Northeast historical economy

First, the development history of Northeast China: What country was the ancient Northeast of China? First, as a region, Northeast China has been recorded in ancient books since the pre-Qin period.

Shangshu Gong Yu first recorded the Northeast in ancient books, and divided ancient China into Kyushu, among which Jizhou has covered the western part of Liaoning. "Qingzhou" puts southern Liaoning, mainly Liaodong Peninsula, under the jurisdiction of the state. According to legend, "Kyushu" was established after Yu's flood control, and Shun analyzed "Kyushu" as "Twelve States", in which the northeast of Jizhou is Youzhou, that is, the area west of Beizhen, Liaoning, which is called Liaoxi for short; Qingzhou "northeast" is Yingzhou, which is the area east of Beizhen today called Liaodong.

The word "Northeast" first appeared in Zhou Li Guide. "The northeast is called Youzhou, and Zhenshan is called a medical witch."

In Shan Hai Jing, "Beyond the Northeast Sea, in the wild" and "There are mountains, which means it is not salty and has a country of caution". 2. During the Han and Jin Dynasties (65438 BC+009 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to attack by land and water, and destroyed Wei's Korea, which was entrenched in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.

In BC 108, after the unification of the old territory, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty divided local administrative areas there, and established Lelang County, Xuantu County (located in Hamgyong Road, North Korea today), Fan Zhen County (located in Huanghai Road and Gyeonggi Road, North Korea today) and Lintun County (located in Gangwon, North Korea today), which were called "four counties of the Han Dynasty" in history. Four counties have jurisdiction over several counties, and the county governor is appointed by the central Committee of the Han Dynasty.

Obviously, the establishment of the "Four Counties of Han Dynasty" shows that Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty has brought the northern part of the Korean Peninsula under the rule of the Han Empire. In 82 BC, the Central Committee of the Western Han Dynasty abolished Fan Zhen and Lintun, moved Xuantu County to Liaodong in the west, and the three counties were merged into Lelang County.

The new Xuantu County (located in present-day Xinbin North Seoul, Liaoning Province) has three new counties: Koguryo, Shangyintai and Xigaima. From the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the Koguryo nationality and its kingdom regime rose in Xuantu County, Liaodong.

Three. Gongsun's regime During the Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, Gongsun was the most popular surname in Liaodong, and he grew up as a county magistrate in Liaodong. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, from 189 to 238, the regime of Gongsun's family in Liaodong experienced four generations of Gongsun Du, Gongsun Kang, Gongsun Gong and Gongsun Yuan, which lasted for more than 50 years. Gongsun Kang, the governor of Liaodong, ruled the county and divided the south. 4. In the first year of Tang Gaozong in the Tang Dynasty (668), after Goguryeo perished in the Tang Dynasty, Anton Khufu was established in Pyongyang to administer its territory, covering the whole Liaodong Peninsula, the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, the northwestern part of Jilin Province and Baekje's hometown in the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula, including the east of Wusuli River, the west bank of the lower reaches of Heilongjiang Province and Sakhalin Island.

After the Luotang War, the capital of Anton moved from Pyongyang to Liaodong, becoming the military and political institution in charge of Liaodong, Koguryo and Bohai in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, Liaodong, the hometown of Koguryo in the north and south of Yalu River, still belonged to the Tang Dynasty, and Silla's territory was still in the south of Datong River and Pyongyang.

Silla surrendered to the Tang Dynasty. In 722 (the tenth year of Tang Kaiyuan), the leader of Heishui, Ni Shuli, went to the Tang Dynasty to pay tribute. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty set up the Black Water Army, and later set up the Black Water Governor's Mansion, where tribal leaders served as governors and secretariat officials, and the central government also sent mainland officials to serve as long history (deputy governors and secretariat officials).

5. During the Liao and Jin Dynasties in the late Tang Dynasty, the Khitan unified the two tribes in the leader Lu Ye Abaoji, and became king on their own. In 9 16 AD, Yeluboji proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Khitan.

After Baoji died, his son Yeludeguang succeeded to the throne. In 947, the title was changed to Liao and the emperor was changed to Beijing. The territory in the heyday of Liao Dynasty was east of Salinger River and Shileka River. Northeast to the outer Xing 'an Mountains and the Sea of Okhotsk; South to Tianjin, Hebei Baxian, Shanxi Yanmenguan, confronting the Northern Song Dynasty.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, this is the land of Yingzhou and Pingzhou. Liang and Tang established Pingzhou and lulong county in Lulong City.

In the third year of Tongguang (AD 925), the Khitan occupied Yong and Pingzhou, and the Jin, Han and Zhou Dynasties were always occupied by the Khitan. Later, Qidan was renamed Liao. 1 1 13, akuta, the leader of the department of Jurchen Wanyan, dispatched troops and captured the Songhua River basin.

1 1 15 proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of gold and its capital of Huining (now Acheng South of Heilongjiang). After the founding of the People's Republic of China, they continued to fight, destroying Liao in 1 125 and Northern Song Dynasty in1/27.

In its heyday, Daikin surpassed Liao in its heyday and contained the north at that time. 6. At the end of Yuan Dynasty (1287), Yuan Shundi (Hui Yuan Sect) returned to his ancestral home in Northeast China: Yuanshangdu, Zhenglanqi, Xilin Gol League-Yingchangfu and Chifeng-Hulunbeier League's Yu 'erhai Lake, but did not return to Mobei. The eastern part of Lingbei Province in the northeast and Liaoyang Province were the base camps of the Yuan Dynasty. 1470, his descendant Dayan Khan re-established the North Yuan Center in Chahar, Northeast China. The Yuan Dynasty established Liaoyang Province and Lingbei Province to govern the whole Northeast.

Seven, Ming dynasty 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian (now Nanjing), established the Ming dynasty, and destroyed the Yuan Dynasty in the same year. In Dusi, Liaodong, agriculture and handicrafts have been greatly developed.

Liaoyang area, in the Ming Dynasty, was a rich place with enviable years and buildings connected by thousands of miles. At that time, the handicraft industries such as iron smelting and salt making in Dusi of Liaodong were also very developed.

Thirty thousand Forbidden Guards in Liaodong, Longzhou in Sichuan and Zunhua in Shuntian were the three famous iron smelting centers in China at that time. Jilin is a shipbuilding base located in the northeast of Ming Dynasty.

So in the fourth year of Hongwu (137 1 year), Liao Wei Dewey was established in Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, and in the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), Liao Wei Dewey was changed to be the commander-in-chief and special envoy of Liaodong, governing Liaodong 25 Wei, 138 Wei, two states and one alliance. 8. In the Qing Dynasty 16 16, Aixinjueluo Nurhachi, the leader of Jianzhou Jurchen, said that he was sweating in Hetuala and rebuilt the Great Jin State, which was called "the later Jin" in history.

In April of the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), Huang Taiji became emperor in Shengjing (now Shenyang) and changed the name of the country to "Qing" and the name of the Jurchen nationality to "Manchuria". In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the Qing army entered the customs and gradually unified the whole country.

In the early Qing dynasty, the northeast implemented a military government system. 166 1 year, establish a wicker border and prohibit immigration. In the late Qing Dynasty, the border crisis became more and more serious, and the Qing Dynasty was forced to open the border ban and adopt the policy of "immigration to the real border"

From 186 1 to 1880, official flag sites such as Jilin paddock, Alechuka paddock and Dalinghe Ranch were opened one after another. 1882 (eighth year of Guangxu) first reclaimed land in Jilin, established Hunchun Reclamation Bureau, and then reclaimed land in Heilongjiang.

In 1907, the Qing court abolished three generals, namely Shengjing, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and set up governors in Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces and three governors in Northeast China. .

Second, the history of Northeast China has been recorded in ancient books since it was written. Shangshu Gong Yu first recorded the Northeast in ancient books, and divided ancient China into Kyushu, among which Jizhou has covered the western part of Liaoning.

Among them, the northeast of Jizhou is Youzhou, that is, the area west of Beizhen, Liaoning Province is called Liaoxi for short. The northeast of Qingzhou is divided into Yingzhou, that is, the area east of Beizhen today is called Liaodong.

Donghu is an important ancient ethnic group in the northeast of China. From the early Shang Dynasty to the Western Han Dynasty, East Lake existed for about 1300 years. It was first seen in Shan Hai Jing. Donghu is in the east of osawa (Hulun Lake) and the Yi people are in Donghu.

Donghu was developed with the Rong nationality as the main body, and developed into Shanrong, Donghu, Xianbei, Wuluohou, Shiwei, Qidan and Mongolia.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Shundi (Hui Yuan Sect) returned to his ancestral home in Northeast China: the eastern part of Lingbei Province and Liaoyang Province in the northeast were the base camps of the Yuan Dynasty;

1470, his descendant Dayan Khan re-established the North Yuan Center in Chahar, Northeast China. The Yuan Dynasty established Liaoyang Province and Lingbei Province to govern the whole Northeast.

In the late Qing Dynasty, the border crisis became more and more serious, and the Qing Dynasty was forced to open the border ban and adopt the policy of "emigrating to the real border". From 186 1 to 1880, official flag sites such as Jilin paddock, Alechuka paddock and Dalinghe ranch were opened one after another.

1882 (eighth year of Guangxu) first reclaimed land in Jilin, established Hunchun Reclamation Bureau, and then reclaimed land in Heilongjiang. In 1907, the Qing court abolished three generals, namely Shengjing, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and set up governors in Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces and three governors in Northeast China.

Extended data:

In ancient times, the northeast was the Jurchen nationality, and in modern times it was the Qing Dynasty. For * * *, the history of the three northeastern provinces is relatively short. But in modern times, many celebrities appeared, which influenced the history of China. Especially in the prosperous period of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, China extended in all directions.

Representative figures: Nurhachi, Qing Taizong, Huang Taiji, Dourgen, Kangxi, Qianlong, Yongzheng, Liu Yong, He Shen, Zhang Xueliang, Cao Xueqin,,, Zhao Shangzhi, Wu Keren, etc.

Nazhu

Na Lanmingzhu (1635- 1708), a native of Zhenghuang Banner, Manchuria, was an important minister in Kangxi Dynasty. He has served as the governor of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the minister of punishments, the minister of war, the adviser of Zuo Yushi of Douchayuan, the university student of Wuyingdian, and the prince Taifu. Na Lanmingzhu played an active role in Kangxi's proposal to withdraw from San Francisco and * * * to resist the enemy. In the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi (1688), he was dismissed for the crime of nepotism. Although he was reinstated, he was no longer reused. He died in the forty-seventh year of Kangxi (1708).

Baidu encyclopedia-northeast

Third, what happened to the northeast economy? First, the historical background is a hot word recently, called the new normal. Read it, don't develop so fast.

This news may be good for other parts of the country, but it is really worse for the northeast economy. The economic development of Northeast China can be traced back to the liberalization of population movement in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, and then it experienced several large-scale immigrants, which is called "de-orientalization".

Although the Northeast has a short history and lacks cultural accumulation, its economic development is of special significance to China's modern economy. Before and after the Russo-Japanese War, Russia began to invest in Northeast China, and its processing industry developed.

After the Russo-Japanese War, Japan established the Manchuria Railway Company for the needs of war and colonization, which was similar to the British East India Company in India, and made a lot of investments in the Northeast. During the period when Zhang and his son managed the Northeast, the economy of the Northeast developed by leaps and bounds, comparable to that of Jiangnan.

By the time we recover the Northeast, about 8% and 90% of China's total industrial output value will be concentrated in the Northeast. When the Soviet army retreated, the industrial system was destroyed and the means of production were basically swept away by the Soviet army.

After liberation, the Soviet Union built 156 projects in China, one third of which was concentrated in the northeast, which is the most important industrial base in China. Northeast China is not only ahead of China in industrial and transportation development, but also has an important advantage in developing modern economy, that is, resource advantage.

Northeast China is the granary of China and the production base of important resources such as wood, coal and steel. Especially in 1960s, the anniversary oil field was discovered, and New China was branded as poor in oil. There is also a natural port like Dalian in the northeast, which is adjacent to Japan, South Korea, Russia and other important economies and has the geographical advantage of developing an export-oriented economy.

We can say that if we are in China today, you can't see the map of Northeast China, and China is probably a country that is still behind Indian. Why do you say that? Because the northeast economy is purely a real economy.

Without the real economy, the tertiary industry is blowing big balloons, and there is no way to survive independently. Someone went to Germany and came back and said that from the plane, the landforms in the northeast are very similar to those in Germany, with vast plains and lush vegetation.

This natural endowment, coupled with our industrial base and efforts, is simply not rich, much more than our neighbor Han Guoqiang. In the past, our northeast was not rich because it had to support the construction of new China.

After the reform and opening up, all localities have been fully liberalized and invigorated. At that time, we called it financial responsibility system and called the kitchen to eat. The more money you earn, the more money you have left in your pocket. The Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta and many coastal areas have prospered with the help of our country's policy of encouraging some people to get rich first.

On the contrary, the Northeast, which was originally the best in China, has gradually become the most backward area in China. In order to solve the development problems in Northeast China, the state has also given some preferential policies and support, especially put forward the strategy of revitalizing the Northeast economy, but the results have been minimal.

Therefore, many nouveau riche despise the Northeast in their mentality, and even many Northeasters themselves have a sense of inferiority. They actually think that the northeast has dragged down the country's economic development. Many people say that the northeast is backward in concept, lazy in folk customs and ignorant of modern management. Send him four words, nonsense! Second, the reason analysis of the Northeast economy where is the problem? In fact, the root of the economic problems in Northeast China lies in our industrial structure.

Northeast state-owned enterprises account for half of its total economic output, so what are the characteristics of northeast state-owned enterprises? It turns out that our state-owned enterprises in Northeast China have two characteristics, one is that there are many basic industries, and the other is that there are many capital-intensive industries. Basic industry refers to our heavy chemical industry, such as extractive industry, raw material processing industry and equipment manufacturing industry. Let's focus on the equipment manufacturing industry.

Equipment manufacturing industry is the foundation of modern industry and the representative industry in Northeast China. To build an industrialized country, we must first have the guarantee of equipment industry.

Contemporary industrialized capitalist developed countries have concentrated the most advanced equipment manufacturing industry in the world, and Germany, Japan, the United States, Switzerland and other countries have excellent equipment manufacturing industries. The equipment manufacturing industry provides all the processing equipment and power devices in our manufacturing industry. They are the mother machines of industrial production, which can not only produce the general equipment needed by the manufacturing industry, but also produce the same production equipment as themselves.

Generally speaking, the equipment manufacturing cycle is about one year, so the equipment scale of the equipment manufacturing industry is about one fifteenth of that of the whole manufacturing industry. Generally speaking, the depreciation period of equipment is mostly around 15 years, so it only takes one year for the equipment manufacturing industry to produce one-fifth of all manufacturing equipment.

If one fifteenth of the equipment is used for the equipment production of the equipment manufacturing industry itself, then the development speed of the equipment manufacturing industry is 100%, which is much higher than the economic development speed of a country. Why can't the equipment manufacturing industry keep pace with the overall industrial development? It's actually a simple math problem.

With the fastest economic development, theoretically, the number of employed people should also increase the fastest. When we develop the equipment manufacturing industry, the number of employees can increase exponentially, and the gross national product is very high in quantity.

It may take only one year to double the economic growth of equipment manufacturing industry, while it may take fifteen years to double the economic growth of general manufacturing industry. However, the economic growth of the equipment manufacturing industry actually increases the expansion capacity of the country's overall manufacturing industry, not the end products, and the growth of the end products is actually very slow.

When the expansion capacity of equipment manufacturing industry increases, the manufacturing industry that produces end products begins to grow economically in a longer production cycle. This fully illustrates the truth that the equipment manufacturing industry is the leading industry, which grew rapidly in the early stage and will soon reach the peak of growth.

If we look at the growth rate of China's assembly manufacturing industry in recent years, we will find that the development speed of equipment manufacturing industry is faster than that of industry, and the development speed of industry is generally faster than the national average. However, once China's economy slows down, the equipment manufacturing industry immediately enters the stage of growth and recession, and Heilongjiang and Liaoning are the most typical examples. This leading industry is itself.

Four. How is the economic development in Northeast China? In the next three years, the Northeast Sichuan Economic Zone will become an important economic growth zone in the whole province.

Nanchong, with its rapid development, great changes, strong overall awareness and good development ideas, occupies a very important position in the Northeast Sichuan Economic Zone. Nanchong is one of the important centers of Northeast Sichuan Economic Zone in terms of history, population and location. The development of Northeast Sichuan Economic Zone is very important, and the provincial party committee and government attach great importance to the development of Nanchong. Yang Zhiwen hopes that Nanchong will focus on solving three major gaps: the urban-rural gap, the gap between workers and peasants, and the regional gap. Solve the problems of urbanization, industrialization and industrialization around the improvement of urban basic public capacity; Take the road of interactive development, do well the interactive development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, and do well the interactive development of urbanization, industrialization and industrialization.

5. How bad is the actual economic situation in the three northeastern provinces?

Oil city, the second largest GDP in Heilongjiang, accounts for 50% of the industries above designated size in Heilongjiang. Oil is being exhausted, and the comprehensive water content of crude oil reaches over 90%. 10 barrel of oil, 9 barrels are full of water.

It is estimated that the annual output will decrease by 6.5438+0.5 million tons of crude oil from this year. Coupled with the plunge in oil prices, population decline and capital flight, this place will gradually become a historical term.

20 14 statistical bulletin: the annual fixed investment decreased by 33%, industrial investment decreased by 29%, and real estate investment decreased by 43%.

Tieling.

Uncle Benshan's hometown is one of the eight major coal bases in China.

20 14 statistical bulletin: the annual coal output decreased by 8.7%, and the investment in fixed assets decreased by 38. 1%. Among them, industrial investment decreased by 42% and real estate investment decreased by 46%.

Dandong.

China is the most beautiful border city and one of the top ten old-age resorts.

20 14 statistical bulletin: the annual fixed investment decreased by 9%, including industrial investment decreased by 12% and real estate investment decreased by 44.9%.

Among the main industrial products, crude steel output decreased by 73.3%, chemical fiber decreased by 32.7%, cement decreased by 14.3%, and automobile output decreased by 15.8%.

Anshan.

Liaoning is the third largest city and the iron and steel industry center in Northeast China.

In the first half of 20 15, the sales revenue of Angang group, the economic pillar of this region, fell by 24% and the profit fell by 73%.

If population loss is a serious social problem in Northeast China, Anshan will be one of the main places. Since 20 10, the population has been declining year after year, and the number of junior high school students has decreased by 30% in 20 15.

Shenyang.

The largest industrial center in northeast China.

20 14 statistical bulletin: state-owned economic investment decreased by 18.4%, and foreign investment decreased by 29.8%. Real estate investment decreased by 9.5%, and commercial housing sales decreased by 35. 1%.

Dalian.

The largest port and commercial center in northeast China.

Dalian has always been the most dynamic commercial city in Northeast China, but unfortunately it has also declined.

According to the SouFun.com's Dalian house price, the average price of new houses in April was 20 12000 yuan, and the latest average price in August was 20 10346 yuan, down 13.8%.

20 14 statistical bulletin: fiscal revenue decreased by 8.2% year-on-year, and the sales area of commercial housing decreased by 38.9%.

The output of three major industrial products: ships, bearings, 25.5%, crude oil processing, 22.66 million tons.

6. Why were the economies of the three northeastern provinces so developed before liberation? Japan's large-scale development in the three northeastern provinces from 193 1 September to 1945 is an urgent need for Japan to have a larger strategic space in East Asia or North Asia in order to expand its war of aggression against the Soviet Union. The three northeastern provinces are controlled by Zhang and supported by Japan, which has a military base in Liaodong Peninsula. Coupled with the proximity to Japan-controlled North Korea and many other factors, Japan has invested a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources in the three northeastern provinces.

It is said that the heavy industries in the three northeastern provinces at that time were so developed that even Stalin was once envious. Many historical data show that the three northeastern provinces at that time almost replaced Japan as Japan's largest aggression platform! .