Job Recruitment Website - Immigration policy - The characteristics of major galaxies, such as Mars, are different, weird and unpopular. What about other galaxies? The more, the better.

The characteristics of major galaxies, such as Mars, are different, weird and unpopular. What about other galaxies? The more, the better.

Mercury is 57,965,438+00,000 kilometers from the sun.

Venus is 0/08,200,000 kilometers away from the sun/kloc-.

Earth149.6 million kilometers.

Mars is 227,940,000 kilometers away from the sun.

Jupiter is 778,330,000 kilometers from the sun.

Saturn is 1, 429,400,000 kilometers away from the sun.

Uranus is 2870990000 kilometers away from the sun.

Neptune is 4.504 billion kilometers from the sun.

The average distance from Pluto to the sun is 59 13520000 km.

Therefore, according to the distance from the earth, the order from near to far is

(Earth)/Gold/Fire/Water/Wood/Earth/Heavenly King/Neptune/Pluto (whether this star is a planet is still controversial) The nine planets in the solar system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto in the order of distance from the sun. Their average distance from the sun conforms to Titius-Bode law. According to different properties, it can be divided into three categories: Earth-like planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) are smaller in size and mass, with the largest average density and fewer satellites; Giant planets (Jupiter and Saturn) have the largest volume and mass, the smallest average density, and many satellites and planetary rings, which can emit infrared radiation themselves; Distant planets (Uranus, Neptune and Pluto) are between the first two in volume, mass, average density and number of satellites. Uranus and Neptune also have planetary rings. The nine planets all revolve around the sun in the same direction in nearly circular elliptical orbits close to the same plane, that is, the orbital motion of the planets is regional, nearly circular and isotropic, and only Mercury and Pluto deviate slightly. The rotation direction of the sun is also the same as the revolution direction of the planet. The rotation periods of the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are all around 10-24 hours, but the rotation periods of Mercury, Venus and Pluto are 58.6 days, 243 days and 6.4 days respectively. The rotation direction of most planets is the same as the revolution direction, but Venus is the opposite. The angle between the rotation axis of Uranus and the orbital plane is very small, and it rotates sideways. Except Mercury and Venus, all other planets have their own moons.

Mercury is closest to the sun and is the smallest and lightest planet in the solar system. Mercury is smaller in diameter than Ganymede and Titan.

Basic parameters of mercury:

Half-length diameter of orbit: 57,965,438+00,000 kilometers (0.38 astronomical unit)

Period of revolution: 87.70 days.

Direction of rotation: from west to east

Average orbital speed: 47.89 km/s.

Track eccentricity: 0.206

Track inclination: 7.0 degrees

Planet equatorial radius: 2440 km

Mass (Earth mass = 1): 0.0553

Density: 5.43g/cm3

Rotation period: 58.65 days

Number of satellites: None

Orbit: 57,965,438+00,000 kilometers (0.38 astronomical unit) from the sun.

Venus Venus English name: Venus

One of the eight planets, China called it Taibai or Taibai Venus in ancient times. It is sometimes the morning star, which appears in the eastern sky before dawn and is called "Qi Ming". Sometimes it is a dim star, which appears in the western sky after dusk and is called Chang Gung. Venus is the brightest star in the whole day except the sun and the moon, just like a dazzling diamond, so the ancient Greeks called it Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, while the Romans called it Venus, the god of beauty.

Venus basic parameters

Direction of rotation: from east to west

Period of revolution: 224.70438+0 days.

Average orbital speed: 35.03 km/s.

Track eccentricity: 0.007

Track inclination: 3.4 degrees

Equatorial diameter: 12,103.6km.

Diameter: 12 105km.

Mass (Earth mass = 1): 0.8 150.

Density: 5.24 g/cm3

Number of satellites: 0

Radius of revolution:108,208,930 km (0.72 astronomical unit)

Surface area: 460 million square kilometers

Turnaround time: 243.02 days

Escape speed:10.4km/s.

Earth English: Earth

The earth is the third and fifth largest planet from the sun;

Orbital radius:149,600,000 km (from the sun 1.00 astronomical unit)

Planet diameter:12756.3km.

Quality: 5.9736e24

Equatorial gravity (Earth = 1) 1.00

Escape speed (km/s) 1 1.2

Rotation period (days) 0.9973

Revolutionary period (Japan) 365.40 122

The intersection of yellow and red (degree) is 23.26.

Albedo 0.30

Direction of rotation: from west to east

Mars English name: Mars

Mars is the fourth farthest from the sun and the seventh largest planet in the solar system;

Basic parameters of Mars:

Half-length diameter of orbit: 227.94 million kilometers (1.52 astronomical unit)

Period of revolution: 686.98 days.

Average orbital speed: 24.13km/s.

Track eccentricity: 0.093

Track inclination: 1.8 degrees.

Earth's equatorial radius: 3398 kilometers

Mass (Earth mass = 1): 0. 1074.

Density: 3.94 g/cm3

Rotation period: 1.026 days.

Direction of rotation: from west to east

Number of satellites: 2

Orbit: 227,940,000 kilometers (65,438+0.52 astronomical units) from the sun.

Jupiter is the fifth and largest planet from the sun, twice the mass of all other planets combined (3 18 times that of the earth). Known as the "King of Planets".

Orbit: 778,330,000 kilometers (5.20 astronomical units) from the sun.

Direction of rotation: from west to east

Planet diameter: 142984 km (equator)

Mass: 1.900e27

Jupiter (also called Jupiter; The Greeks called Zeus the king of God, the ruler of Mount Olympus and the protector of Rome. He is the son of Cronus (Saturn).

Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun and the second largest of the eight planets.

Orbit: from the sun 1, 429,400,000 kilometers (9.54 astronomical units).

Direction of rotation: from west to east

Satellite diameter: 120536 km (equator)

Quality: 5.68e26

In Roman mythology, Saturn is the name of Saturnalia. Cronus, the god of agriculture in Greek mythology, is the son of Uranus and Kaya and the father of Zeus (Jupiter). Saturn is also the root of Saturday in English.

Uranus is the seventh farthest planet from the sun and the third largest planet in the solar system. Uranus is bigger than Neptune, but its mass is smaller.

Orbit: 2870990000 kilometers from the sun (19438+08 astronomical units).

Direction of rotation: from east to west

Planet diameter: 5 1, 1 18km (equator).

Quality: 8.683e25

Be careful when reading the English name of Uranus, or you may be in an awkward position. Uranus should be pronounced "YOOR a nus", not "your anus" or "Urenius" (urinating on us). Neptune is the eighth planet orbiting the sun and the fourth largest celestial body (diameter) in the solar system. Neptune is smaller in diameter than Uranus, but larger in mass than Uranus.

Orbit of revolution: 4.504 billion kilometers (30.06 astronomical units) from the sun; Direction of rotation: from west to east.

Planet diameter: 49,532km (equator)

Mass: 1.0247e26

In ancient Roman mythology, Neptune (Greek mythology: Poseidon) represents Poseidon, the sea god.

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20 13-07-22 13:55 enthusiastic users

Small celestial bodies in the solar system is a new celestial classification project produced by the International Astronomical Union when it reinterpreted the planets and dwarf planets in the solar system in 2006. All asteroids and comets except dwarf planets can be called solar system asteroids. The upper bound of this classification is not clear, but it certainly does not include planets, and it is not clear whether the lower bound includes meteoroids. Eight planets Uranus

Uranus is the seventh planet of the sun and the third largest planet in the solar system. The equator has a diameter of 565,438+0,800 kilometers, and revolves around the sun every 84,065,438+0 earth years, with an average distance of 2.87 billion kilometers from the sun. One round 17 hours 14 minutes. Uranus has at least 22 satellites, five of which are large satellites, and the largest two are Titanium Dioxide III and oberon IV. Uranus' atmosphere consists of 83% hydrogen, 15% helium, 2% methane and a small amount of acetylene and other hydrocarbons. Methane in the upper atmosphere absorbs red light, making Uranus blue-green. The atmosphere is composed of clouds running at different latitudes, and its formation mechanism is similar to the obvious latitudinal cloud belts of Jupiter and Saturn. The wind direction in the mid-latitude area of Uranus is consistent with the rotation direction of the planet, and the wind speed is between 40-160m per second. Radio science experiments show that in the equatorial region, the wind speed is kept at 100 m per second, but the direction is just the opposite. Uranus' most famous feature is its tilted posture. The reason why it maintains this unusual posture may be that a planet-sized celestial body collided with it in the early days of the formation of the solar system. Voyager 2 found that the most surprising effect of this tilting attitude on Uranus is the result of its magnetic field, and its magnetic field trajectory is at an angle of 60 degrees with its rotation axis. The rotation of the planet twists the magnetic field into a long spiral. The reason of magnetic field is not clear; The conductive ultra-high pressure ocean composed of water and ammonia water, which was originally thought to exist between its core and the atmosphere, does not seem to exist. The magnetic field of the earth and other planets is thought to be caused by the action of electric current generated by the molten core. Saturn

With a diameter of 1 19300 km, Saturn is the second largest planet in the solar system. It is very similar to its neighbor Jupiter. Its surface is also a sea of liquid hydrogen and helium, and it is also covered with thick clouds. The wind on Saturn is raging, and the wind speed in the east-west direction can exceed 1600 km per hour. The clouds over Saturn are caused by these strong winds, and they contain a lot of crystalline ammonia. Saturn's atmosphere is mainly composed of hydrogen, with a small amount of helium and methane. Saturn is the only planet in the solar system that is less dense than water. If there is an ocean big enough to hold it, Saturn will never sink to the bottom of the sea. Saturn's clouds have a similar pattern to Jupiter's, but much darker than Jupiter's. There are also aurora in Saturn's polar atmosphere. Saturn's rotation takes only 10 hour and 39 minutes. Under the action of such a fast rotation speed, Saturn became an obvious ellipsoid. Saturn's period of revolution has a year of 29.4 years, and it is 1432 million kilometers away from the sun. Saturn's most striking thing is its huge halo around the equator. All giant planets have rings, but Saturn's rings are the most prominent. People only need a small telescope to see clearly on the earth. Saturn's halo is not a whole, it contains seven small rings, and the outer edge of the ring is about 274000 kilometers in diameter. The halo is mainly composed of some ice, dust and stone fragments. These fragments may be the remnants of an ancient Saturn satellite that collapsed under the tidal gravity of Saturn system. Jupiter

Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system, its volume is more than 1000 times that of the earth, and its mass exceeds the sum of the other eight planets in the solar system. Like other giant planets, Jupiter has no solid surface, but is covered by 966 kilometers thick clouds. Seen through a telescope, these clouds are like colored ribbons on Jupiter. Jupiter is a giant gas planet. The outermost layer is a thick atmosphere mainly composed of molecular hydrogen. With the increase of depth, hydrogen gradually becomes liquid. At the distance of 10000 km from Jupiter's atmospheric cloud top, liquid hydrogen becomes liquid metal hydrogen at a high pressure of 654.38+0 mbar and a high temperature of 6000K K, which is a core composed of silicate rocks and iron in the center of Jupiter, and its mass is 10 times that of the earth. Because Jupiter rotates very fast, it has a complex and changeable weather system, and the pattern of Jupiter's clouds is changing all the time. On the surface of Jupiter, we can see storms of all sizes. The most famous storm is the Great Red Spot. This is an ancient storm that rotates clockwise and has existed in Jupiter's atmosphere for hundreds of years. The Great Red Spot is as big as three earths, and the surrounding cloud system moves every four to six days. The cloud system in the center of the storm moves slowly and its direction is uncertain. Because Jupiter's atmosphere moves violently, there are high-altitude lightning on Jupiter similar to that on the earth. There are aurora at Jupiter's poles, which seems to be formed by the material ejected from the volcano on Io entering Jupiter's atmosphere along Jupiter's gravitational line. Jupiter has a halo. Halo system is the same feature of giant planets in the solar system, which is mainly composed of small stones and snow masses. Jupiter's rings are hard to observe. It is not as spectacular as Saturn, but it can also be divided into four circles. Jupiter's ring is about 6500 km wide, but its thickness is less than 10 km. mercury

Mercury is 58 million kilometers away from the sun and is the closest planet in the solar system. Mercury has no satellites, and its volume ranks second to last in the solar system, only bigger than Pluto. Because mercury is very close to the sun, its surface temperature during the day can be as high as 427 degrees Celsius. At night, it plummeted to MINUS 173 degrees Celsius. The period of revolution of Mercury has about 88 Earth days, and its rotation period is about 59 Earth days. This makes Mercury's day and night as long as 176 Earth days. So at night, the surface of mercury will be in darkness for several weeks. This is also one of the reasons for the huge temperature difference between day and night on the surface of Mercury. Because the surface temperature of mercury is too high, it can't maintain a dense atmosphere like its two neighbors Venus and Earth, so the sky of mercury is dark day and night. Bright Venus and Earth can be seen in the dark sky of Mercury. Mercury's extremely thin atmosphere is mainly composed of gas captured from the solar wind, and its density is only 12% of the earth's atmosphere. The main components are helium (42%), vaporized sodium (42%) and oxygen (15%). The rocks on the surface of Mercury absorb a lot of sunlight with a reflectivity of only 8%, so Mercury is one of the darkest planets in the solar system. Because mercury only appears at dawn or during the day, it is difficult to observe mercury on the earth. This situation was not changed until the United States launched the Mariner probe in the mid-1970s. The picture sent back by sailor 10 shows that the surface of mercury is very similar to the moon, and it is covered with craters of different shades. This shows that mercury has also been bombarded by meteorites. However, there is also a vast plain on the surface of mercury, which indicates that mercury may be liquid at the initial stage of its formation, and then gradually cooled and solidified into a rocky planet. There used to be some big meteorites that almost smashed Mercury, causing the cracked crust lava flow to flow everywhere on the surface of Mercury. There are also some very long cliffs criss-crossing the surface of Mercury, the highest of which can reach more than 3,000 meters. Mercury has a core mainly composed of iron and nickel, and the main components of mercury's mantle and shell are silicates. It is the planet with the highest iron content in the solar system. There is no liquid water on Mercury, but a bright spot was observed in its Arctic region in 199 1 year. It is speculated that this bright spot may be caused by the reflection of sunlight by ice stored on the surface or underground of Mercury. Although the surface temperature of Mercury is extremely high, some craters in its North Pole have no sunshine all the year round, and the temperature usually ends at-16 1 Celsius. This is enough to keep water in the form of ice inside Mercury or in space. Venus Venus appears in the sky in the morning and at night respectively. Ancient astrologers always thought that there were two such planets, so they were called "morning star" and "evening star" respectively. In English, Venus is the goddess of ancient Rome, symbolizing love and beauty. Venus has been shrouded in a mysterious veil by curly clouds. Venus is the second farthest planet from the sun. It is very similar to the earth in volume, mass, density and weight, and can be regarded as the sister star of the earth. In fact, Venus is very different from the Earth. A day on Venus is equivalent to 243 days on Earth, but its year is only 225 days. Venus' rotation from east to west also makes the sun rise in the west and set in the east on Venus. Venus has a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere and no water. Its cloud is made up of sulfuric acid drops. Its surface atmospheric pressure is more than 90 times that of the earth. Venus' thick carbon dioxide atmosphere has a strong "greenhouse effect". Sunlight can bake the surface of Venus through the atmosphere, but the surface radiation is blocked by the atmosphere and the heat cannot be released, resulting in the surface temperature exceeding 480 degrees Celsius. Such a high temperature melts the metal.

The earth, a planet with vast sky and blue ocean, always gives people a solid and huge feeling. However, in the universe, the earth gives people a different impression: in a thin and fragile atmosphere, the planet is not necessarily big. In space, the characteristics of the earth are obvious: dark space, blue ocean, large brown-green land and white clouds. The earth is the third planet of the sun from the inside out, which is about 150000000 kilometers away from the sun. The earth revolves around the sun once every 365.256 days and rotates once every 23.945 hours. Its diameter is 12756 km, which is only larger than Venus 100 km. People dream of traveling in space and enjoying the wonders of the universe. In a sense, we are all space travelers. Our spaceship is the earth, and its flying speed is 108000 kilometers per hour. The interior of the earth can be divided into three parts: crust, mantle and core. The crust is about 30 kilometers thick, the mantle is about 2840 kilometers thick, and the core is about 3500 kilometers thick. Each part can be subdivided. The core can be divided into external liquid core and internal solid core, the mantle can be divided into upper mantle and lower mantle, and the crust can be divided into marine crust and continental crust. The earth is an active planet. According to plate tectonics, the earth's crust consists of several large plates, which float on the hot mantle and move slowly. It moves in two basic ways: expansion and contraction. The expansion movement shows that the two plates are far apart, and underground magma gushes out to form a new crust; The characteristic of contraction movement is that two plates collide with each other, and one plate drills under the other plate and gradually melts under the high temperature of the mantle. There are often many huge faults, frequent earthquakes and many volcanoes at the junction of plates. The earth's crust is very young. It is constantly eroded by the atmosphere, water and organisms, and is constantly rebuilt in geological movements. So the surface of the earth is not covered with craters like the moon. This crustal structure is unique in the solar system. The earth has an atmosphere suitable for living things. In this atmosphere, nitrogen accounts for 78%, oxygen accounts for 2 1%, and the rest 1% is other components. The annual average surface temperature 15℃ and the average air pressure 10 1.3 kPa. When the earth was first formed, there was a lot of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but today, almost all carbon dioxide has been combined into carbonate rocks, and a small amount has been dissolved in the ocean or consumed by plants. Crustal plate tectonic movement and biological activities * * * maintain the cycle of carbon dioxide. The small amount of carbon dioxide still left in the atmosphere has brought about the greenhouse effect, which is extremely important for maintaining the surface temperature. The greenhouse effect makes the annual average temperature of the earth rise from -2 1℃ to 14℃. Without it, the ocean will freeze and life will cease to exist. With the development of society, a large amount of carbon dioxide is discharged into the atmosphere: too much carbon dioxide will make the greenhouse effect more and more serious. We don't want the earth to become as hot as Venus. The earth is the only known planet with life in the solar system. Its rapid rotation and the core rich in nickel-iron lava form a huge magnetosphere. Under the blowing of the solar wind, the shape of the magnetosphere is distorted into water droplets. Together with the atmosphere, it undertakes the task of blocking harmful rays from the sun and other celestial bodies The earth's atmosphere also protects us from meteor showers, and most meteorites burn out before reaching the ground. After mankind began to explore space, we learned more about our planet. The first man-made earth satellite found a strong radiation area around the earth, which we now call Van Allen radiation area. This radiation belt is an annular region formed by charged particles moving at high speed in the universe captured by the earth's magnetic field above the equator. The upper atmosphere, once considered very calm, is actually very active, and it follows the law of thermal expansion and cold contraction under the influence of solar radiation. These characteristics of the upper atmosphere have a great influence on the earth's weather system.

Neptune is the farthest gas giant planet in the solar system. Its equatorial diameter is 49,500 kilometers. If Neptune is hollow, it can hold nearly 60 earths. A year on Neptune is equivalent to 165 years on earth. It has eight satellites, six of which were discovered by Voyager. A day on Neptune is 16 hours and 6.7 minutes long. Johann gottfried galle, a German astronomer, observed Neptune at the Berlin Observatory on September 23rd, 1946. His discovery is largely due to the calculation of Neptune's orbit and brightness by the young French astronomer Levi. In fact, as early as 1845, john couch adams, a student of Cambridge University in England, first proposed that there was a big planet outside Uranus. He also calculated the orbits and masses of the planets. Unfortunately, at that time, his arduous research did not attract people's attention. However, the discovery of this planet is of extraordinary significance. At that time, people thought that the failed celestial mechanics had won a great victory. Neptune's interior (about two-thirds of the earth) consists of a mixture of lava, water, liquid ammonia and methane. The outer layer (about one third of the earth) is a gas mixture composed of hydrogen, helium, water and methane. Methane makes Neptune blue. Neptune is a dynamic planet with several large dark spots, which is easily reminiscent of Jupiter with unusually violent storms. Voyager's exploration found that there is a very huge spot on Neptune-a big black spot, about the size of the earth, a bit like the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. Voyager also found a small and irregular cloud on Neptune, which moves from west to east on the surface of Neptune with a period of about 16 hours. This cloud is like a feather sliding on the cloud cover. High in Neptune's atmosphere, a long, narrow and bright cloud belt similar to cirrus clouds on earth can be seen. At the low latitude of Neptune in the northern hemisphere, Voyager once captured the shadows of these clouds on the clouds below them. The fastest and most violent storm on record appeared on Neptune. The wind direction is mostly from east to west, which is opposite to the rotation direction of this planet. In the area near the big dark spot, the wind speed can reach 2000km/h, and Neptune has a group of narrow and dim rings. This group of rings contains five rings, four of which are rings and one is a dust shell. Of these four rings, the outer two are bright narrow rings and the inner two are dark diffusion rings. The dust shell is located outside the two narrow rings. Seen from the ground telescope, these rings are arcs, while observed from Voyager, these arcs are highlights and clods in the ring system. The real cause of these bright clods is still an unknown mystery. Like Uranus, Neptune has a magnetic field, and the angle between its magnetic field and its axis of rotation is about 50 degrees. Neptune also has a radiation belt, which produces auroras. According to the latest image of Hubble Space Telescope (HST), Neptune is completely different from Neptune visited by Voyager. The most significant change is that the big dark spot and dark spot 2 (DS2) disappeared, and a new dark spot appeared in the northern hemisphere. From these phenomena, it can be seen that Neptune's activities are really unusual.