The history of Hakka language in southern Jiangxi

In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, due to social, political, economic and other reasons, there was a great migration of Fujian and Guangdong Hakkas with Jiaying Prefecture in Guangdong and Tingzhou Prefecture in Fujian as the center. Among them, many people moved to southern Jiangxi. Especially after the Qing government put down the San Francisco Rebellion and the Hakka anti-Qing war, the population in southern Jiangxi was sparse and the fields were barren. In order to reclaim wasteland and increase land tax, the Qing government issued a reclamation order. As a result, a large number of Fujian and Guangdong Hakka people moved to southern Jiangxi one after another, attracted by the "new people" who had already settled in southern Jiangxi. Therefore, for a time, "the Hakkas from the east and west of the Gan River were all from Fujian and Guangdong." "Nankang County Chronicle" records: "In the ninth year of Yongzheng, 51 new residents from East Guangdong were naturalized in Nankang." "Ruijin County Chronicles": "Ruiyi is a remote mountainous area, bordering Fujian and Guangdong. Twenty-three out of ten indigenous people live in exile." Even Dingnan County, which is close to Guangdong, also lives in it. "Poor people of foreign origin from Guangdong came here to cultivate crops, and the environment of foreign origins became increasingly complicated."

Professor Luo Yong mentioned in the article "A brief discussion on the inward migration of Fujian and Guangdong Hakkas into Jiangxi in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties":

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Jiangxi, especially southern Gansu, was affected by After decades of war and ravages by the Qing army, the population has dropped sharply and the fields have become barren. At this time, the population in western Fujian and eastern Guangdong was flourishing due to the Zhu Ming generation, and the contradiction between more people and less land became increasingly prominent. According to local historical records and field investigations by researchers, 30% of the Hakkas in Ganzhou are "old guests" and 70% are "new guests" who have returned from Fujian and Guangdong and other places. The descendants of these Fujian and Guangdong residents have moved in. Ganzhou had more people in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Southern Gansu is an important birthplace of the Hakka ethnic group. On the other hand, at the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Hakka people from Fujian and Guangdong moved back to Jiangxi, especially southern Gansu. This fact shows that southern Gansu also made important contributions to the development and growth of the Hakka ethnic lineage. Regarding this point, Professor Luo Yong of Gannan Normal University has this discussion in his paper "A Brief Discussion on the Return of Fujian and Guangdong Hakkas to Gan in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties": "Today, the descendants of Fujian and Guangdong returned Hakkas in counties in southern Jiangxi are The proportion of the population is roughly as follows: Xunwu, Anyuan, Quannan, Dingnan, Longnan, Xinfeng, Nankang, Dayu, Shangyou, Chongyi and other counties account for about 70-90%; Ganxian, Xingguo, Yu Counties such as Du, Huichang and Ruijin account for about 50-70%; Ningdu and Shicheng are smaller, accounting for about 20-30%." "The current pattern of residents in southern Jiangxi was formed after a large number of Hakkas from Fujian and Guangdong moved into Jiangxi in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties." Moreover, after a large number of Hakkas from Fujian and Guangdong moved into Jiangxi, it was not limited to southern Jiangxi. Some of them After entering southern Jiangxi, they continued northward, reaching central Jiangxi, northwest Jiangxi, northeastern Jiangxi, and even moved to Hunan, Sichuan and other places, allowing the Hakka ethnic group to further develop and grow. Therefore, southern Gansu not only gave birth to Hakkas but also developed and strengthened the Hakka ethnic lineage. Southern Gansu plays an important role in the history of the formation and development of the Hakka ethnic group. Among these relocated guests, there were "Fujian and Guangdong refugees who committed riots and invaded the territory" and were "pacified" by officers and soldiers to appease and reclaim the wasteland on the spot. For example, the "Shangyou County Chronicle" records: "The bandits were appeased, but they regretted that Shangyou was reclaiming the wasteland." There are also those who should be recruited back to Ganzhou to work as tenants due to life constraints. For example, "Ningdu Zhili Prefecture Chronicle" says: "The family in Ningdu is sufficient", "all the business in the city is sent to the countryside, and Fujian and Guangzhou are recruited to live and rent farming", " By cultivating the land of one owner, one’s descendants will live for more than ten generations.” There are also tenants from Fujian and Guangzhou recruited for reclamation. For example, "Yudu County Chronicle" says: "In Benshan County, there are many fields with thorns and hazelnuts. At the beginning, there were very few residents. Fujian and Guangzhou were often recruited to farm, and their parties became more numerous." There are also In the early Qing Dynasty, the old tribe of the Zheng family who had surrendered to Minhai were sent to Xingguo and Gan counties to farm. However, the most important passenger flow to Ganzhou is mainly those recruited by the government to return to Ganzhou to reclaim wasteland. Due to the war, old wastelands were left uncultivated and new wastelands reappeared everywhere in Ganzhou. In the early Qing Dynasty, the war gradually subsided. In order to restore the economy and recuperate, the government issued reclamation orders many times. In the early Qing Dynasty, a large number of Fujian and Guangdong customers poured into Ganzhou. At any time, Ganzhou welcomes countless people traveling from north to south with its broad mind, abundant milk, and charitable face. She not only nurtures the earliest Hakka ancestors who entered the country, but also comforts and cares for these returning immigrants. "New Guest". Therefore, Ganzhou is not only the birthplace of the Hakka people, but also the rear area that they rely on. Due to the long history, the composition of "old customers" in southern Jiangxi is quite complicated.

Before the Spring and Autumn Period, at least after the garrison of Wuling in the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (221 BC), a large number of Han people from the Central Plains moved into southern Jiangxi. During the Han Dynasty, in order to conquer East Vietnam and South Vietnam, the imperial court sent troops to garrison many times. Meiling and Dayu were named after their guards, Mei Juan and General Yu.

In the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty (201 BC), in order to strengthen the management of southern Jiangxi, Yudu County and Gan County were added to southern Jiangxi in addition to Nanye County in the Qin Dynasty. This shows that the population at that time must have been quite large. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the population of Yuzhang County jumped from the 53rd in the country (2 AD) to the top 4 (201 AD), and the net population increase ranked second in the country. Although Gannan was not the most densely populated area in Yuzhang County at that time, we can predict its prosperity.

Most of the old guests in southern Jiangxi for whom spy information is available were those who moved in after the Southern and Northern Dynasties. For example, the Lai family in Meijiang Town, Ningdu County, moved from Songyang, Zhejiang Province during the Yuanjia period of the Southern Dynasty. The Xi family in Lingbei, Rongjiang Town, Nankang County, and the Yuan family in Qianqiuping, Dongmen Village, moved from Kaifeng, Henan Province in the Sui Dynasty. More people moved in during the Tang and Song Dynasties. For example, there are 44 surnames in Shicheng County today, and there are still 46 surnames in Ningdu. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, southern Jiangxi suffered a serious population loss and the fields were barren, while the population density in central Jiangxi was so high that people were walking shoulder to shoulder. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered land reclamation incentives, and a large number of people from Nanchang, Ji'an and other prefectures moved to southern Jiangxi. In southern Gansu, due to the different time and origin of residents moving in, you can see people with the same surname but different clans everywhere. For example:

Li Qin, the ancestor of the Li family in Wufutang, Shangyou County, came from Xinyuquankui and was a descendant of Li Xian, the seventh son of Li Sheng, king of Xiping in Tang Dynasty. Li Xian is also the ancestor of the Li family who came to Jiangxi. The other Li families in the same county moved from Guangdong and Fujian at the turn of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and are descendants of Li Huode from Shanghang, Fujian. The former is a local Li family, and the latter is a Hakka Li family.

The Liu family in Shangyou County also has two branches. The "Liu Family Genealogy" says: "The ancestor came from Huangsha Duck Lake and moved from Luling Tomb in Jizhou." It is the Liu family who is a regular guest. The other branch was moved from Xingning, Guangdong during the Kangxi and Qianlong years of the Qing Dynasty. It is the Hakka Liu family.

The "Zhu Family Genealogy" of Shangyou County records: Zhu Shikai, the 72nd generation of the Zhu family, lived in Ji'an Prefecture;... By the 86th generation, brothers Zhu Chaobing and Zhu Chaohuan moved to Longquan (Suichuan), Jiangxi. Around the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, a group of Zhu people moved to Shixi Cave in Shangyou and settled at the same time as the ancestor of the local Li family came to You. The Zhu surname in Shuinan, the current county seat, was moved from Shixi Cave and is the local Zhu family. The Hakka Zhu family in Datan Yuan in front of the camp moved from Guangdong during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty.

From the phenomenon of people with the same surname but different clans, we can see the mutual influence of the Hakka languages ??in southern Gansu with different accents. This influence is most obvious at the intersection of different accents. After hundreds of years of development, the modern Hakka language in southern Gansu has formed.