How did Huguang fill Sichuan?

"Huguang fills Sichuan" is generally understood as two Lakers moving into Sichuan to reclaim land. After careful study, this statement is not completely correct. "Huguang fills Sichuan" is actually divided into narrow sense and broad sense.

As the name of the provincial administrative region, "Huguang" was used as early as the Yuan Dynasty. 13 12 years, the Yuan Dynasty established eleven "provinces". The eleven provinces are Liaoyang, Lingbei, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Huguang, Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Henan and Zhengdong. "One province" is the abbreviation of "one province". These eleven "provinces" ruled over 60% of the territory of the Yuan Dynasty. At that time, "Huguang Province" ruled Wuchang Road, and its territory included today's Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi. In the Ming dynasty, the provinces were changed to "Chengxuan Division". Except South Beijing, there are thirteen chief secretaries in the world, which are located in Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Beiping, Guangxi, Sichuan, Shandong, Guangxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Huguang, Shanxi and Yunnan. Although the name of "province" was changed to "Chief Secretary", folk slang still called "thirteen provinces".

The "Chief Secretary of Huguang" in the Ming Dynasty only governed Hunan and Hubei provinces, and its territory was greatly reduced compared with that in the Yuan Dynasty.

Compared with the Ming Dynasty, the system of local officials in Qing Dynasty changed slightly. The governor and the governor were temporarily dispatched in the Ming Dynasty, and it was not until the Qing Dynasty that they became the highest officials at the provincial level. Later, the Qing court divided the world into eight governors and eighteen strokes. The eight governors are Zhili, Liangjiang, Shaanxi-Gansu, Fujian-Zhejiang, Huguang, Sichuan, Guangdong-Guangxi and Yunnan-Guizhou. The eighteen strokes are: Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Guizhou, Gansu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian, Xinjiang and Taiwan Province. Known as eighteen provinces or eighteen provinces. After Kangxi, there were only governors of Zhili and Sichuan provinces, but there was no governor. In the Qing Dynasty, governors generally governed Sichuan, Shaanxi, Liangjiang, Fujian and Zhejiang provinces. There are also more than three provinces. The "Governor of Huguang" in the Qing Dynasty was still ruled by the Ming Dynasty, with only Hunan and Hubei provinces.

The folk so-called "Huguang fills Sichuan" means that people from Hunan and Hubei will fill Sichuan and immigrate, which is a narrow understanding. Broadly speaking, "Huguang filling Sichuan" refers to immigrants from Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Shandong, Yunnan and Guizhou. According to the Survey of Chengdu in the late Qing Dynasty, all the "Chengdu people" who entered Chengdu through "Huguang filling Sichuan" were "mainlanders". Among them, Huguang accounts for 25%; 5% in Henan and Shandong; Shaanxi10%; Yunnan-Guizhou10%; Jiangxi15%; Anhui 5%; Jiangsu and Zhejiang10%; Guangdong and Guangxi10%; 5% in Fujian, Shanxi and Gansu. In view of this phenomenon, there is a saying in the Ci of Jincheng Zhi Zhu, which is popular in the late Qing Dynasty: "My aunt married my second aunt in Shaanxi, my second aunt in Jiangsu, and my sister-in-law married Ersao Lake in Jiangxi. When relatives and friends meet and ask about their origins, there is no tenth old Chengdu. " When recording this history, Ganlongba County Records also said: "Ba and Chongqing are extravagant, offering frequency, choosing guns and ignoring the people are also new to the indigenous people. Twelve miles of slash and burn, Chu, Yu and Yue are many. " This passage blames the sharp decline of Sichuanese on extravagance, although it is a bit extreme. But between the lines, it is revealed that there are more people from Henan and Guangdong besides Hunan and Hubei.

As for the immigrants from Sichuan, tracing back to the source, it is not enough to talk about Xiaogan Township in Macheng. Macheng in the early Qing Dynasty was just a small county. Xiaogan township, that's even smaller. Even if you do everything in your hometown, it is impossible to fill Sichuan. There are many internal factors that cause this theory to spread and go deep into the market. First of all, at the end of Yuan Dynasty, 100,000 soldiers who entered Sichuan from Ming Dynasty were mostly from Suizhou and Macheng, and had already settled in Bashu. Second, when Zhang attacked Macheng, he lost 57,000 people. This group of down-and-out people and the able-bodied men in Hubei co-edited as "Chuying" and also moved to Sichuan. Most of them are left by agriculture for the people. When Zhang entered Sichuan from Hubei, he was called "600,000 troops". After the defeat of Zhang Bing, most of them settled in Sichuan. Third, Huguang was the biggest immigrant in the early Qing Dynasty. Most immigrants from Sichuan provinces first gathered in Xiaogan, Macheng, Hubei, and then went to Sichuan in the west. Therefore, it was popular for some time to fill in Sichuan immigrants, pretending to be Macheng and pretending to be Xiaogan to take refuge. "Huguang fills Sichuan", but there are no Sichuanese in Sichuan. The saying that Sichuanese are all Xiaogan people in Macheng has been passed down to this day!

Liangjiang, Guangdong and Huguang in Qing Dynasty

Guangdong and Guangxi:

Guangdong and Guangxi are not separate place names, but mainly refer to the governors of Guangdong and Guangxi, which govern Guangdong Province and Guangxi Province (now Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region).

The Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, whose official title is Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, is one of the nine highest-ranking government ministers in the Qing Dynasty, and is in charge of the military and political affairs of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces.

The predecessor of the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi was the Governor of Guangdong in the first year of Shunzhi, when he was stationed in Guangzhou and was also in charge of Guangxi.

In the 12th year of Shunzhi, the Governor moved to Wuzhou.

In the second year of Kangxi, the governor of Guangxi was not appointed, and the governor of Guangdong moved to Lianzhou.

The following year, the governor of Guangxi was abolished, and the administrative affairs of Guangxi were under the jurisdiction of the governor of Guangdong, who moved to Zhaoqing.

In the first year of Yongzheng, the governor of Guangxi was reset and abolished the following year.

In the seventh year of Yongzheng, in order to unify the southwest military command and suppress the Miao uprising, Guangxi government affairs were temporarily under the jurisdiction of Governor Yungui.

In the twelfth year of Yongzheng, Guangxi's government affairs were still under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and were renamed the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi.

In the eleventh year of Qianlong, the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi moved back to Guangzhou.

Since the thirty-first year of Guangxu, the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi has concurrently served as the Governor of Guangdong.

Two rivers:

Liangjiang is not a separate place name, but mainly refers to the governor of Liangjiang who governs Jiangnan and Jiangxi provinces. In the sixth year of Kangxi (1667), jiangnan province was divided into Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, named after Jiangning (now Nanjing), Suzhou, Anqing and Huizhou. Since then, the Governor of Liangjiang has governed Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. As for its yamen, it has always been located in Jiangning, which is the seat of the famous Nanjing scenic spot "Presidential Palace" (Xu Yuan).

The official official title of the governor of Liangjiang is the governor of Liangjiang and other places, supervising military affairs, military salaries, river management and south river management. He was one of the nine highest-ranking border ministers in the Qing Dynasty, in charge of the military and political affairs in Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces were provinces in the south of the Yangtze River, so at the beginning, the governor was in charge of the government affairs in the south of the Yangtze River and Jiangxi Province, so he was named governor of the two rivers. )

The predecessor of this post was the governor of Jiangnan, Jiangxi and Henan provinces, which was set up in Shunzhi four years ago. The governor's office was in Jiangning.

In the ninth year of Shunzhi, the governor's office was once moved to Nanchang, the governor of Jiangxi Province, but the old system was quickly restored.

In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi and the thirteenth year of Kangxi, Jiangnan and Jiangxi were divided into two governors, but in the fourth and twenty-first years of Kangxi, both provinces were under the jurisdiction of the governors of Liangjiang.

In the first year of Kangxi, Jiang Cao affairs were placed under the management of Jiangnan Governor.

Kangxi was together for twenty-one years. It was officially named Governor of Liangjiang.

In the first year of Yongzheng, he was awarded the title of minister of war, the former governor of Liangjiang and the right official of Douchayuan.

In the 11th year of Daoguang, the Governor of Liangjiang was in charge of salt administration in Huaihe River.

Since the fifth year of Tongzhi, he has served as Governor of Liangjiang and Minister of Trade of Nanyang.

Guangdong and Guangxi:

Guangdong and Guangxi are not separate place names, but mainly refer to the governors of Guangdong and Guangxi, which govern Guangdong Province and Guangxi Province (now Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region).

The Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, whose official title is Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, is one of the nine highest-ranking government ministers in the Qing Dynasty, and is in charge of the military and political affairs of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces.

The predecessor of the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi was the Governor of Guangdong in the first year of Shunzhi, when he was stationed in Guangzhou and was also in charge of Guangxi.

In the 12th year of Shunzhi, the Governor moved to Wuzhou.

In the second year of Kangxi, the governor of Guangxi was not appointed, and the governor of Guangdong moved to Lianzhou.

The following year, the governor of Guangxi was abolished, and the administrative affairs of Guangxi were under the jurisdiction of the governor of Guangdong, who moved to Zhaoqing.

In the first year of Yongzheng, the governor of Guangxi was reset and abolished the following year.

In the seventh year of Yongzheng, in order to unify the southwest military command and suppress the Miao uprising, Guangxi government affairs were temporarily under the jurisdiction of Governor Yungui.

In the twelfth year of Yongzheng, Guangxi's government affairs were still under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and were renamed the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi.

In the eleventh year of Qianlong, the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi moved back to Guangzhou.

Since the thirty-first year of Guangxu, the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi has concurrently served as the Governor of Guangdong.