen, while bourgeois revolutions broke out in Western countries, overthrowing the feudal autocracy and establishing a capitalist democracy and system; China’s ideological control was very Strict, rulers established literary prisons and strengthened ideological control. In Western countries, based on the emergence of handicraft workshops and the development of industry and commerce, a new class was born, which caused changes in the ideological and cultural fields, such as the Renaissance, the religious reform, the birth of modern science, The Enlightenment Movement all appeared during this period; during this period of isolation, the West constantly wanted to explore overseas and develop overseas colonies.

Similar points: the handicraft industry is developed; the status of merchants is gradually changing, or merchants have very strong capital; and modern progressive thinkers have emerged.

Unit 7 Moving towards the modern world

1. Comparison between World War I and World War II:

The nature of the reasons for the outbreak of war over time

World War I 1914-1918 It was caused by the unbalanced political and economic development of imperialist countries and their demand for the re-division of colonies. Predatory wars between imperialist countries

World War II 1939-1945 Fascist countries wanted to dominate the world and pass on the economic crisis of 1929-1933

A Fascist aggression and anti-fascist war are battles between justice and evil

The use of new weapons in important battles between the war initiating countries and the warring parties

World War I Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Allied Powers led by Germany and Austria Tanks, aircraft, submarines, radars, long-range artillery, tanks, aircraft, submarines, radars, long-range artillery, against the Allied Powers led by Britain, France and Russia in the Battle of Verdun.

World War II The German, Italian, and Italian Fascist Group fought against Stalinger, the anti-fascist alliance headed by China, the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union. The Atomic Bomb of the Leba Battle

The results are the same

⑴The First World War ended with the defeat of the Allies, seriously weakening the power of imperialism and causing huge material and spiritual damage to mankind; ⑵Russia The victory of the October Revolution and the establishment of the first socialist country; 1. The war brought serious disasters to mankind, causing huge material losses and casualties.

2. A large number of new weapons are used in wars, making wars more cruel.

3. All have produced socialist countries.

⑴ Peace-loving countries and people united to establish an anti-fascist alliance, fought a desperate struggle against fascism, and finally won; (2) Italy, Germany, and Japan surrendered one after another; (3) ) On October 24, 1945, with the joint efforts of the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union, and China, the United Nations, an international organization with the purpose of maintaining world peace and security, was founded;

2. Science and technology should be applied In what respect?

Technological development itself is harmless, the key lies in where the technology is used. We should use science and technology to improve human beings' ability to resist disasters, improve human material and spiritual life, and improve human quality of life. In a word: Science and technology are the primary productive forces. We should use science and technology to benefit mankind and promote social development, rather than destroy mankind.

3. Why was the anti-fascist war ultimately victorious?

On the one hand, peace-loving countries and people around the world have united to establish an anti-fascist alliance and fight to the death against fascism; on the other hand, the anti-human nature of fascism will inevitably lead it to failure, and justice The anti-fascist war is bound to win.

4. The economic crisis from 1929 to 1933 began in New York, USA, and soon spread to the entire capitalist world, with almost all capitalist countries being spared.

5. The main manifestations of the capitalist economic crisis from 1929 to 1933: banks closed down one after another, a large number of industrial and commercial enterprises went bankrupt, the market was depressed, the number of unemployed increased sharply, and people's living standards declined, etc.

6. Characteristics of the capitalist economic crisis from 1929 to 1933: wide scope (capitalist countries around the world), long duration (lasted for 5 years from 1929 to 1933), and highly destructive (1933 was similar to 1929) Compared with the previous year, the industrial output value of the entire capitalist world dropped by more than one-third, and the total world trade shrank by two-thirds)

7. What was the impact of the economic crisis from 1929 to 1933? (1) This crisis brought serious disasters to the people of all countries, ended the relatively stable situation of capitalism that emerged in the 1920s, and intensified the various contradictions of the capitalist system unprecedentedly. It was the vigorous rise of revolutionary movements and national liberation movements that led to the collapse of capitalism. A serious political crisis in the socialist world; (2) In order to get rid of the crisis, the monopoly bourgeoisie of various countries tried every means to find a way out: the United States implemented Roosevelt's New Deal, which temporarily eased the crisis, while Germany, Italy and Japan established fascist dictatorships, which became the source of war in World War II.

8. The world’s first economic crisis was the economic crisis that occurred in Britain in 1825.

9. The economic crisis was a unique phenomenon in the capitalist society of that era. Its essence was the crisis of "overproduction", where "overproduction" refers to relative excess.

10. Compare the Russian armed uprising in Petrograd in March 1917 (February in the Russian calendar) (i.e. the February Revolution) and the armed uprising in Petrograd in November 1917 (October in the Russian calendar) (i.e. October Revolution). Name Armed Uprising in Petrograd in March 1917 Armed Uprising in Petrograd in November 1917

Nature Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution Proletarian Revolution

Revolutionary Tasks Overthrow the Tsarist Rule Overthrow the Provisional Government< /p>

As a result, a bourgeois provisional government was established, and it continued to participate in the war to establish a socialist system, established a Soviet government representing workers and peasants, and announced its withdrawal from World War I

11. Lenin and the Bolshevik Party Why do you get the support of the people?

Lenin and the Bolshevik Party were guided by Marxism and used socialist methods to transform Russia. They represent the vital interests of the broad masses of the people and pursue the goal of satisfying the wishes of workers and farmers, so they have the support of the people.

12. What is the historical significance of the victory of the October Revolution? The victory of the October Revolution not only changed the development direction of Russian history, but also had a huge impact on the development of the entire human society, ushered in a new era of history, and was the beginning of modern world history.

13. After the victory of the October Revolution, the Soviet government promulgated the "Land Decree", allocating land to farmers, nationalizing banks and large enterprises, and allowing workers to supervise enterprise production; promulgated the "Message to Russian Citizens" " solemnly declared: "All state power belongs to the Soviet Union." In 1922, Soviet Russia united with neighboring Ukraine, Belarus and other Soviet republics to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, referred to as the Soviet Union.

14. The Ottoman Empire under the rule of the Turks was once a feudal empire spanning Europe, Asia and Africa, and believed in Islam. At the beginning of the 20th century, Türkiye became a semi-colony and was known as the "sick man of West Asia".

15. Kemalist Revolution in Turkey: Purpose: In order to save the national crisis, meaning: to win national independence and freedom, ushering in a new stage of historical development for Turkey, after: the Turkish people under Kemal Under his leadership, a new government was established, the "National Convention" known as the "Turkish Declaration of Independence" was issued, and an armed struggle was launched against the invading army. In 1922, the country won its independence and freedom.

16. Kemal's reforms in Turkey: Purpose: to make Turkey rich and strong; content: learn from the West, carry out thorough reforms, take various measures to get rid of backward customs, improve national cultural level, and promote industry Development; significance: Turkey has ushered in a new stage of historical development.

Why did Kemal Kemal say that the real work had just begun after the victory of the revolution? Kemal believed that gaining national independence was the first step in the Turkish revolution, and the next step was how to revitalize the national economy and put Turkey on the road to prosperity. Only reform can help Türkiye get rid of the title of the sick man of West Asia and present itself to the world with a new look.

17. Roosevelt’s New Deal: Background: The world economic crisis from 1929 to 1933 dealt a heavy blow to the United States; Purpose: To get the United States out of trouble as soon as possible and achieve economic recovery; Content: Comprehensively strengthen government intervention in the economy , implemented a series of drastic reform measures in finance, industry, agriculture and social welfare; evaluation: Roosevelt's spirit of positive reform inspired the American people. With the implementation of the New Deal, the United States gradually emerged from the nightmare economic crisis. The measures taken in the New Deal were later adopted by many capitalist countries.

18. Faced with the serious unemployment problem, the Roosevelt administration adopted methods of providing job opportunities instead of relief, the most typical of which was the Tennessee Project.

19. In the simplest terms, summarize the outstanding features of the October Revolution, Kemal’s reforms, and Roosevelt’s New Deal:

October Revolution: Revolutionary victory was achieved through armed uprising, It established the world's first socialist country, changed the direction of Russia's historical development, and opened up a new era in history.

Kemal's reforms: Learn from the West, get rid of backward customs, improve the level of national culture, promote the development of industry, and usher in a new stage of Turkey's historical development.

Roosevelt's New Deal: The policy adjustments made in response to the crisis slowed down the serious damage caused by the economic crisis to the U.S. economy and transformed the traditional capitalist model.

20. New Culture Movement:

Background: After the Revolution of 1911, the spiritual outlook of most Chinese people has not fundamentally changed. Confucius, as a spiritual symbol of monarchy, is still loved and respected. However, Western concepts of freedom, equality, and fraternity have deeply influenced a group of progressive Chinese intellectuals, and are especially popular among young students.

Starting time and logo: In 1915, Chen Duxiu founded "New Youth".

Representative figures: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Hu Shi, Lu Xun, etc.

Slogan: "Democracy" and "Science". (Mr. De and Mr. Sai)

Nature: The New Culture Movement was an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in Chinese history.

Significance: The New Culture Movement greatly broke the shackles of feudalism and formed an unprecedented ideological liberation, prompting people to intensify their pursuit of the truth of saving the country and the people, and for advanced intellectuals to accept the ideas of the October Revolution. Influence and the spread of Marxism in China created conditions

21. The New Culture Movement opened fire on Confucianism and declared that it would "overthrow the Confucian shop."

22. During the New Culture Movement, Hu Shi was the first to propose using vernacular Chinese instead of classical Chinese. He also tried writing vernacular poetry.

23. "Diary of a Madman" was the first vernacular poem written by Lu Xun. novel.

24. How do you view Confucian culture?

When dealing with Confucian culture, we cannot simply deny or affirm it. We should inherit it in two parts - critically inherit Confucian culture.

China was the victor in World War I. How was China treated at the Paris Peace Conference? What does this mean?

Answer: China suffered unfair treatment at the Paris Peace Conference, and its legitimate demands such as taking back Germany’s privileges in Shandong were unreasonably rejected. This shows that this conference was an imperialist spoils-sharing conference. It also shows that a weak country has no diplomacy.

25. May Fourth Movement:

Time: May 4, 1919

Fuse: The Paris Peace Conference unreasonably rejected China’s just demands and brought Germany to the The privileges in Shandong were transferred to Japan.

Achievements: Release of arrested students, dismissal of Cao Rulin and others, refusal to sign the Paris Peace Treaty

Nature: A thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement

Significance: The May Fourth Movement was an epoch-making event in the history of the Chinese revolution. The Chinese working class has since stepped onto the political stage, and the May 4th Movement has kicked off China's new democratic revolution.

26. Question: How did the May 4th New Culture Movement show the further awakening of the Chinese nation? What did the May 4th Movement mean, from student strikes to worker strikes and merchant strikes, from students as the vanguard to the working class as the main force?

Answer: The Westernization Movement, the Reform Movement of 1898, and the Revolution of 1911 were all reforms at the institutional level; the May Fourth New Culture Movement was a reflection on the spiritual level. From system to spirit, it shows the further awakening of the Chinese nation.

28. Why did the advanced Chinese at that time propose "taking the Russian path"?

Answer: Following the path of the Russians was not only another choice made by the advanced Chinese people in modern China after their frustrations in learning from Britain, France, and Japan, but also a choice that the various contradictions in the Western capitalist world before and after World War I were fully exposed and continued to face. The consequences of China's unequal diplomacy; of course, it is also related to the Soviet Union's adoption of a friendly foreign policy towards China.

29. It was the Russian October Revolution that enabled China's advanced elements who were seeking the truth to save the country to see the "dawn of the new century."

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