Looking for some geography-specific exam vocabulary, such as undulating terrain, hot and rainy summers, and numerous lakes.

1. Small topic on contour topographic maps

⑴ The construction of the reservoir dam was selected in the river canyon for the following reasons:

① It is located in the canyon, which is conducive to Build a dam; ② There is a basin terrain with large water storage capacity.

⑵ Reasons for choosing a certain place for transportation lines (railways, highways):

Sparse contour lines, gentle terrain slope, short construction period, low investment, and easy construction.

⑶ To determine that a certain place is a basin, the reasons for the determination are:

The rivers converge towards the middle, indicating that the terrain is low in the middle and high on the surrounding sides.

⑷ A certain place was chosen for the water diversion project. The reason is: the terrain is high and the river can flow along the terrain.

⑸ Reasons for choosing a certain land as terraces:

The land has gentle terrain and a small slope. Developing terraces here will not only expand the cultivated land area, but also facilitate water and soil conservation, achieving ecological and ecological benefits. Unify economic and social benefits to achieve sustainable development.

⑹ Choose a certain route for mountain climbing because the contour lines in this area are sparse, the terrain slope is small, and climbing is easy.

2. Small topic on marine resources

⑴ Fishery resources are concentrated in temperate coastal continental shelf waters. Reasons:

① Continental shelf waters have shallow seawater and sufficient sunshine. , photosynthesis is strong;

② The intersection of cold and warm currents or the upwelling of cold sea water in winter brings nutrients from the seafloor to the surface;

③ Rivers entering the sea bring rich nutrient salts; plankton Prosperous, fish feed is abundant, and it is easy to form a large fishing ground.

⑵ Distribution rules of seabed mineral resources: ① Coastal sand deposits in the nearshore zone: sand, shells and other building materials and metal minerals

② Shallow seabed on the continental shelf: oil, natural gas, coal, Mineral resources such as sulfur and phosphorus

③ Ocean basin: deep-sea manganese nodules (mainly concentrated in the North Pacific)

3. Small topic on salinity and ocean currents

⑴ Salt The highest temperature is in the Red Sea. Reasons:

① It is located in a subtropical sea area with scarce precipitation and strong evaporation.

② It is surrounded by tropical desert areas and lacks the inflow of large rivers.

< p>⑵ The Baltic Sea has the lowest salinity. Reasons:

① It is located at a higher latitude, with low temperature and weak evaporation.

② It is surrounded by a temperate maritime climate zone with fresh water injection.

⑶ The reason why Lake Balkhash is salty in the east and fresh in the west:

① The east: located in the interior On land, precipitation is scarce and evaporation is strong; there is a lack of river injection.

② West: There is river injection, which plays a diluting effect.

③ The middle part is narrow, which is not conducive to the exchange of water bodies on both sides, causing Salinity varies greatly.

⑷ The horizontal distribution pattern of world surface seawater salinity:

It decreases from the subtropical sea areas of the northern and southern hemispheres to the low and high latitudes on both sides respectively. ⑸ To judge that the nature of a certain ocean current is a cold (warm) current, the reasons for the judgment are:

In terms of temperature: the temperature of the sea area where the ocean current flows is lower (higher) than other sea areas at the same latitude,

In terms of direction : Flows from higher (lower) latitudes to lower (higher) latitudes.

4. Small topic on rivers and transportation

⑴ Changes in the names of rivers flowing out of China’s south at home and abroad:

Yuanjiang---------Red River Lancang River------Mekong River

Nujiang River------Salween River Brahmaputra River-----Brahmaputra River

⑵ Reasons why the rivers in Western Europe are valuable for shipping:

The rivers have abundant water, stable water levels, low sand content, no ice period, and great shipping value.

⑶ Russia’s Ob River (leaf) The reasons for the low shipping value of the Nisei River and the Lena River:

High latitude, long freezing period, and freezing and flood phenomena.

⑷ The important significance of opening up polar shipping routes: shortening Voyage, saving time and energy.

⑸ Southwest my country is rich in water energy. The main reasons are:

① It is located in a humid area with abundant precipitation and large runoff;

② It is located at the junction of the first and second steps, with a large drop in the river.

Variation: The Three Gorges area is rich in water energy, mainly because:

① It is located in a humid area, with abundant precipitation and large runoff;

② It is located in At the junction of the second and third steps, the river has a large drop.

⑹ Significance of Nan-Kunming Railway Construction:

Economic Significance: ① Conducive to resource development and material export.

② It is conducive to giving full play to the role of railways in economic radiation and promoting the development of export-oriented economy.

③ It is conducive to the development of tourism resources and promotes the development of the tertiary industry.

Political significance: ① Conducive to consolidating national unity.

② It will help speed up poverty alleviation in Southwest China.

③ It is conducive to social stability;

Strategic significance: ① It is conducive to accelerating opening up to the outside world and developing an export-oriented economy.

② It is conducive to consolidating national defense and protecting borders.

⑺ The importance of Russia’s construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway:

① Strengthen economic ties between the east and west and promote material exchanges;

② Accelerate resource development and maximize resource advantages For economic advantage;

5. Small topic on geology and terrain

⑴ Rich coal was found in Antarctica (rich oil is buried in the Arctic), explanation:

Antarctica (Arctic) ) area was once located in a warm and humid area with dense forests, and was later moved here by continental drift. This is strong evidence of the plate tectonics theory.

⑵ Reasons for the formation of the Congo Basin:

The Congo Basin originally It is an inland lake, which was formed after the earth's crust was uplifted, rivers were cut down, and the lake water leaked out.

⑶ The Dead Sea (Lake Baikal, Lake Tanganyika, Fen Valley, and Wei Valley) Causes: Internal forces --- -Fault collapse

⑷ Causes of the formation of the five major freshwater lakes in North America (European fjord terrain, lakes): External force ---- glaciation

⑸ The formation of Mount Lushan (Huashan, Mount Tai): Fault block mountainous area

⑹ Topographic characteristics of the seven continents:

Asia: ① The terrain is complex and diverse, with great undulations, and a wide area of ??plateaus and mountains;

② Central terrain High, with low surroundings, and plains are mostly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of rivers;

Africa: ① The terrain is mainly plateaus, with little ground relief;

② There are huge mountains running through the east East African rift zone;

③ Terrain characteristics: high in the southeast, low in the northwest

Europe: ① The terrain of Europe is mainly mountains and plains, with the plains covering a vast area, accounting for 2/3 of the total area ;

② The terrain is low and flat, and it is the lowest continent in the world (300m). The terrain is high in the north and south, and low in the central part;

③ Glaciers are widely distributed in the north.

America: ① The terrain is high in the east and west and low in the middle;

② There are three major terrain areas in the north and south, with mountains in the west, mountains and plateaus in the east, and plains in the center;

③ Glacier terrain Widely distributed in the northern half of the continent

South America: ① The west is the Andes Mountains running from north to south; ② The east is plains and plateaus arranged alternately

Oceania : ① The terrain is low and flat. The surface is gently undulating;

② The terrain is composed of three longitudinal belts in the north and south, with mountains in the east, plains in the middle, and highlands in the west

Antarctica: ① The continent with the highest average altitude in the world ( 2350m);

② The continental glaciers are widespread, the average thickness of the ice reaches 2,000 meters, and the terrain below the ice is diverse

⑺ The causes of serious geological disasters in southwest China:

< p>Natural reasons: ① The mountainous area is vast, the rocks are broken, and the weathering is severe; ② The dry and wet seasons are distinct and heavy rains are concentrated;

③ The crustal movement is strong and faults are developed in the mountains.

Man-made reasons: ④ Destruction of vegetation

6. Small topic on floods

⑴ Reasons for serious floods in Bangladesh:

Natural Reasons: ① Strong southwest monsoon, frequent heavy rains, and abundant precipitation; ② Low-lying terrain and poor drainage; ③ The Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers meet here and enter the flood season at the same time;

Man-made reasons: ④The population density is high, the vegetation in the upper reaches is much destroyed, and the water and soil erosion is serious.

⑵ Reasons for frequent droughts and floods in India:

The southwest monsoon is strong, and may come early and retreat late, which can easily cause floods; otherwise, it can cause droughts.

⑶ Reasons for the large flow of the Amazon River:

① It is located near the equator, affected by the equatorial low pressure, with many updrafts and abundant precipitation

② Plain terrain and The topography that is high on three sides and open to the east is conducive to the entry of Atlantic water vapor

③ After the water vapor enters the inland, it is lifted by the plateau and mountains and rains from various terrains

④ The drainage area is wide, Surface water collects from three sides toward the Amazon River.

7. Small topic on drought

⑴ Temperate desert-----The reasons for the formation of the Taklimakan (Karakum) Desert:

Located deep inside the continent, far away from the ocean, with little precipitation and strong evaporation;

Variation: Causes of the Patagonia Desert in southern South America:

Located in the temperate zone , prevailing westerly winds, on the east side of the Andes Mountains, on the leeward slope, with little precipitation.

⑵ Tropical Desert-----The reasons for the formation of the Sahara (Victoria) Desert:

Controlled by subtropical high pressure or trade winds all year round, it is hot and dry all year round.

Variation: Causes of the Thar Desert in South Asia:

The southwest monsoon is not easy to reach, the original vegetation is destroyed, and the ground lacks vegetation protection.

⑶ The reasons why the Chilean desert is long and narrow from north to south:

① The Andes Mountains approach the west coast, making it difficult for the tropical desert climate to expand eastward;

② Influenced by the Peruvian cold current , extending the tropical desert climate to the north;

⑷ The reasons for the formation of the savannah climate on the East African Plateau:

The terrain is higher, the temperature is low, the convection is weak, the precipitation is low, and there is no ability to form a tropical savanna climate. Rainforest climate conditions.

⑸ Causes of spring drought in North China: Temperature rises quickly in spring, evaporation is strong; precipitation is scarce.

⑹ The reasons why there is no spring drought in Northeast China: The latitude is higher, the temperature is lower, and there is melting snow in spring.

⑺ Water shortage problem in North China:

Causes: ① Natural causes: Temperate monsoon climate, less precipitation throughout the year, small river runoff; large precipitation variability; strong evaporation in spring.

② Man-made reasons: dense population, developed industry and agriculture, large water demand; serious water pollution; much waste and low utilization rate; large water consumption for spring planting.

Control measures: ① South-to-North Water Diversion;

② Build reservoirs;

③ Control population and improve quality;

④ Reduce water pollution ;Reduce waste and improve utilization;

⑤ Limit the development of high water-consuming industries;

⑥ Develop water-saving agriculture and adopt drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation technologies to improve utilization;

⑦ Implement water price adjustment and establish water-saving awareness;

⑧ Seawater desalination, etc.

⑻ Reasons for the shrinkage of the Dead (Salal) Sea area:

① It is located in a tropical desert climate zone (deep inland), with scarce precipitation and strong evaporation. (Natural reasons)< /p>

② The use of water from the Jordan River for industry and agriculture (the area of ??cotton fields has expanded, and the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers have been diverted for irrigation),

reducing the runoff of rivers flowing into the Dead (Aral) Sea.( Socioeconomic reasons)

8. Small topic on climate and natural zones

⑴ The reason for the hot and humid climate in Latin America: it is located on both sides of the equator and is surrounded by vast oceans.

⑵ Reasons for the difference in landscape between the east and west sides of the southern section of the Andes: Affected by the Andes, there is a large difference in precipitation between the east and west sides of the mountain.

⑶ The reason why Africa lacks a temperate oceanic climate: Africa is at the same latitude as the ocean.

⑷ The reason why the southern hemisphere is missing the tundra zone: the southern hemisphere is at the same latitude as the ocean.

⑸ Both are located near the Tropic of Cancer, but there are tropical desert climates in Africa, tropical monsoon climates in South Asia, and subtropical monsoon climates in southeastern my country. The reason is that North Africa is affected by the subtropical high pressure and trade winds from the interior of the continent, making it hot and dry all year round. South Asia is affected by the tropical monsoon, and southeastern my country is affected by the subtropical monsoon.

Summary: The climate differences and causes of the east and west coasts of the continent near the Tropic of Cancer:--The positions of sea and land are different and the atmospheric circulation situation.

⑹ Drought and flood disasters in my country are mainly distributed in: Eastern monsoon area Reasons: The strength of the subtropical high is unstable, and the seasonal and inter-annual changes of the summer monsoon are large

⑺ The main reasons why my country’s precipitation is more in the south and less in the north are: the rainy season in the south comes early and goes late, and the rainy season is long ;The rainy season in the north is shorter.

⑻ The weather that the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River generally have every year is: drought (best answer)

(Because there is an "empty plum" phenomenon in some years, plum rain is not the best Answer)

⑼ Why is the tropical mountain environment in the Brahmaputra Grand Canyon area pushed 5--6 latitudes northward compared with other areas in the northern hemisphere?

① The Brahmaputra Grand Canyon is basically It runs north-south, with mountains blocking it in the north, and the mouth of the valley facing south, forming a huge warm and moist airflow channel; ② In the summer half of the year, the powerful southwest monsoon brings a large amount of warm and moist airflow from the Indian Ocean, deep into the interior of the Grand Canyon, making the isotherms at the bottom of the canyon the same as those at the same latitude Compared to the obvious advance to the north.

⑽ The reasons for the large temperature difference between the north and the south in winter in my country are: my country has a large latitude span, and the direct point of the sun in winter is in the southern hemisphere. The farther south our country goes, the greater the height of the sun at noon and the longer the day, so the farther south we get the sun The more radiation, coupled with the frequent southward movement of winter monsoons, the greater the impact on northern my country.

⑾ The reasons for the generally high temperatures in summer in my country are: the direct point of the sun is in the northern hemisphere. Although the height of the sun at noon in the north is smaller than that in the south, the daytime is longer than in the south, and the solar heat received is not much less than that in the south. .

⑿ The reason why my country’s winter temperature is lower than that of other areas at the same latitude is that it is affected by the powerful Mongolian-Siberian cold high pressure (or affected by the winter monsoon).

⒀ The reason why the temperature in India is higher than that in my country at the same latitude is: the high mountain barrier (the tall Himalayas blocks the cold air flow from the south).

⒁ The reason why Europe's maritime climate is larger than that of North America is that Europe lacks tall mountain systems extending from north to south, and the westerly wind from the ocean can penetrate deep into the interior of the continent. Affected by the shape of the land and the power of ocean currents, the west coast of Europe is greatly affected by warm currents.

⒂ The reasons for the formation of tropical rainforest climate on the southeastern coast of Brazil, northeastern Australia, and eastern Madagascar:

Mainly due to the influence of terrain (mountainous areas), on the windward slope of the southeast trade wind, and secondly There is a warm current passing along the coast.

⒃ The higher the latitude, the higher the annual temperature range. The reason is: the higher the latitude, the greater the annual change in the height of the noon sun, the greater the annual change in day and night length, so the greater the annual temperature range. ;The opposite is true for low latitudes.

The farther away from the sea, the greater the annual temperature range. The reason is: the heat capacity of land is smaller than that of the ocean. It heats up quickly in summer and is higher than the ocean. It cools quickly in winter and is lower than the ocean. Therefore, the temperature ranges from year to year. The annual difference is larger than that of the ocean. The coastal area is more affected by the ocean and the annual difference is smaller than that of the inland area.

⒄ The diurnal variation of temperature: the higher the latitude, the smaller it is. The reason is: mainly because the diurnal variation of the sun's altitude is small. The relationship between the diurnal temperature range and weather is: the diurnal range is smaller on cloudy days than on sunny days.

The relationship between the diurnal temperature range and the land and sea is: the diurnal range of temperature in the inland is larger than that of the coastal areas.

The diurnal temperature range of the mountain top is smaller than that of the plain below the mountain, and the annual temperature range is also smaller.

⒅ Compared with the plains and basins at the same latitude in my country, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has smaller annual temperature range. The reason is: the large plateau at low latitudes is cooler in summer due to its high altitude; in winter due to the low latitude and high altitude The influence of topography is not affected by the cold airflow going south, and the temperature is not too low;

The diurnal range is large. Reason: At high altitude, the density of the atmosphere is small, and the insulation and weakening effects of the atmosphere are low, so the temperature rises quickly during the day. , the temperature cools down quickly at night.

⒆ Is there a forest belt on the southern slope of Tianshan Mountain? No. The reason is: it is a leeward slope with less precipitation.

⒇ The reason why the subarctic coniferous forest is southward on the southern edge of the east coast of the continent: mainly because the east coast is cold current and the west coast is warm current; secondly, the east coast is affected by the wind from the interior of the continent, while the west coast is opposite.

9. Small topic on agriculture

⑴ Favorable conditions for the growth of tea:

① Humid and rainy climate; ② Sloping land with good drainage.

⑵ The natural conditions for the production of highland barley on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: high terrain, low temperature, large temperature difference, little precipitation, and sufficient sunlight.

⑶ The Nile Delta (Southern Xinjiang) is rich in long-staple cotton. Reasons:

Summer has ample sunshine, scarce precipitation, fertile soil, and convenient irrigation conditions.

⑷ Favorable conditions for the development of Australia’s livestock industry:

① Yes A large area of ??arid and semi-arid areas has excellent grassland;

② There are many artesian wells for drinking water for livestock;

③ There are no large wild carnivores.

⑸ Western Europe ( Favorable conditions for the development of dairy and livestock industry in Northeastern United States:

① High latitude, low temperature, heavy cloud cover, frequent rainy days, weak light, and poor soil are not suitable for the development of planting industry and are suitable for succulent pasture. Growth. (Natural conditions)

② Dense population and cities, large market demand, convenient transportation, and developed economy. (Socioeconomic conditions)

⑹ The impact of monsoon climate on agricultural development:

Pros: Rain and heat occur at the same time, which is beneficial to crop growth.

Disadvantages: Frequent droughts and floods.

Variation: Temperate monsoon climate (Huanghuaihai Plain) to develop cotton Favorable conditions for planting:

① High temperature and rainy weather in summer, with hot and rainy weather at the same time, are conducive to cotton growth;

② Less rain and sunny weather in autumn are conducive to later growth and harvesting of cotton.

⑺ Agriculture in Central Asia is dominated by desert animal husbandry and irrigated agriculture. Reasons:

① Central Asia is deeply inland and has a temperate continental climate with scarce precipitation and vegetation. Mainly grassland and desert, it is suitable for the development of desert animal husbandry;

② There are rivers such as the Irtysh River, Amu Darya River, and Syr Darya River in the territory, which is suitable for the development of irrigated agriculture.

⑻ Tropical cash crop management method: corporate plantation.

Production characteristics: large production scale, high commodity rate.

Main distribution: South Asia, Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America Americas

Characteristics of the host country’s economic structure: a single economy dominated by tropical corporate plantations

How the host country develops its economy:

① Continue to leverage its advantages, Pay close attention to the production of tropical cash crops;

② Pay close attention to grain production and strive to increase grain production;

③ Adjust the industrial structure and establish an independent and complete industrial system and national economic system;< /p>

④ Strengthen "South-South Cooperation";

⑤ Strengthen "North-South Dialogue" and establish a new international economic order.

⑼ The reasons for the prominent food problem in Africa:

① High natural population growth rate;

② Poor natural conditions;

③ Chaos Indiscriminate reclamation and overgrazing have aggravated drought and land desertification;

⑽ Reasons for Singapore’s water and food shortages:

① The land area is small. Although it is located in a tropical rainforest area, But there are no big rivers, and the runoff is small;

② The land area is small, the cultivated land area is small, and the grain output is low.

⑾ Multiple cropping index issues:

① Multiple cropping in Russia Reasons for low index and low yield: high latitude, insufficient heat for agricultural production

② Australia’s multiple cropping index problem: low latitude, but low multiple cropping index:

It has to do with agriculture It is related to the economic structure. The mixed agricultural area alternates between wheat and sheep herding. The wheat multiple cropping index is low and there is a large amount of fallow land.

The beneficial effects of a low multiple cropping index on the land are: It is conducive to the restoration of soil fertility.

③ The reasons for China’s high multiple cropping index: low latitude and less cultivated land per capita

⑿ The land area of ??the United States and India is smaller than that of China, but the cultivated land area is much larger than that of China. The reasons are:

(Analysis from both climate and terrain aspects)

① The plains of the United States and India occupy a large area of ??land, and the dry areas are relatively small;

② The plains of China It occupies a small land area and occupies a large area in arid areas.

⒀ Urban suburban agricultural issues: Shanghai suburban agriculture (vegetables, meat, eggs, dairy and horticulture)

Analytical location:

Natural factors: heat Plenty of rain and heat at the same time; flat terrain, fertile soil; abundant water sources.

Socioeconomic factors: ① Large market consumption;

② Convenient transportation;

③ The value of developing flowers, vegetables and other crops per unit area is high and can be obtained Higher economic benefits;

④ The small land area is conducive to intensive production.

Development direction: green agriculture; sightseeing agriculture; eco-tourism

⒁ Commercial grain agriculture: Northeastern region, United States

Basic characteristics:

Large production scale, high level of mechanization, and high commodity rate of agricultural products;

Location factor analysis:

Natural factors: ① Temperate monsoon climate, high temperature and rainy summer, with hot and rainy weather at the same time;

② The terrain is flat and open; ③ The cultivated land area is vast;

④ The soil is fertile; ⑤ The water source is sufficient.

Socioeconomic factors:

① Vast land, sparsely populated areas, high commodity rate of agricultural products; ② Large scale of production, high level of mechanization;

③ Convenient transportation; ④ The market is vast;

⑤ The industry is relatively developed; ⑥ National policy support.

There are deficiencies: ① Insufficient heat; ② Increased land desertification and soil erosion;

③ Decreased soil fertility; ④ Affected by cold waves and freezing damage in winter.

Comparison of similarities and differences with U.S. commodity grain agriculture:

Similar points; ① The same type of agricultural region; ② The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the commodity rate of agricultural products is high;

③ Large production scale and high mechanization level; ④ Convenient transportation;

⑤ Broad market; ⑥ Relatively developed industry;

⑦ Similar natural conditions in the agricultural production process.

Differences: ① Different business methods, the United States is dominated by family farmers, while my country is dominated by state-owned farms;

② There are differences in scientific and technological levels;

③ Different levels of specialization;

④ Different grain yields, the United States has high grain yields⒂ Large ranch grazing industry: Argentina’s Pampas

Location factors:

Natural factors: Mild climate, lush grass, large pasture area;

Socioeconomic factors: ① Vast land and sparsely populated land, low land rent;

② Close to the seaport; transportation Improved conditions and advancements in refrigeration technology.

10. Small topic on ecological and environmental issues

⑴ Environmental problems faced by the Maldives (Nauru):

Global warming, rising sea levels, and flooding The dangers.

⑵ Environmental problems faced by Tierra del Fuego (the two northern and southern islands of New Zealand):

The ozone layer is destroyed, the ozone layer hole expands, and solar ultraviolet radiation increases.

< p>⑶ Red tide problem: Pearl River Estuary, Hangzhou Bay, Bohai Sea, etc.

Causes:

Natural causes: warm spring and summer, sunny winds, slow ocean currents, water temperature Higher; enclosed bay.

(This is an external cause of red tide)

Man-made causes: Coastal areas are densely populated and economically developed, and industrial wastewater and wastewater from agricultural production contain large amounts of organic matter, heavy metals, and inorganic substances. Salt; domestic sewage, untreated water flows into rivers, lakes, and into the sea, causing excessive nitrogen and phosphorus content in offshore waters, causing eutrophication of seawater (this is the root cause of red tides)

Areas prone to red tides: Pearl River Estuary, Bohai Sea, Hangzhou Bay, Yangtze River Estuary, Haikou Bay of the South China Sea, etc.

The time when red tide is prone to occur: The time period when red tide is prone to occur is from May to October.

Harms caused: ① Eutrophication of seawater and flourishing of phytoplankton, causing fish to suffocate, poison and die,

② Endangering human health, ③ Affecting marine tourism. ⑷ The impact of global warming on the global ecological environment and social economy: ① Causes sea level rise, posing a direct threat to coastal lowland countries and regions;

② Causes changes in precipitation and dry and wet conditions in various regions of the world, and then Leading to changes in the economic structure of countries around the world.

⑸ Impacts of acid rain:

① Acid rain acidifies rivers and lakes, affecting the growth and reproduction of fish, and even causes mass deaths;

② It acidifies soil, Harm the growth of forests and crops;

③ Corrode buildings and cultural relics;

④ Endanger human health.

⑹ The fundamental way to reduce acid rain: reduce the emission of man-made sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides

⑺ Problems of water and soil erosion: Loess Plateau, low mountainous and hilly areas in the south

Causes:

Natural reasons: ① Monsoon climate precipitation is concentrated in summer, with frequent heavy rains;

② Surface vegetation is scarce;

③ Loess soil is loose (loess plateau).

Man-made reasons: destruction of vegetation; unreasonable farming system; mining.

Management measures:

① Reduce agricultural land and build stable and high-yielding farmland;

② Expand forest and grass planting area;

③ Improve the vegetation of natural pastures, appropriately reduce the number of livestock, and improve the quality of livestock;

④ Store topsoil in a planned manner when mining, and vigorously carry out land reclamation work;

⑤ Small watersheds Comprehensive management.

⑻ Desertification problem: Northwest China (Xinjiang, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, etc.)

Causes:

Natural causes: ① Global warming, evaporation ;

② Located in inland areas with little precipitation;

③ Rat and locust pests.

Man-made reasons: ① over-exploitation; ② over-grazing;

③ over-cultivation;

④ irrational use of water resources;

⑤ Improper construction and protection of transportation lines and other projects.

Measures to be taken: ① Semi-arid farming and animal husbandry transition and dry farming areas: adjust the land use structure and take measures to prevent wind and sand

② Oasis on the edge of the desert in arid areas: Establish an oasis Protective forest system with the center as the center

⑼ Secondary soil salinization: Huanghuaihai Plain, Ningxia Plain, Hetao Plain, etc.

Causes:

Natural causes: Frequent drought and flood climate changes (Huang-Huai-Hai Plain); low-lying terrain; human factors: unreasonable irrigation;

Control measures: diversion of fresh water and salt water; drainage of wells for irrigation; biological measures; farmland coverage;

p>

Reasonable irrigation cannot only irrigate without drainage; adopt sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation technology, etc.

⑽ Ground subsidence and salinization of coastal areas: vast areas in the north and cities in the south

< p>Cause: Excessive extraction of groundwater

Control measures: ① Control the extraction of groundwater; ② Implement recharge during the rainy season

11. Small topic on industry

⑴ Japan Industry is concentrated along the Pacific coast and the Seto Inland Sea for the following reasons: ① Lack of local resources, industrial raw materials need to be imported in large quantities; ② The domestic market is small, and industrial products must be exported in large quantities; ③ The coast is plain, which is conducive to building factories; ④ The coastline has many twists and turns and excellent harbors , conducive to the import and export of raw materials and products.

⑵ Egypt’s economic pillars: oil, canals, remittances, tourism.

⑶ Singapore’s economic pillars: oil refining, shipbuilding, electronic appliances, and offshore drilling platform manufacturing.

⑷Industrial agglomeration:

①Traditional industrial areas:

Reasons for agglomeration: Due to the high degree of specialization in modern industrial production, collaboration and competition between enterprises are strong, and industrial Centralized layout can produce agglomeration effect. Significance of agglomeration: make full use of infrastructure; strengthen information exchange and cooperation between each other; reduce transportation costs and energy consumption; expand overall production capacity, reduce production costs, and obtain economies of scale.

Disadvantages: Industrial agglomeration leads to competition among enterprises for land, water, power, and public facilities; it aggravates regional environmental pollution.

② Emerging industrial zones: High-tech industries often have significant regional cluster characteristics in terms of regional distribution. The advantages are: the use of infrastructure; strengthening information connections and collaboration.

⑸ Italy’s emerging industrial base and my country’s township and village enterprises (Wenzhou, Zhejiang)

Location analysis: ① A large number of cheap labor; ② The prices of raw materials and energy increased significantly in the 1970s; ③ Developed The bank credit system; ④ the Italian economy is highly open; ⑤ the government’s strong support.

Characteristics: ① Mainly small and medium-sized enterprises; ② Mainly light industry; ③ The production process is decentralized; ④ The degree of capital concentration is low; ⑤ Distributed in small towns or rural areas.

Differences: ① Enterprises compete with each other; ② There is no well-organized and fully functional production-sales-service-information network.

Adjustment measures: ① Pay attention to professional division of labor and form a production-sales-service-information network with a complete structure and complete functions; ② Increase investment in product research and development, implement industrial upgrading, and improve product technology content; ③ Timely grasp Demand information for products in the international market and actively explore the international market; ④ form large-scale production; ⑤ establish brand awareness; ⑥ increase training and improve the technical quality of employees; ⑦ cooperate with large foreign companies to improve product quality and management level.

⑹ "Silicon Valley": Silicon Valley in the United States, Munich in Germany, Kyushu Island in Japan, central Scotland in the United Kingdom, and Bangalore in India.

Location analysis: Natural factors: superior geographical location; pleasant climate. Socioeconomic factors: ① Developed science and technology (with colleges and universities); ② Convenient transportation (highways, airports); ③ Military orders (Silicon Valley, USA).

Features: high proportion of scientific and technological talents; fast growth rate; short product replacement cycle; high proportion of research and development expenses; products facing the world market.

Reasons for development and changes: taking advantage of the advantages of cheap labor, land, and housing in these areas.

⑺ Locational disadvantages of my country’s four industrial bases: Central and South Liaoning Heavy Industry Base: Insufficient energy and water resources. Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Industrial Base: Insufficient water sources; serious pollution. Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou Industrial Base: lack of energy and resources; land shortage; serious pollution.

Pearl River Delta Light Industrial Base: Insufficient energy and resources.

12. Small topic on population size and distribution

⑴ Adverse impacts and countermeasures of population problems in developing countries:

Problem: Too much and too fast population growth, The huge population base and high natural growth rate have created population pressure, which has brought huge pressure on resources and the environment, resulting in various resource and environmental problems such as reduced per capita resources, employment difficulties, declining living standards, and increasingly serious environmental pollution, restricting social and economic development. development and improvement of people's living standards.

Measures: Implement family planning, control population size, control population quality, improve population structure, make population growth compatible with social and economic development, coordinate with resource utilization and environmental protection, and achieve sustainable development.< /p>

⑵ The different focuses of the problems brought about by the aging of the urban population in developed and developing countries:

① The aging of the population in developed countries:

Problems: Population Serious aging and labor shortage restrict resource development and economic development.

Measures: Encourage childbirth and accept immigrants.

② The aging of the urban population in developing countries:

Problems: The aging of the population, the overburden of young adults and the need to support many orphans, widows, sick and disabled elderly people.

Measures: Caring for the elderly, establishing social security and improving the social service system.

⑶ The population of Brazil (Australia) is concentrated in the southeast. Reasons:

① The climate is mild and humid, and the terrain is flat, which is conducive to farming;

② Convenient transportation and many Excellent harbor and developed industry;

③ European colonists were the first to arrive here and have an earlier development history;

13. Small topic on population migration:

⑴ Population migration The basic reasons:

The population and living materials in different regions are unbalanced in quantity, and the living environment of the regions is very different.

⑵ The main and often acting reasons for population migration: economic reasons

⑶ Reasons for the migration of the elderly population in the United States to the Sunbelt:

①Natural reasons: latitude High, cold climate; ②Social reasons: developed industry and serious environmental pollution.

⑷ The main reasons why Xinjiang attracts population migration: to develop resources and develop border trade.

⑸ The positive impact of Sichuan population relocation on the local area:

① It alleviates the contradiction between man and land in the region;

② Strengthens the economic relationship between Sichuan and outside societies , technology, ideological and cultural connections;

③ Increased income and promoted economic development.

⑹ The impact of the increase in floating population on urban development:

Pros: Actively promote the social and economic development of the city and increase social vitality;

Cons: Impact on the urban environment Causes huge pressure and affects urban traffic and social and economic order.

⑺ The impact of population migration to border areas and industrial and mining areas:

Benefits: It is beneficial to the development of natural resources and industrial construction, promotes local economic development, and improves the overall environment.

Disadvantages: Exacerbating ecological and environmental problems.

14. Lanzhou Problem

⑴ The petrochemical industrial zone is unreasonable:

① It is located in the river valley and is not conducive to the spread of industrial waste gas;

② It is located upwind of the prevailing wind direction in the city, causing urban air pollution;