I feel like I can’t remember how to learn geography well in the college entrance examination. It's difficult on the map.

I just took the college entrance examination this year, and geography should be said to be my dominant subject~(*^__^*)

As a senior, the following should be part of the experience of people who have been there. Let’s talk:

The most important thing in geography is the ability to read pictures. There is a saying that “without pictures, there is no problem.”

Be familiar with the maps in the atlas. (Pay attention to hotspot areas and high-frequency areas)

The general outline, approximate longitude and latitude, climate type, terrain, etc. should all be familiar to you.

You can post a topographic map of the world or China in your room, which can help you establish a mental template.

For the map in the question, first determine the approximate orientation based on the longitude, latitude and outline, reflect the topography and climate of the place, and answer according to the question requirements.

For the chart in the question, you should first pay attention to the table header to determine what content the table reflects, and then pay attention to the coordinates of the table. Some questions have extremely insidious intentions, and the values ????on multiple coordinates are different and require special attention!

Teach you another quick way to learn geography: organize answer templates.

(I call it a universal and invincible template~)

It is best to organize it yourself. The following is what I compiled and collected before the college entrance examination. I hope it can be helpful to you:

Naturally Geography part

☆How to describe terrain features:

1. Terrain types: plains, mountains, hills, plateaus, basins, etc.

2. Terrain relief

3. Main terrain distribution (under various terrain conditions)

4. Important terrain profile characteristics (in the profile)

☆Factors affecting temperature:

1. Latitude (determining factor): affects the height of the sun, day length, solar radiation, daily temperature range, and annual temperature range (the daily and annual temperature ranges in low latitudes are smaller than those in high latitudes)

2. Terrain (height, terrain): shady slopes, sunny slopes, mountains, plains, valleys, basins at different altitudes (for example: valley basin terrain heat is not easy to dissipate, tall terrain blocks the winter wind, the same latitude Mountainous areas have smaller daily and annual ranges than plains)

3. Location of land and sea: the strength of oceanicity causes changes in annual temperature range

4. Ocean currents: warm currents: warming Humidification; cold current: cooling and dehumidification

5. Weather conditions: The daily and annual temperature ranges in places with more clouds and rain are smaller than those in places with less clouds and rain

6. Underlying surface: ground reflection rate (ice and snow reflectivity is high, temperature is low); daily and annual temperature ranges in green space are smaller than those in bare land

7. Human activities: heat island effect, greenhouse effect, etc.

☆Things that affect precipitation Factors:

1. Climate: Atmospheric circulation (pressure zone, wind zone, monsoon)

2. Terrain: windward slope, leeward slope

3. Terrain (Altitude): Precipitation reaches the maximum value at a certain height

4. Location of land and sea: distance from the sea

5. Ocean currents: warm current: warming and humidification; cold current: cooling and dehumidification

6. Underlying surface: lakes, rivers, vegetation coverage

7. Human activities: changing the underlying surface affects precipitation

☆Describe the hydrology of the river Characteristics:

1. Flow: size, seasonal changes, presence or absence of flow interruption (depending on precipitation characteristics, rainwater supply, river area size)

2. Sediment content: depends on Vegetation conditions in the basin

3. Ice period: presence or absence, length

4. Water level: high or low, changing characteristics (depending on river supply type, water conservancy projects, lake regulation and storage )

5. Water energy: It is related to terrain (the size of the river drop, the speed of the flow), climate (the amount of precipitation, the amount of runoff, the amount of evaporation)

☆ Describe the characteristics of the river system:

1. Length

2. Flow direction

3. Basin area

4. Drop size ( Water energy)

5. River straightness

6. Number of tributaries

7. Arrangement shape of river tributaries: fan-shaped, dendritic, etc.

☆Factors affecting solar radiation:

1. Latitude: determines the height of the sun at noon and day length:

2. Altitude: high altitude, thin air, strong solar radiation ( eg. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, my country)

3. Weather conditions: many sunny days, abundant solar radiation (eg. Northwest my country)

4. Air density

☆ Factors affecting the height of the snow line:

1. Precipitation: local climate characteristics; windward slopes have more precipitation and lower snow lines (eg. the southern slopes of the Himalayas have lower snow lines than the northern slopes)

2. Temperature: The snow line on sunny slopes is higher than that on shady slopes; temperature changes at different latitudes and the altitude of the 0°C isotherm

☆ Factors affecting the vertical belt spectrum of mountains:

1 Latitude: The higher the latitude of the mountainous area, the simpler the band spectrum

2. Altitude: The higher the altitude of the mountainous area, the more complex the band spectrum may be

3. Heat (i.e. Sunny slope, shady slope): affecting the altitude of the same belt

Social and human geography part

☆Agricultural location factor analysis:

"Natural factors"

1. Land: topography, soil

2. Climate: light, heat, precipitation, temperature difference between day and night

3. Water source (irrigation water source)

"Socioeconomic factors"

1. Market

2. Transportation

<

p>3. National policy

4. Labor force

5. Technology: the development of agricultural products preservation, refrigeration and other technologies

6. Industrial foundation

☆Analysis of industrial location factors:

1. Geographical location

2. Resource factors: raw materials, fuel

3. Agricultural factors

4. Transportation factors (including transportation convenience and information network accessibility): facilitating the exchange of materials, personnel, and information

5. Market factors

6. Technology factors< /p>

7. Labor force factors: labor price, quality

8. Historical factors

9. Policy factors: national and regional policy support

10*. Military factors: national defense and security needs

11*. Personal factors: personal preferences and emotions (eg. returned overseas Chinese investing in and setting up factories)

☆Analysis of urban location factors:

p>

"Natural factors"

1. Terrain: a. Flat terrain, fertile soil, convenient for farming, conducive to transportation connections, saving construction investment, and concentrated population; b. Cities in tropical areas are distributed in On the plateau;

c. Mountainous cities are distributed in river valleys and open lowlands

2. Climate: warm in mid- and low-latitudes, humid in coastal areas

3. Rivers: Affecting local water supply and transportation

4. Resource conditions (representative cities: Datong, Daqing, Anshan, Karamay, Birmingham, UK, Chicago, USA, Johannesburg, South Africa )

"Socioeconomic factors"

1. Traffic conditions (representative cities: Zhuzhou, Shijiazhuang, Tsukuba, Japan)

2. Political factors (representative cities: Hefei, Washington, USA, Brazil, Brazil Leah)

3. Military factors (representative city: Boston, USA)

4. Religious factors (representative city: Jerusalem)

5. Scientific and technological factors ( Representative cities: Tsukuba, Japan)

6. Tourism factors (representative cities: Huangshan, Tai'an)

☆Principles for selecting transportation lines:

"Natural Aspects"

1. Terrain: a. Flat: few restrictions on choices;

b. Large undulations: If you need to dig mountains, build caves, and build bridges, the engineering difficulty will be great. Contour lines are extended to extend the mileage;

c. Rapid rivers: unfavorable for shipping

2. Geology: a. Karst landform: prevent collapse and leakage;

b. Geological instability: reinforce foundations and avoid faults

3. Climate: a. Highways and railways: prevent heavy rain, floods, frozen soil, and mudslides;

b. Water transportation , aviation: to prevent heavy fog and strong winds

4. Land: occupy less cultivated land, especially fertile land

"Socioeconomic aspects"

1. Population: as much as possible In many places, more people have benefited through residential areas, railway stations, docks, etc. (Applicable to: local highways)

2. Mileage and operating time: Try to build bridges and tunnels and shorten mileage to save operating time; take appropriate care of important economic points along the line.

(Applicable to: National Highways)

3. Others: Try to stay away from important cultural relics and historic sites, and pay attention to ecological and environmental protection

☆Comprehensive analysis of the impact of geographical environment on regional development:

< p>"Geographic location"

1. Longitude and latitude position

2. Relative position

"Natural conditions"

1. Agricultural conditions : a. Terrain (type, land type characteristics , soil)

b. Climate (type, water and heat conditions, light, heat, etc.)

p>

c. Water resources (total annual average runoff, rivers, lakes)

d. Biological resources (such as organisms and crop characteristics related to climate type characteristics)

2. Industrial conditions: mineral resources (such as sea salt, energy, etc.)

"Socioeconomic conditions"

1. Population (including: the quality and quality of the labor force)

2. Transportation

3. Market

4. Technology

5. History: including: industrial and agricultural foundations

6. National policy

Second section application case template

Location selection issues

☆Factors affecting reservoir dam site selection:

1. The dam site is at the outlet of a river, canyon or basin or depression: pocket-shaped areas are conducive to dam construction: small project volume, low cost, and large reservoir capacity

2. Choose a place with good geological conditions , avoid karst landforms and faults

3. Climatic and hydrological conditions: ensure sufficient water

4. Consider whether resettlement is required to build the reservoir, land relocation, and minimize flooding of residential areas< /p>

☆Location conditions for port construction:

"Natural conditions (determining the location of the port)"

1. Water conditions: harbor width and water depth (contours are densely packed, Conducive to berthing and shelter from the wind)

2. Harbor construction conditions: stable land geology, flat terrain, appropriate slope (conducive to the arrangement of construction land and port equipment)

"Socioeconomic conditions (Influencing the rise and fall of the port)"

1. Economic hinterland conditions: whether the economic hinterland is vast (affecting the flow of passengers and cargo); the size of the flow of passengers and cargo (affecting the rise and fall of the port); the nature of the hinterland economy (determining the nature of the port) )

2. Urban support: convenient transportation; provide human, material and financial support for the port

3. Policy conditions: free trade in areas open to the outside world Port

☆Locational factors for the formation of commercial centers and commercial outlets:

1. Convenient transportation conditions: Establishment principle: optimal transportation (ring road or urban edge, along the highway)

2. Strong commodity production capacity and stable commodity source

3. Broad market or economic hinterland: establishment principle: market optimal

☆ Location conditions for the formation of salt fields:

1. Climate: high temperature, low precipitation, windy, strong sunshine: conducive to evaporation

2. Terrain: vast flat beach, silt Quality coast

☆Location conditions for the formation of fishing grounds:

1. Terrain: a vast continental shelf (direct sunlight, strong photosynthesis, and abundant food)

2 . Temperate sea areas: temperature changes greatly, sea water rises

3. Estuary: rivers bring rich nutrient salts

4. Ocean current: (converging current or upwelling) sea water Flooding, bringing nutrient salts to the seabed and rich food

☆Location conditions for the location of the satellite launch base:

"Natural conditions"

1. Meteorology Conditions: The weather needs to be clear

2. Latitude: the linear speed of the earth's rotation

3. Terrain: flat and open

"Human conditions"

< p>1. Population: low population density per unit area, vast land and sparsely populated areas

2. Transportation: convenient transportation

3. Military: in line with national defense and security needs

☆Location conditions for the location of the bus station:

1. Road conditions: the surrounding roads are wide

2. Transportation connections inside and outside the city

3. Size of the project

☆Location conditions for airport site selection:

"Natural conditions"

1. Terrain: flat, open terrain with appropriate slopes

, to ensure drainage;

2. Geology: good geological conditions

3. Climate: less clouds and fog.

"Socioeconomic conditions"

1. Traffic conditions: There are convenient transportation links with the city.

2. Economy: Built in economically developed areas.

Cause analysis questions

☆Causes of river flood disasters:

"Natural causes"

1. Water system characteristics: a. The basin is wide and there are many tributaries;

b. The sand content is large;

c. The plain river channel is curved, the flow is slow and the flow is not smooth.

2. Hydrological characteristics: a. It flows through humid areas and has abundant precipitation;

b. The main stream has a long flood season and a large amount of water.

3. Climatic characteristics: The climate was abnormal that year, and there were heavy rains in the basin, causing flooding.

"Man-made reasons"

1. Vegetation damage: a. Excessive felling, serious vegetation damage, aggravated water and soil erosion, resulting in a reduction in the basin's ability to conserve water sources, regulate runoff, and reduce peaks and replenish droughts. ;

b. Sediment enters the river and siltation raises the river bed, reducing the river's flood discharge capacity.

2. Land reclamation from lakes: sedimentation causes lakes to shrink and their ability to regulate flood peaks decreases.

☆Analysis of the causes of water shortage in a certain area:

"Natural reasons"

1. Climate: less or insufficient precipitation, large evaporation, seasonal Uneven distribution

2. Rivers: less surface runoff

"Man-made reasons"

1. Large water consumption: dense population, developed industry and agriculture< /p>

2. Unreasonable utilization: low utilization rate, serious pollution and waste

Significance and impact issues

☆Positive significance of transportation line construction:

< p>1. Transportation: Improve the local transportation network and make transportation convenient and accessible

2. Economy: Speed ??up the circulation of materials and promote local economic development

3. Politics: Consolidate national defense , maintain stability, and promote regional prosperity

Value function issues

☆Evaluate the shipping value of rivers:

"Natural conditions"

1. Terrain: flat, flowing through plains, gentle water flow

2. Climate: abundant and even precipitation, large river flow, small seasonal changes, short ice age

3. River channel: wide and flat Straight, water depth

"Socioeconomic conditions"

The basin has a large population, developed economy, dense connections, and large transportation volume

☆The role of the reservoir:

p>

1. Regulate the climate and improve the ecological environment

2. Conducive to the development of aquaculture

3. Conducive to the development of tourism

4 .Has flood control function

5. Has power generation value

6. Has irrigation function

7. Improves shipping value

☆In nature The functions of forests:

1. Regulate the climate

2. Propagate species and maintain biodiversity

3. Maintain water and soil

4. Prevent wind Sand fixation

5. Water conservation

6. Purify the air and beautify the environment

7. Stabilize atmospheric composition

8. Smoking and dust removal< /p>

Method and measure issues

☆River management principles and measures:

※Governance principles

Upstream: flood control

Midstream: flood diversion, flood storage

Downstream: flood release, water confinement

※Control measures

Upstream: reservoir construction, afforestation

< p>Midstream: Build reservoirs, build flood diversion and flood storage projects

Downstream: Reinforce levees, dredge rivers, and excavate rivers

☆ Solutions to lack of water resources:

1. Open source: cross-basin water diversion, construction of reservoirs, and desalination of seawater in coastal areas to improve water supply capacity

2. Throttling: reduce water pollution, reduce waste, and improve industrial and agricultural water resources Utilization rate, limiting the development of energy-intensive water industries, developing water-saving agriculture (such as sprinkler and drip irrigation), formulating laws and regulations, raising people's awareness of water conservation, and implementing water price adjustments

Special reminder:

< p>1. Unless otherwise specified, when answering questions about significance and impact, attention should be paid to answering from both positive and negative aspects.

2. When answering certain condition analysis questions, pay attention to answering the favorable conditions and unfavorable conditions.

3. When answering comprehensive geography questions, you should pay attention to the order of answers: learn to use point-based answers; when answering feature description questions, learn to describe features in stages.

4. When answering comprehensive geography questions, you should pay attention to the logic of the answer: clarify the order of answering each point; there should be no contradictions in the answers.