Planning and architectural characteristics of the ancient city of Lu

In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the world was settled, but for the Zhou Dynasty, their ruling foundation was not stable.

The overthrown remnants of Shang Dynasty and Dongyi clique in the eastern region became the biggest threat to the Zhou royal family, which made Zhou Wuwang feel uneasy. In order to directly control the area where the remnants of Yin Shang are located, it is divided into three parts, one of which is in charge of the fourth brother, whose country name is Lu, which means "the fish wagged its tail to sweep the east." It was precisely because of the need to assist Zhou Wang in the Zhou Dynasty that Lu was replaced by his eldest son.

King Wu's expectations are really good. Shortly after his death, Dongyi Group, located in Shandong Province, joined forces with the remnants of Yin and some nobles of Zhou Dynasty to create the Three Prisons Rebellion. Fortunately, Zhou Gongdan quickly quelled the rebellion and established the dominance of the Zhou Dynasty.

It was also at this time that the rulers of the Zhou Dynasty began to try to pacify the world with Zhou rites and educate other ethnic groups.

So before Boqin went to Shandong to take office, the Duke of Zhou gave him a suggestion, that is, to educate the local people with Zhou Li. After Birchin defected to Lu, he always kept in mind his father's warning. He taught his people not only to follow the etiquette norms in words, deeds and inner cultivation, but also to follow Zhou's etiquette. Even the capital was built in strict accordance with Zhou's etiquette. In short, let China people live under Zhou's etiquette system anytime and anywhere, and in essence "buy people's hearts".

Of course, when he arrived in Shandong, the first thing Boqin did was to build a tall wall to guard against the attack of Dongyi people who were good at using bows and arrows. Therefore, when Bochen designed the old city of Lu, it was designed in the shape of "Hui", and the perimeter of the wall was 1 177 1 m. The big "mouth" is the country where the people live, and the small "mouth" is the city where the monarch lives. Bo Qin built his palace area in the center of China into a square, and China people can only live around the central city. There are ten traffic arteries in the city, five in the east-west direction and five in the north-south direction. At the same time, a central axis with a width of17m and a north-south direction passes through the southeast gate from the center of the central city, echoing the Lutongtan (Temple of Heaven) outside the city. No one in China can cross the lines on both sides of the central axis and observe the ceremony. Since then, every year, Boqin has led Chinese people and relatives of nearby princes named Ji to sacrifice to heaven on the altar.

Then, after 46 years in office, Boqin always kept in mind the teachings of his father, Duke Zhou. Under his painstaking efforts, Lu finally became a state of etiquette and the birthplace of Confucian culture. This painstakingly designed urban layout continued to the planning and layout of Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The state of etiquette, slums and rich areas

There is no doubt that the gradual prosperity of Lu has won it the reputation of a country of etiquette. However, even such a state of etiquette cannot avoid the polarization between the rich and the poor, leading to the emergence of some modern residential areas such as slums, high-end residential areas and high-tech zones.

The improvement of Lu's position in the international community and the constant propaganda of the educational function of Zhou Li really attracted many people from other vassal countries. These "immigrants" who get married and have children or come to Shandong alone may have a beautiful dream of getting rich, thinking that they can create wealth and win social status by their own hands in the "state of etiquette", but unfortunately, most of them are eventually rejected by the local people in Shandong because of racial problems. Therefore, they can only concentrate on living on the land in the west of the old city and engage in agriculture, handicrafts and other industries that serve the rulers. Ethnic composition makes them the bottom of society. A few people in a family crowded into a small house, and there was a meal without a meal. They are always facing the crisis that they may sleep in the wind tomorrow, and their quality of life is not at all. However, the most sad thing is their living environment. Because they have no social status, they can't enjoy the treatment of aristocratic cemeteries, and they can only be buried in front of their own homes after death. Therefore, it has also formed a unique "creepy" landscape with cemeteries in front of every household in the slums of Xicheng.

In the north city next to the slum in Xicheng, it is the place where the descendants of Zhou immigrants live. Most of them are rich aristocrats who are officials in the DPRK, enjoying high-level social treatment, not engaged in production, with excellent quality of life, elegant surrounding environment and good public security, and there will be no such things as chickens calling dogs stealing.

They also have an enviable super-large senior residence. If they feel a little crowded, they can move to Dongcheng High-tech Zone to rebuild a new residential area with a larger area and a more beautiful environment. They also have their own cemetery, built on the west side near Miyagi. The specifications and grades are very advanced, second only to the royal family after death, which makes them extremely complacent.

Mysterious southeast gate

However, no matter how hard the living conditions such as housing in the slums of the West City are, and how luxurious the life in the rich areas of the North City and the East City is, they will follow a "guild regulations", that is, they will never live in the South City.

"The south east gate is the key to solve the mystery of the layout of the ancient city of Lu. Now the archaeological site park provides an opportunity for the excavation of the ancient city of Lu. We are digging the southeast gate and will soon be able to return to the way it was. " The director, researcher and famous archaeologist of Shandong Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology said: "In fact, the importance of the ancient city of Lu can be seen from its structure, but many people don't understand its significance. We should know that without the old city of Lu, how can we talk about three Confucius and three Mencius? The old city of Lu is the foundation of Confucian culture, but except for some broken walls, cultural relics are protected underground and no one knows. So now use the archaeological site park to excavate the cultural relics of the site and let people know that this place has a cultural foundation. "

In fact, as early as 196 1, the national key cultural relics protection units identified the ancient city of Lu as one of them. "At that time, the concept of site cultural relics protection was put forward, that is, there should be four standards: protection scope, identification description, scientific archives and special personnel management. According to the concept of four haves, we began to implement the protection plan in Shandong. " Zhang Xuehai told reporters.

In order to determine the protection scope of the ruins of the ancient city of Lu, a dozen archaeologists were led to conduct special archaeological drilling and trial excavation of the ancient city of Lu for two years from 65438 to 0977. Finally, in this trial excavation, the original historical features of the old city of Lu began to be uncovered layer by layer.

The ancient city of Lu is located in Qufu, with an area of 10.5 square kilometers. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Chengwang made Boqin, the son of Zhou Gongdan, the capital of Qufu. In the twenty-fourth year of Lu Qinggong (249 BC), the state of Chu was destroyed, and it was passed down from generation to generation, with a history of nearly 900 years after 34 monarchs.

"But our previous idea was to delimit the protection scope of cultural relics sites first, and then assign special personnel to manage them, so the operations are limited to this scope." Zhang Xuehai said. Therefore, when defining the protection scope of the ruins of Lu Gucheng, which is close to the total area of Hong Kong, the "protected area" was labeled as forbidden, which is extremely unfavorable to the development of the city with an inch of land and an inch of land. Watching a naked "land king" appear naked in the city, only archaeologists know that there is a pile of treasures under it.

"Now the protection policy has changed. Instead of burying cultural relics underground, we dig cultural relics and combine underground cultural relics with ground buildings. Archaeological site park is a new product of great site protection. But the archaeological site park can't be completed by archaeologists digging two or three points. Archaeological sites park is not equal to pure urban archaeology. It integrates scientific research, education, tourism and leisure. This is an overall plan. There are 48 key protected areas in the ancient city of Lugu, and five years is only a stage. " At least ten years is the deadline for Zhang Xuehai to approve the archaeological site park.